網(wǎng)絡(luò)上“粉絲”身份的言語構(gòu)建

AnAnalysisofLanguageConstructionofFan’sIdentityontheInternetAbstractOverthepastdecade,theInternettechnologyhaschangedrapidly,rapidchange,andfansoftheeconomytodancetogether,setupanopera.WhenthefansuseadvancedInternettechnology,breakthroughthespaceandgeographicalconstraints,thenetworkassembledintoanetworkoffangroups,communicationandcommunicationbetweeneachother,graduallyproducedsomeoftheconventional,vagueandsubtlemeaning,onlythenetworkoffansknowthemeaningofthevocabulary.Althoughthesewordsarecurrentlyusedbyasmallgroupofpeople,butasanewemergenceofaspecialnetworklanguage,withthecontinuousextension,infiltrationintothereallifetrend,soitisnecessarytocombthesewordsandtheirdissemination.Thisresearchusestheliteratureresearchmethod,theobservationmethod,thequestionnairesurveymethodandsoonresearchmethod,mainlyfromthemodeltheoryangleofviewandunifiesthecommunication,thesocialpsychologyandsoonrelatedtheories,hascarriedontheresearchtothefannetworkuniversallanguagedissemination.Thecommonlanguageofthefannetworkisakindofnetworklanguage,whichismainlyspreadinthenetworkfangroup,mayextendtothereallife,andhasacertaininfluenceonpeople'scommunicativebehavior,whichhasthecharacteristicsofminority,obscure,epidemicandimage.Thecommonlanguageofthefannetworkneedstopassthroughfourstagesofassimilation,memory,expressionandtransmissionofmemes,andcanbesuccessfullyspreadamongthemembersofthefangroup,therefore,thecommonlanguageofthefannetworkcanbecalledamemes.Asatooltocommunicatewiththefans,itnotonlypromotesthedevelopmentofthefanculture,butalsothespecificperformanceofthefancultureinthelanguage.Thepursuitofindividualfans,thedemandforpartnersandthedesireforidentityarethekeyfactorstopromotetheircommunication,andthefansGroupandsocietyalsoplayaroleinpromotingtheircommunication,andfinallyhavedifferenteffectsoncognition,emotionandbehavior.Fromthemacroscopicview,thecommunicationmechanismoftheuniversallanguageofthefannetworkexiststhehorizontalcommunicationbetweentheindividualandthegroup,aswellastheverticaltransmissionofthegenerationofthegeneticinheritance.Onlythesupervisiondepartment,thefangroupandthemassmediacanworktogethertoachievetheoptimaldisseminationofthecommonlanguageofthefannetwork.Keywords：networklanguage,fan’sidentity,languagevariation,functionsoflanguage

摘要近十年來，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)日新月異，日新月異，與經(jīng)濟(jì)愛好者共舞，共同搭建了一座歌劇院。當(dāng)粉絲們利用先進(jìn)的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)，突破了空間和地域的限制，把網(wǎng)絡(luò)組裝成一個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)迷群，相互交流和溝通，逐漸產(chǎn)生了一些常規(guī)的、模糊的、微妙的含義，只有網(wǎng)絡(luò)迷知道詞匯的含義。雖然這些詞目前被一小部分人所使用，但作為一種新出現(xiàn)的特殊網(wǎng)絡(luò)語言，隨著不斷的延伸，滲透到現(xiàn)實(shí)生活的潮流中，因此有必要對(duì)這些詞語進(jìn)行梳理和傳播。本研究采用文獻(xiàn)研究法、觀察法、問卷調(diào)查法等研究方法，主要從模型理論的視角，并結(jié)合傳播學(xué)、社會(huì)心理學(xué)等相關(guān)理論，對(duì)范網(wǎng)的普遍語言傳播進(jìn)行了研究。扇子網(wǎng)絡(luò)的共同語言是一種網(wǎng)絡(luò)語言，主要分布在網(wǎng)絡(luò)粉絲群體中，可以延伸到現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中，對(duì)人們的交際行為有一定的影響，具有少數(shù)民族、隱蔽性、流行性和形象性等特點(diǎn)。風(fēng)扇網(wǎng)絡(luò)的共同語言需要經(jīng)歷模因同化、記憶、表達(dá)和傳遞四個(gè)階段，并能成功地在風(fēng)扇群中傳播，因此，風(fēng)扇網(wǎng)絡(luò)的共同語言可以稱為模因。作為與粉絲溝通的工具，它不僅促進(jìn)了扇子文化的發(fā)展，也促進(jìn)了扇子文化在語言中的具體表現(xiàn)。對(duì)個(gè)體粉絲的追求、對(duì)合作伙伴的需求和對(duì)認(rèn)同的渴望是促進(jìn)其傳播的關(guān)鍵因素，粉絲群體和社會(huì)也起到促進(jìn)溝通的作用，最終對(duì)認(rèn)知、情感和行為產(chǎn)生不同的影響。從宏觀上看，粉絲網(wǎng)絡(luò)的通用語言傳播機(jī)制存在著個(gè)體與群體之間的橫向溝通，以及遺傳傳承的垂直傳遞。只有監(jiān)督部門、粉絲群體和大眾傳媒才能共同努力，實(shí)現(xiàn)風(fēng)機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)公共語言的優(yōu)化傳播。關(guān)鍵詞：網(wǎng)絡(luò)語言，粉絲身份，語言變異，語言功能 目錄TOC\o"1-5"\h\z\uChapter1Introduction 11.1BackgroundInformation 11.2ResearchPurpose 11.3StructureoftheThesis 2Chapter2LiteratureReview 22.2StudyofFan’sIdentityandFan’sLanguage 4Chapter3TheoreticalFramework 53.1LanguageVariation 53.2SpeechCommunity 53.3Jakobson’sFunctionsofLanguage 6Chapter4Thefeaturesoffan’slanguageontheinternet 64.1Lexicalvariation 64.1.1Occurrenceofneologisms 6A)Derivation 6B)Compounding 7C)Blending 74.1.2Useoldwordsfornewmeanings 8A)Colloquialitems,slang 8B)Wordswithmetaphoricalmeaning 84.1.3Wordsimplifications 8A)Abbreviations/acronyms 8B)Clipping 9C)Shortening 94.2Phonologicalvariation 94.2.1Homophones 94.2.2Onomatopoeia 94.2.3Reduplication 104.3Grammaticalfeaturesofonlinefan’slanguage 104.3.1Simplicityofthesentence’sstructure 104.3.2Commonuseofellipticalandincompletesentences 104.3.3Frequentuseofinterrogativeandexclamatorysentences 104.4Graphologicalfeaturesofonlinefan’slanguage 114.4.1Occasionaluseofcapitalization 114.4.2Frequentuseofemoticons 114.4.3Unconventionaluseofpunctuationmarks 11Chapter5Thefunctionsoffan’slanguageontheinternet 115.1Interpersonalfunction 115.1.1Markingonlinefan’sself-identityandgroupidentity 115.1.2Markingfan’sageandgender 125.2Emotivefunction 125.3Recreationalfunction 12Chapter6Conclusion 136.1Summary 136.2LimitationofthisStudy 146.3SuggestionsonFutureResearch 15Bibliography 16Acknowledgement 18Chapter1Introduction1.1BackgroundInformationTodayisatimewhenthenetworkisextremelydeveloped.Whetheritispeople'sworkorlife,andthenetworkhasacloserelationship.Whentheinternetcomesintoourlives,itisinteractingwithourlives,notonlywhenweareusingtheInternet,butalsobythenetworkthatischangingus.Thisirresistibletrendcanbeglimpsedonlyfromthefanpopulationasthenetworkdevelops."Fans"withthe2005"SuperGirl"hitandbegantobenoticed,butthefangraduallyassembledintoastrictgroupandorganization,itisfromtherapiddevelopmentofthenetwork.Whenasinglefanonthenetworkandtheirpeersconverge,itwillinevitablyproducecommunication,communicationandaseriesofsocialbehavior.Whiletheinternetisfullofalotofinternetlanguagethatisnotthesameasthelanguagethatweuseinreallife,thefangrouphasalsoinventedmanyspecial-purposelanguageforthefangroup,whichisobscure,somearenotsuperficialmeaning,somearejustafewlettersornumbers,Itisdifficulttounderstandthemeaningoftheexpressionifitisnotamemberofthisgroup,orsomeonewhodoesnotknowthegroup.Butitissuchanumberofwords,butinthenetwork,especiallyonlinefangroupshavebeenwidelyrecognizedandalargenumberofdissemination,andsomeevenforthemassmediaaccepted,widelyusedinthenewmediatransmission,thereallifehasalsobroughtacertainimpact.1.2ResearchPurpose(1)RefinementoftherelevantresearchonnetworklanguagethecommonlanguageoffannetworkisanewthingarisenwiththedevelopmentoftheInternetandthefans,butthereisnotmuchresearchonitatpresent,butastheemergingthings,itmusthavethegenerallawofitsowndissemination.Thisstudywillfocusonthispartofthestudytorefinethecurrentresearchinthisfield.(2)Empiricalresearchonthetheoryofmemesasoneofthethreetheoriesofpragmatics,whichisthebirthofthelate20thcentury,isnowusedinthefieldsoflinguisticsandpragmatics.WiththedevelopmentofnetworktechnologyandthefurtherenlargementofthescaleofChinesenetizensinrecentyears,thistheoryhasbeengraduallyappearingintheresearchofnetworklanguage.However,thistheoryhasnotbeenappliedtotheresearchofthegenerallanguageoffannetwork.Thisresearchisbasedonthetheoryofmemestostudythecommonlanguageoffannetwork,soitisanempiricalstudyofthemodeltheory.(3)Thinkingaboutthelanguagestandardthecommonlanguageofvermicelliisanumberofwordsandsymbolsspontaneouslygeneratedbythegathering,communicationandcommunicationoffansonthenetwork.ComparedwiththeregularChinesecharacters,thecommonlanguageofvermicellihasinnateadvantages,buttherearedisadvantagesandshortcomings.Especiallywhenitextendstothemasscommunication,itisworthreflectingonthemisleadingoftheyouthgroupandtheinfluenceofthepurityofChineselanguageandwriting.Theresearchonthecommonlanguageofthefannetworkishelpfultothethinkingofthelanguagestandard.1.3StructureoftheThesis(1)ToclarifythespreadofthecommonlanguageofVermicellinetworkthegenerallanguageofVermicelliasanewthingarisingfromthedevelopmentofthenetwork,thereisnotmuchresearchonit.Thisresearchhopestousetheobservationmethod,theliteratureresearchmethodandsoonresearchmethod,tothisnewthingcarriesontheconceptdefinition,theclassification,inducesitscharacteristic,andhascarriedonthecardingtoitshistoricalevolution,thepresentsituation.(2)ApreliminarystudyonthepropagationmechanismoftheuniversallanguageofVermicellinetworktheuniversallanguageofVermicelliiswidelydisseminatedinthefieldofnetworkfans,anditextendstoreallife,anditsspreadingprocessandpatternshouldexistcertainrules.Thisresearchwillanalyzeandstudythespreadingprocess,cause,mechanismandeffectofthecommonlanguageoffannetworkthroughthetheoryofmemes.Chapter2LiteratureReview2.1StudyofNetworkLanguageatHomeandAbroadThestudyoflanguageisnotanewfieldofcontemporary,butanancientsubjectwithalonghistoryofresearch.WiththechangeoftheTimesandtheprogressofscienceandtechnology,thestudyoflanguagecommunicationisfurtherdeepenedandthorough,andbringsthebrightcolorofthetimes.LiMingyu(2007)believesthatlanguagecommunicationisthelanguageofanationortribethatislearnedbyanothernationortribe,thusspreadingthelanguageoftheformertothelatter.Theformeriscalledthelanguageleader,andthelatteristhelanguagehost.①PanWeiwei(2015)Itisbelievedthattherearetwowaystospreadthelanguage,respectively,spatialcommunicationandtimetransmission.Intermsofthenatureoflanguagecommunication,PanWeiwei(2015)believesthatlanguagecommunicationhasnineessentialcharacteristics.Theyare:complex,gradual,unstable,evolutionary,competitive,hierarchical,extensional,sequenceandselectivity.Forpeopletoacceptthenewlanguage,orthefluencyoflanguagetransmission,PanWeiwei(2015)thatismainlyaffectedbythefollowingfactors,thefirstistograsptheextentofthelanguageandthefrequencyofuse;Secondly,consciousness,thatis,theimportanceofreceivingthenewlanguage;Thatis,thenewlanguageistomaintaintheoppositionorsupportattitude.WiththerapidprogressofscienceandtechnologyafterthesecondIndustrialRevolution,humanbeingshaveenteredtheeraofradioandtelevisioncommunicationfromtheeraofprintcommunication,andvariousradioandtelevisionmedia,includingmediasuchasnewspapersandmagazines,whichhavepreviouslydominatedthemedia,haveexertedmoreandmoreinfluenceinhumansociety.Inviewofhowtoevaluateandmanagetheinfluenceoflanguagecommunicationsubject,theZhangMethod(2013)dividestheevaluationindexintofourdimensions,namelysize(includingthebreadthandintensityofthetransmission,whichisalsothemostintuitiveindicator),thedepth(includingtheextentandlengthofthetransmission,thedegreeofmediainvolvement),Profitandloss(Thedirectionandresultoftheinfluenceoflanguagecommunication,change(influenceisfromsmalltolarge,bybenefitandloss).Althoughtheinfluenceoflanguagecommunicationisenormous,thereisstillapoorinformationininterpersonalcommunication.AccordingtothedefinitionofYiYi-Rong(2003),thephenomenonofinformationasymmetrybetweenthedisseminatorandreceiveristhepoorinformation.Thecauseofthisphenomenonissummedupbytheintentionalorunintentionalexpressionofthedisseminator,thecauseofthelanguageitself,thecauseofthemedia,thelimitedacceptanceabilityoftherecipientorthespecialpsychologicalreasons,andthereasonsforthesituationandsociety.2.2StudyofFan’sIdentityandFan’sLanguageWiththepopularizationoftheInternetinthevastnumberoffamiliesinChina,people'slivesandworkareincreasinglyinseparablefromthenetwork,andsince2006,thenetworkhaspromotedthepopularityofthemedia.Theinternetanditstentacleshavealsogoneintothefieldofacademicresearch,combiningtheInternetwithacademicresearch,openingupanewperspectiveonacademicresearch.Medming(2014)Theintroductionoflargedataintolanguagecommunicationresearchisatypicalexample:thecharacteristicsoflargedataarethree,whichpayattentiontoallsamplesofdata,confoundingandcorrelation,andthefourfeaturesoflargedatavolume,manytypesofinformation,lowvaluedensityandhighprocessingtimearethelackoflanguagecommunicationresearch.isverymuchneeded.Inthisperspective,hediscoveredthelanguagecommunicationcrisisintheworldtoday,thatis,theexpansionofstronglanguageandthegradualdisappearanceofminoritylanguages,aswellastheintegrateddevelopmentofInternetlingua-language.②HouMin,YangLong(2015)intheChineseLanguageMonitoringresearchDecade,thispaperstudiesthespreadanddevelopmentofthegenerallanguage,thealphabet,thenewwords,thenetworklanguageandthelanguageoftheminoritiesandtextbooks.Theybelievethatthemedialingua,especiallythecommonlyusedwords,thewordhasbeenstablefornearlyadecade;theuseofforeignacronymsisnotverystable,formostpeople,mostofthealphabetlanguageisunfamiliar,sothethreattoChineseisverysmall,theChinesecrisisisalsoafalseproposition,ButweshouldalsocontinuetopromotetheChineselanguageofforeignacronymswork;and,withtheInternetintothetensofmillionsofhouseholds,everyone'slifeisinseparablefromthenetwork,networklanguagehasalsoproducedarapidspread,fastdisappearing,shortlifecyclecharacteristics.Chapter3TheoreticalFramework3.1LanguageVariationVariationisacharacteristicoflanguage:thereismorethanonewayofsayingthesamething.Speakersmayvarypronunciation(accent),wordchoice(lexicon),ormorphologyandsyntax(sometimescalled"grammar").[1]Butwhilethediversityofvariationisgreat,thereseemtobeboundariesonvariation–speakersdonotgenerallymakedrasticalterationsinsentencewordorderorusenovelsoundsthatarecompletelyforeigntothelanguagebeingspoken.[2]Languagevariationdoesnotequatewithlanguageungrammaticality,butspeakersarestill(oftenunconsciously)sensitivetowhatisandisnotpossibleintheirnativetongue.Variationistsstudyhowalanguagechangesbyobservingit.Thisisaccomplishedbylookingatauthenticdata.Forexample,variationisstudiedbylookingatlinguisticandsocialenvironments,thenthedataisanalyzedasthechangeoccurs.Variationinresearchprogramsmustbemalleableduetothenatureoflanguageitself.Thisisbecauselanguageisalsofluidintransitionanddoesnotshiftfromonestatetoanotherinstantaneously.[3]Languagevariationisacoreconceptinsociolinguistics.Sociolinguistsinvestigatewhetherthislinguisticvariationcanbeattributedtodifferencesinthesocialcharacteristicsofthespeakersusingthelanguage,butalsoinvestigatewhetherelementsofthesurroundinglinguisticcontextpromoteorinhibittheusageofcertainstructures.3.2SpeechCommunityAspeechcommunityisagroupofpeoplewhoshareasetoflinguisticnormsandexpectationsregardingtheuseoflanguage.[1]It'saconceptmostlyassociatedwithsociolinguisticsandanthropologicallinguistics.Exactlyhowtodefinespeechcommunityisdebatedintheliterature.Definitionsofspeechcommunitytendtoinvolvevaryingdegreesofemphasisonthefollowing:Atypicalspeechcommunitycanbeasmalltown,butsociolinguistssuchasWilliamLabovclaimthatalargemetropolitanarea,forexampleNewYorkCity,canalsobeconsideredonesinglespeechcommunity.3.3Jakobson’sFunctionsofLanguageRomanJakobsondefinedsixfunctionsoflanguage(orcommunicationfunctions),accordingtowhichaneffectiveactofverbalcommunicationcanbedescribed.Eachofthefunctionshasanassociatedfactor.Forthiswork,JakobsonwasinfluencedbyKarlBühler'sorganonmodel,towhichheaddedthepoetic,phaticandmetalingualfunctions.Chapter4Thefeaturesoffan’slanguageontheinternet4.1Lexicalvariation4.1.1OccurrenceofneologismsA)DerivationDerivation(differentialalgebra),aunaryfunctionsatisfyingtheLeibnizproductlawDerivation(linguistics)Formalprooforderivation,asequenceofsentenceseachofwhichisanaxiomorfollowsfromtheprecedingsentencesinthesequencebyaruleofinferenceParsetreeorconcretesyntaxtree,atreethatrepresentsthesyntacticstructureofastringaccordingtosomeformalgrammarThecreationofaderivedrow,inthetwelve-tonemusicaltechniqueAnafter-the-factjustificationforanaction,intheworkofsociologistVilfredoParetoDerivativework,aconceptinUnitedStatescopyrightlawB)CompoundingPharmaceuticalcompounding(doneincompoundingpharmacies)isthecreationofaparticularpharmaceuticalproducttofittheuniqueneedofapatient.Todothis,compoundingpharmacistscombineorprocessappropriateingredientsusingvarioustools.Thismaybedoneformedicallynecessaryreasons,suchastochangetheformofthemedicationfromasolidpilltoaliquid,toavoidanon-essentialingredientthatthepatientisallergicto,ortoobtaintheexactdose(s)neededordeemedbestofparticularactivepharmaceuticalingredient(s).Itmayalsobedoneformoreoptionalreasons,suchasaddingflavorstoamedicationorotherwisealteringtasteortexture.Compoundingismostroutineinthecaseofintravenous/parenteralmedication,typicallybyhospitalpharmacists,butisalsoofferedbyprivatelyownedcompoundingpharmaciesandcertainretailpharmaciesforvariousformsofmedication.Whetherroutineorrare,intravenousororal,etc.,whenagivendrugproductismadeormodifiedtohavecharacteristicsthatarespecificallyprescribedforanindividualpatient,itisknownas"traditional"compounding.Duetotherisingcostofcompoundingandtheshortageofdrugs,manyhospitalshaveshownatendencytorelymoreuponlarge-scalecompoundingpharmaciestomeettheirregularrequirement,particularlyofsterile-injectablemedications.Whencompoundingisdoneonbulkproductionofagivenformulationratherthanpatient-specificproduction,itisknownas"non-traditional"compounding(which,asdiscussedbelow,isarguablynot"compounding"butrather"manufacturing").Thisdevelopmentraisesconcernsaboutpatientsafetyandmakesacaseforproperregulatorycontrolandmonitoring.C)BlendingtheprocessofmixingBlending(alcoholproduction),atechniquetoproducealcoholicbeveragesbymixingdifferentbrewsBlending(linguistics),theprocessofformingawordfromtwoormorelettersthatrepresentthesoundsofawordBlending(music),atechniqueusedininstrumentplayingBlending(vocaltechnique),atechniqueusedinvocalwarmup4.1.2UseoldwordsfornewmeaningsA)Colloquialitems,slangOnewaythatlanguagesareabletocommunicateapotentiallyinfinitesetofideasthroughafinitelexiconisbycompressingemergingmeaningsintowords,suchthatovertime,individualwordscometoexpressmultiple,relatedsensesofmeaning.WeproposethatoverarchingcommunicativeandcognitivepressureshavecreatedsystematicdirectionalityinhownewmetaphoricalsenseshavedevelopedfromexistingwordsensesoverthehistoryofEnglish.Givenalargesetofpairsofsemanticdomains,weusedcomputationalmodelstotestwhichdomainshavebeenmorecommonlythestartingpoints(sourcedomains)andwhichtheendingpoints(targetdomains)ofmetaphoricalmappingsoverthepastmillennium.Wefoundthatacompactsetofvariables,includingexternality,embodiment,andvalence,explaindirectionalityinthemajorityofabout5000metaphoricalmappingsrecordedoverthepast1100years.Theseresultsprovidethefirstlarge-scalehistoricalevidencethatmetaphoricalmappingissystematic,anddrivenbymeasurablecommunicativeandcognitiveprinciples. B)WordswithmetaphoricalmeaningAmetaphorisafigureofspeechthatdirectlyreferstoonethingbymentioninganotherforrhetoricaleffect.[1]Itmayprovideclarityoridentifyhiddensimilaritiesbetweentwoideas.Antithesis,hyperbole,metonymyandsimilearealltypesofmetaphor.[2]OneofthemostcommonlycitedexamplesofametaphorinEnglishliteratureisthe"Alltheworld'sastage"monologuefromAsYouLikeIt:4.1.3WordsimplificationsA)Abbreviations/acronymsTheAcronymssectionofthiswebsiteispoweredbytheAcronymFinder,theweb'smostcomprehensivedictionaryofacronyms,abbreviationsandinitialisms.TheAcronymFinderallowsuserstodecipheracronymsfromadatabaseofover1,000,000entriescoveringcomputers,technology,telecommunications,andthemilitary.Unlikeonlineglossaries,searchengines,encyclopedias,orthesauruses,AcronymFinderexistspurelytounravelthebewilderingrangeofacronymsthatimpactdailylife.B)ClippingClippingisaformofwaveformdistortionthatoccurswhenanamplifierisoverdrivenandattemptstodeliveranoutputvoltageorcurrentbeyonditsmaximumcapability.Drivinganamplifierintoclippingmaycauseittooutputpowerinexcessofitspowerrating.C)ShorteningShorteningisanyfatthatisasolidatroomtemperatureandusedtomakecrumblypastryandotherfoodproducts.Shorteningisusedinpastriesthatshouldnotbeelastic,suchascake.[citationneeded],asitpreventsglutenformation.Althoughbutterissolidatroomtemperatureandisfrequentlyusedinmakingpastry,theterm"shortening"seldomreferstobutter,butismorecloselyrelatedtomargarine.4.2Phonologicalvariation4.2.1HomophonesPhonologicalvariation—differencesbetweenaccents—comesinavarietyofforms.Somespeakersmightbedifficulttoplacegeographically,whileotherswhospeakwithabroaderaccentmightuseanumberoflocalisedpronunciationfeatures.Thismightincludethearticulationofcertainconsonantorvowelsounds.Itmightbeapparentinso-calledconnectedspeechprocesses—thewaycertainsoundsarepronouncedinparticularcombinationsofwordsorphrases.Oritmightberevealedincharacteristicintonationpatterns.4.2.2OnomatopoeiaOnomatopoeia,pronouncedon-uh-mat-uh–pee–uh,isdefinedasawordwhichimitatesthenaturalsoundsofathing.Itcreatesasoundeffectthatmimicsthethingdescribed,makingthedescriptionmoreexpressiveandinteresting.4.2.3Reduplicationthatold-lookingcolonialmansionisactuallya20th-centuryreduplicationoftheoriginal,whichwasdestroyedmanyyearsagoeversinceIwasforcedtodoareduplicationofaday'swork,I'vebeenmoreconscientiousabouthittingmycomputer's“save”button.Recreationaldrugsincludealcohol(asfoundinbeer,wine,anddistilledspirits);cannabisandhashish;nicotine(tobacco);caffeine(coffeeandblacktea);andthecontrolledsubstanceslistedasillegaldrugsintheSingleConventiononNarcoticDrugs(1961)andtheConventiononPsychotropicSubstances(1971)oftheUnitedNations.Whatcontrolledsubstancesareconsideredillegaldrugsvariesbycountry,butusuallyincludesmethamphetamines,heroin,cocaine,andclubdrugs.In2009,itwasestimatedthatabout3%to6%ofpeopleaged15to65hadusedillegaldrugsatleastonce(149to270million).4.3Grammaticalfeaturesofonlinefan’slanguage4.3.1Simplicityofthesentence’sstructureEverywordinasentenceservesaspecificpurposewithinthestructureofthatparticularsentence.Accordingtorulesofgrammar,sentencestructurecansometimesbequitecomplicated.Forthesakeofsimplicity,however,thebasicpartsofasentencearediscussedhere.Thetwomostbasicpartsofasentencearethesubjectandpredicate.4.3.2CommonuseofellipticalandincompletesentencesWithalesseractor,themeticulousbeautyofChayseIrvin's35-mmcinematographywouldhaveoverwhelmedtheellipticalstory.SheriLinden,,"CharlotteRampling'semotionaldepthbuoystheminimalist'Hannah',"8Mar.2018Avoidactivitiesthatarehardonyourjointssuchasrunningorjoggingandinsteadswim,bikeorusetheellipticalmachineforcardio.4.3.3FrequentuseofinterrogativeandexclamatorysentencesElision,Pause,andNormalnon-fluency：?Somefunctionalwordslikeauxiliaries,prepositions,pronounsarepronouncedinalowvoiceorevenelidedbythespeakers,suchasI?m,he?s,etc.?Certainsoundsintwowordsareelidedtoformashortenedword,suchasgotta,wannaandsoon.?Normalnon-fluencyincludespauses,unintentionalrepetitions,hesitations,overlappingspeech,etc.LexicalFeatures：Useofcolloquialwords：yeah,alright,?cause,ooh,okay,etc.Useofintensifiers,usu.Adverbs：very,really4.4Graphologicalfeaturesofonlinefan’slanguage4.4.1OccasionaluseofcapitalizationThreeormoremainpointsarepresentbutmaylackdetailanddevelopmentinoneortwo.Refutationparagraphacknowledgestheopposingview,butdoesn'tsummarizepoints.4.4.2FrequentuseofemoticonsConclusiondoesnotadequatelysummarizethemainpoints.Nosuggestionsforchangeoropinionsareincluded.4.4.3UnconventionaluseofpunctuationmarksSentencestructureisgenerallycorrect.Someawkwardsentencesdoappear.Thereareoneortwoerrorsinpunctuationand/orcapitalization.Chapter5Thefunctionsoffan’slanguageontheinternet5.1Interpersonalfunction5.1.1Markingonlinefan’sself-identityandgroupidentityAccordingtoErikErikson,aprominentdevelopmentaltheoristofthe1950's,youthmustresolvetwolife"crises"duringadolescence.Unlikemanyotherdevelopmentaltheoristsofhisera,Erikson'spsychosocialtheoryofhumandevelopmentcoverstheentirelifespan,includingadulthood.Eriksonusedtheterm"crisis"todescribeaseriesofinternalconflictsthatarelinkedtodevelopmentalstages.AccordingtoErikson'stheory,thewayapersonresolvesthecrisiswilldeterminetheirpersonalidentityandfuturedevelopment.InthisarticlewelimitourdiscussiontothecrisesofadolescencebutmorecompleteinformationaboutErikson'stheorycanbefoundintheIntroductiontoChildDevelopmentarticle.Thefirstcrisistypicallyoccursduringearlytomiddleadolescence,andiscalledthecrisisofidentityversusidentityconfusion.Thiscrisisrepresentsthestruggletofindabalancebetweendevelopingaunique,individualidentitywhilestillbeingacceptedand"fittingi