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UNITEDNATIONSCONFERENCEONTRADEANDDEVELOPMENT
Mappingtrade-relatedmeasuresinNationallyDeterminedContributions
Technicalnote
28November2023
Supplychains,tradeflowsandvalueaddition
ii
Contents
AbbreviationsandAcronyms iii
1.Introduction 1
2.Methodology 1
3.PreliminaryFindings 3
a)Renewableenergysourceandenergyefficiency 4
b)Greenvaluechaindevelopment 5
c)Greenindustrialdevelopmentandeconomicdiversification 7
d)Technicalregulations 7
e)Market-basedmeasures 9
f)Publicprocurement 11
g)Tariffs 11
h)Subsidiesandtaxexemptions 13
4.Conclusionandthewayforward 13
5.References 15
6.Annex 17
iii
AbbreviationsandAcronyms
AFOLU
Agriculture,ForestryandOtherLandUse
CIACA
CollaborativeInstrumentsforAmbitiousClimateActionprogram
CO2
Carbondioxide
COP
ConferenceoftheParties
CPI
CarbonPricingInstrument
EV
Electricvehicles
GWP
GlobalWarmingPotential
HFCs
Hydrofluorocarbons
HScode
HarmonizedSystemcode
IPCC
IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange
LDCs
Leastdevelopedcountries
LED
Light-emittingdiode
LLDCs
Landlockeddevelopingcountries
MEPS
Minimumenergyperformancestandards
MW
Megawatts
NDC
Nationallydeterminedcontribution
PV
Photovoltaic
RAC
RefrigerationandAir-Conditioning
REDD
Reducingemissionsfromdeforestationandforestdegradationindevelopingcountries
SIDS
Smallislanddevelopingstates
SOC
Soilorganiccarbon
UNCTAD
UnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopment
UNFCCC
UnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange
VAT
ValueAddedTax
WTO
WorldTradeOrganization
1
1.Introduction
UndertheParisAgreement,“eachPartyshallprepare,communicateandmaintainsuccessivenationallydeterminedcontributionsthatitintendstoachieve”(UNFCCC,2023a).Thesenationallydeterminedcontributions,orNDCs,reflecteachcountry’shighestpossibleambitiontotackleclimatechange,takingintoaccounttheircommonbutdifferentiatedresponsibilities,respectivecapabilities,andnationalcircumstances.NDCsincludeemissionreductionobjectives(UNFCCC,2023b)andmostcontaindetailedlistsofadaptationandmitigationmeasurestobeimplementedoveragivenperiod.Suchmeasurescanalsopursueeconomicdiversificationoutcomes.
EachPartytotheParisAgreement1isrequiredtoestablishanNDCandupdateiteveryfiveyears.Theupdatesshouldconsiderincreasedprogression(UNFCCC,2023a).TheParisAgreementstatesthataglobalstocktakingtoassessprogresstowardsachievingitslong-termgoalsistotakeplaceeveryfiveyears(UNFCCC,2023a).TheSynthesisreportonthetechnicaldialogueofthefirstglobalstocktake2findsthatdespitesignificantprogressinglobalmitigationandadaptationactionandsupport,theworldisnotontracktomeetthelong-termgoalsoftheParisAgreement(UNFCCC,2023f).ThefirstglobalstocktakeissettoconcludeattheUnitedNationsClimateConference(COP28)inDubaiinDecember2023.
Tradepolicyactionscanbeeffectivetoolsonthegroundtoachievethetargets,forinstance,facilitatinglocalindustries’accesstoenvironmentallypreferablegoodsandservices.UNCTADisconductinganexercisetoassesstheinterfacebetweenadvancingclimatecommitmentsofmemberStates,asstipulatedintheirNDCs,andtradepolicy.Theexercisefirstidentifiesreferencestotrade-relatedactionsinselecteddevelopingcountries'mostrecentlyupdatedNDCs,then“maps”themaccordingtotheimmediateclimatechangemitigationobjectives.
Thispaperprovidesinterimfindingsfromtheongoingexerciseandisstructuredasfollows.Section2describesthemethodologyoftheassessment.Section3mapsthetrade-relatedmeasuresidentifiedintheexercisewithkeyclimateactionobjectives.Section4presentsconclusions.
2.Methodology
Thereportundertakesamappingofthemeasures3thatinteractwithtradeincludedin60NDCsofdevelopingcountries.4TheNDCswereselectedtoensuretheinclusionofabroadrangeofdevelopingcountriesconsidering:
.Regionalrepresentation(Africa,AsiaandthePacific,LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean,andMiddleEastcountries)
.Incomelevel(high-,middle-,andlow-incomecountries)
.LeastDevelopedCountries(LDCs)
1TheParisAgreementisalegallybindinginternationaltreatyonclimatechange.Itwasadoptedby196PartiesattheUNClimateChangeConference(COP21)inParis,France,on12December2015.Itenteredintoforceon4November2016.Itsoverarchinggoalistohold“theincreaseintheglobalaveragetemperaturetowellbelow2°Cabovepre-industriallevels”andpursueefforts“tolimitthetemperatureincreaseto1.5°Cabovepre-industriallevels.”
2Availableat
/documents/631600
.
3Inthecontextofthisreport“measures”referstospecificpoliciesandactionsincludedintheNDCsthatcontributetomitigation,includingadaptationactionsandeconomicdiversificationplanswithmitigationco-benefits.
4
Outofatotalof195NDCsfromcountriesavailableontheNDCRegistrymanagedbytheUNFCCC.See
/NDCREG
.
2
.Commoditydependentcountries
.SmallIslandsDevelopingStates(SIDS)
.Landlockedcountries
TheNDCsincludedinthesamplewereeitherneworupdatedsubmissionsasof30September2023,5comprisingdetailedinformationaboutmitigationand/oradaptationmeasures.6
Mappingtrade-relatedprovisionsinNDCspresentvariouschallengeslinkedtothenatureoftheParisAgreement,theflexiblenatureofthestyleandcontentofthecontributions,theabsenceofuniformtypesofcontent(verydetailedvsverysuccinct),anddifferentversionsofNDCs(firstsubmissions,updates,secondsubmissions,orthirdsubmissions).Also,notallcountriesshowthesamestageofadvancementandscopeintheirsubmissions,andthereislimitedinformationontheimplementationstrategiesattheleveloftargetsandmeasures.
AsNDCswidelyvaryamongthemintermsofformat,availability,informationandscope,theanalysisisqualitativeandfocusesonidentifyingtrade-relatedmeasures.MeasureswerecategorisedbasedareviewoftheavailableliteratureonanalysisofmeasuresrelatedtotradeinNDCs,7tradeandclimatepolicy,andapreliminaryanalysisofthedata.
Identifiedmeasurescanbecategorizedintwomaingroups:i)measuresindirectlylinkedtotradeandprimarilypursuingbroaderobjectivessuchasincreasingrenewableenergyproduction,promotingeconomicdiversification,orgreeningindustrialpolicies,andii)measuresdirectlylinkedtotheregulationoftradeactivitiesorthecreationofmarketincentivesordisincentivesimpactingtradesuchastariffs,taxesortechnicalregulations.
Thefirstgroupofmeasures,thosethathavealargermitigationandeconomicdiversificationpurpose,maynotprimarilyfocusontrade.However,ifsuccessfullyimplemented,theyarelikelytotriggeranincreaseinthetradeofenvironmentallypreferablegoodsandsustainableservices.Forinstance,measuresaimedatincreasingcleanenergyproduction,wouldresultinincreasedimportsofrenewableenergygenerationequipment,suchassolarpanelsorwindturbines,whenthesegoodsarenotdomesticallyproducedoravailable.Measuresfromthisgroupincludethefollowing:
a)Renewableenergysourcesandenergyefficiencypromotion:Measuresinthiscategoryincludethoseaimedatsupportingtheenergytransitiontorenewableenergysources,thedeploymentofrenewableenergiesinfrastructureneededtosupporttheenergytransitionandincreasingtheshareofrenewableenergysources.Also,thiscategoryincludesmeasuresaimedatincreasingenergyefficiency.
b)Greenvaluechaindevelopment:Thiscategoryconsidersmeasuresaimedatreducingthegreenhousegasemissionsofvaluechainsandtoincreasetheir
sustainability.
c)Greenindustrialdevelopmentandeconomicdiversification:ThiscategoryincludesmeasuresintheNDCswhicharepartofdiversificationplansthatcan
5NDCsaresubmittedeveryfiveyearstotheUNFCCCsecretariat,withthenextroundofNDCs(neworupdated)beingsubmittedby2025(UNFCCC,2023c).
6However,itisrelevanttonotethatcountriesmayusedifferentUNFCCCmechanismstoreportonadaptationmeasures,suchasNationalAdaptationPlans(Fransenetal.,2022).
7SeeforinstanceBrandi(2017),BrentonandChemutai(2021),Cosbey(Cosbey,2018),Elkalwagy(2017),Laurensetal.(2022),UNCTAD(2022),UNCTAD(2023)andWTO(WTO,2021)..
3
contributetomitigationeffortsandmeasures,includingdevelopmentoflowcarbongreenvaluechains.
Thesecondgroupofmeasures,thosewithadirectlinktotradeingoodsorservicesincludethefollowing:
d)Technicalregulations(includinglabelsandproductstandards)
e)Market-basedmeasures(includingcarbonpricingaffectingimportsandcarbon
creditslinkedtolanduse,land-usechange,andforestry)
f)Publicprocurement
g)Tariffs
h)Subsidiesandtaxcredits
Itisimportanttonotethatthetrade-relatedmeasurescouldbeallocatedtoseveralcategoriesdependingontheircharacteristicsandtheavailabilityofinformation.ThefollowingFigureshowsthelinkagesbetweenthemeasuresrelatedtotradeidentifiedintheanalysis:
Figure1:Linkagesbetweenmeasuresrelatedtotrade
Measuresto
promote
climatechange
mitigationand
adaptation
Subsidiesandtaxcredits
Greenindustrial
developmentand
economic
diversification
GreenValue
Chain
development
Renewable
energysourcesandenergy
efficiency
Tradeand
export
opportunities
Technicalregulations
Publicprocurement
Market-based
measures
Source:UNCTAD
3.PreliminaryFindings
Thecurrentanalysishasidentified680trade-relatedmeasures?althoughNDCsseldommentiontrade?dividedintodirectandindirectmeasures,basedontheirrelationtotrade.Mostofthesemeasuresdealwithrenewableenergyandefficiency,greenvaluechaindevelopment,technicalregulations,andgreenindustrialandeconomicpolicies.Technical
4
regulationsarethemostusedmeasuresdirectlyrelatedtotrade.Othertrade-relatedmeasures,suchassubsidiesandtaxcredits,market-basedmechanismsandpublicprocurementwerenotoftenfoundinthemapping.Figure2showsthenumberofmeasuresidentifiedpercategory.
Figure2:NumberofmeasuresidentifiedintheNDCmappingexercise
Source:UNCTAD
Note:Measurescouldappearinmorethanonecategory.
ThefollowingsubsectionspresentexamplesofthemeasuresincludedintheNDCs,astheyarepresentedinthecontributions(unedited).AnunofficialtranslationispresentedinthisreportwhentheoriginaltextwasunavailableinEnglish.
a)Renewableenergysourceandenergyefficiency
Thetransitiontowardsamoreefficientandcleanerenergysystemiscrucialforimplementingthemitigationstrategytofulfilcountries’carbonreductioncommitmentsoutlinedintheirNDCs.Fromthemappingexercise,morethan50countriesincludedmeasuresrelatedtoincreasingtheavailabilityofrenewableenergysourcesandenergyefficiency.Themappingidentified281measuresassociatedwiththisobjective,makingitthemostmentionedcategory.
Mostmitigationstrategiesunderthisobjectivearerelatedtorenewableenergyforelectricitygeneration.Thedevelopmentofinfrastructureforsolarenergysites,windfarms,andhydroelectricdamsarethetoppriorityformanycountriestohelpmeettheircarbonreductiontargetsandacceleratethetransitionfromfossilfueltorenewableenergyinelectricitygeneration.Table1Onenergyefficiency,thefocusisonincreasingefficiencyinbuildings,transportation,currentgrid,andinfrastructure.Inincreasingenergyefficiencyinbuildingsandresidentialareas,somecountrieslistedtheuseofmoreenergy-efficientlighting,suchasLEDlamps,whileotherspromotedtheadoptionofgreenbuildingsthatimproveenergyefficiencyandreduceemissions,includingbutnotlimitedtoimprovementinheating,ventilation,andairconditioningsystems.8
Table1showsseveralexamplesofrenewableenergyandenergyefficiencymeasuresmentionedinthesampleofNDCs.Ineachexamplethroughoutthepaper,wepresentpotential
8Inthetransportsector,severalcountriesspecificallymentionmeasurestopursuethetransitionofpublicbusfleetsfromtraditionalcombustionenginestoelectricones,whichcouldincreasetheimportsofthesetypeofvehicles.SeveraloftheNDCsanalysedincludeamoregeneralapproachbyfocusingonincreasingthenumberofelectricvehicles,andcommittingtoincreasingtheavailabilityofchargingstations,whileimposingrestrictionsontheuseoffossilfuel-poweredvehicles.
5
tradeimpact,referringtopossibletradepolicy-suchasexport,import,ortariff-resultingfromtherecordedmeasuresoutlinedintheNDCs.
Table1:ExamplesofNDCmeasureslinkedtorenewableenergyandenergyefficiency
Country
Measures
Potentialtradeimpact
BurkinaFaso
ConstructionofSolarPVsitesinEssakane,
Matourkou,Dori,Diapaga,andGaouatoincreaseelectricityproductionto85MW.
ImportsolarPVequipment
Morocco
Installationofseveralwindpowerplantsonseveralsitesforatotalcapacityequivalentto2180MWby2030.
Importofrelevantinputsforwindmillsinstallations
Bangladesh
Useenergy-efficientappliancesinhouseholdand
commercialbuildings(achieve5percentand12percentreductioninemissionrespectively).
Implementationof
technicalregulations
Cuba
Theinstallationof15,250,000LEDlampsintheresidentialandpublicsectors.
IncreasedLEDimports
Bahamas
Developincentivestoencouragethepurchaseof
electricvehicles.Installationofchargingstationsforelectricvehicles.
Increasedimportofelectricvehiclesandcharging
stationsforelectric
vehicles
Namibia
10,000ElectricVehicles-replacinggasoline.
Importofelectricvehicles
b)Greenvaluechaindevelopment
Measureslinkedtogreenvaluechaindevelopmentarethesecondmostusedtypeoftrade-relatedmeasuresidentifiedintheanalysis(231measures).Over65measureswereidentifiedineachofthefollowingregions:Africa,AsiaPacific,andLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean.Greenvaluechaindevelopment-relatedmeasuresaccountfor31percentofallmeasuresidentifiedinAfrica,38percentinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean,and35percentinAsia.Nineoutof46totalmeasures(20percent)ofthemeasuresidentifiedintheMiddleEastcountriesstudieswerefoundtosupportgreenvaluechaindevelopment.
Inviewofthesectorscoveredandtheassociatedimpactsbothintermsofclimatechangeadaptationandmitigation,measuresaimingatsupportinggreenvaluechaindevelopmenthavethepotentialtoshapenationalproductionandtrade.Ourmappinganalysisshowsthatlessthan10percentofgreenvaluechaindevelopmentmeasureshaveadirectlinkwithexportorimportactivities,thushighlightingthepotentialforgreaterinclusionoftradeintoNDCs.ExamplesofdirectlinkagesbetweentradeandgreenvaluechaindevelopmentmeasurescanbefoundinTable2.
TwobroadcategoriesofmeasuresrelatedtogreenvaluechaindevelopmentcanbefoundinNDCs.Thefirstcategoryincludesmeasuresaimedatsupportingthedevelopmentofspecificgreenvaluechains,focusingontheproductorsectorofthetargetedvaluechains.Specificsectorsassociatedwiththesetypesoftrade-relatedmeasuresincludeforestry(possiblylinkedtobiodiversityconservation),agriculture(includingagro-forestryandagro-processing,irrigation,landmanagementandfoodsecurity),fisheries&livestock,cement,andsustainable
6
tourism.Majorexportproductsidentifiedasthefocusofgreenvaluechaindevelopmentmeasuresincludecoffee,cocoa,palmoil,rice,forestproducts,andcement.
Table2:ExamplesofselectedNDCtraderelatedmeasuresassociatedwithgreenvaluechaindevelopment.
Country
Measures
Potentialtradeimpact
Malawi
Establishgrainexportprocessingzonesanddevelopresilientvaluechains.
Increasedexportof
processedlow-carbon
grainproducts
Mauritius
Tourism:i)promotionofa"greentourismindustry"meaningmoreenergyefficiency,renewableenergy,waterefficiency,wastemanagement,wastewater
treatment,local–shortvaluechainsforboththetouristic/leisureinfrastructuresandtheactivities.
Lowercarbonfootprintofthetourismsector(tourismisconsideredasanexportofservices)
Bolivia
(PlurinationalStateof)
Doubletheareasunderintegratedandsustainableforestmanagementby2030.Inparticular,theneedtoaccessinternationalmarketsforproductsderivedfromintegratedandsustainableforestmanagementisconsideredimportant.
Increasedexportof
sustainablenon-timberforestproducts
Table3:ExamplesofNDCtrade-relatedmeasurestopromotecirculareconomypractices
Country
Measures
Potentialtradeimpact
CaboVerde
Encouragemanufacturersandbusinesses,throughfiscalincentivesandcapacitydevelopment,to
designcircularproductsandservicesbasedon
resourcesrecovery,biodegradability,andthetrueproductioncosts,includingenvironmentalcosts.Productswhicharesimple,low-energy,easyto
repair,andpassiveshouldbefavoured.This
measurewillbestimulatedbyadoptingtariffandtaxsolutionsthatfavourlocalproducersandcompaniesasopposedtointernationalprovidersand
accompaniedbythesettingofindicatorstomonitorachievement.Aflagshiplocalproductwhichcan
substituteimportsissalt.
Increaseinexportsof
sustainablyproduced
manufacturedgoodsanddecreaseinimportofnon-circularandlesscarbon
efficientimports.
CostaRica
Intheyear2025,thecountrywillpromotea
comprehensivecirculareconomysystemfor
agriculturalfarms,takingintoconsiderationthe
processesofbiodigestionandsoildecarbonizationthroughtheuseoftechnologiestoincreaseorganic
carbonlevelsinthesoil(SOC),amongothermeasures.
Increaseinlowcarbonagriculturalexports.
Mexico
NationalCircularEconomyStrategy,aswellas
programsandincentivesforenergyefficiency,
consideringbothregulatoryprogramsandthe
promotionofefficientcogenerationinindustry,
services,andcommercesectors,includingsugarmills.
Lowercarbonfootprintofindustrialandservice
exports.
7
Uganda
Clinker9substitutionincementproduction.This
measureaimstosubstituteclinkerincement
productionwithlesscarbon-intensiveconstituents
likepozzolana,fly-ashorslag.Thismeasurehasthepotentialtoreduceemissionsbyapproximately0.10MtCO2e(CO2equivalent)by2030.
Lowercarbonfootprintofcement.
c)Greenindustrialdevelopmentandeconomicdiversification
Eighty-twotrade-relatedmeasuresarelinkedtogreenindustrialdevelopmentandeconomicdiversification(11percent).Only14measuresappeartohaveadirecteffectontrade.Butmeasuresmayhaveanindirectimpactontrade.Themeasuresareoverallbalancedintermsofregionaldistribution.Ineachofthestudiedregions,between50and60percentofthecountriesconsidermeasuresintheirNDCsthatarerelatedtogreenindustrialdevelopmentandeconomicdiversification.72percentofthemeasuresinthiscategoryareidentifiedasmitigationmeasures,while28percentcouldbeconsideredasmeasureswithadaptationobjectives.
Measuresingreenindustrialdevelopmentandeconomicdiversificationcategoriesoftenincludeaspectsrelatedtogreenvaluechaindevelopment(about20percent)butaremostlyspecificallyaimedatincreasingproductivity,thedevelopmentofthehydrogensector,andhowthissectorcancontributetoselectedvaluechains.Table4describesexamplesoftradeandtrade-relatedmeasuresassociatedwithgreenindustrialdevelopmentanddiversification.
Table4:ExamplesofNDCmeasuresaimedatpromotinggreenindustrialdevelopmentanddiversification
Country
Measures
Potentialtradeimpact
CostaRica
Developmentofastrategyforthedevelopmentandpromotionofgreenhydrogen.
Exportsofgreen
hydrogen.
Morocco
Energyefficiencyprogramforindustry.Reductioninenergyconsumptionintheindustrialsectorby17
percentby2030.
Alowercarbonfootprintofindustrialproductsmay
increasecarbon
competitivenessand
exports.
Bolivia
(PlurinationalStateof)
Increaseinvestmentinproductiveinfrastructurein
theagriculturalsectorinordertoconsolidatefood
sovereigntyandsecuritythroughtheimplementation
ofresilientinfrastructureinconsensuswiththestakeholders.
Increaseinexportsof
agriculturalproducts.
Chile
Hydrogen(cargotransportation,motorusesin
industryandmining,thermaluseviagasdistributionpipe).
Exportsofgreen
hydrogen.
d)Technicalregulations
TheInternationalclassificationofnon-tariffmeasures(NTMs)definestechnicalregulationsasdocuments"thatsetsoutproductcharacteristicsorrelatedprocessesandproductionmethods,includingtheapplicableadministrativeprovisions,withwhichcomplianceismandatory.Itmayalsoincludeordealexclusivelywithterminology,symbols,packaging,
9"ProducingonetonneofportlandcementreleasesroughlyonetonneofCO2totheatmosphere,andsometimesmuchmore,
andthecementindustryaccountsfor7-8percentoftheplanetshuman-producedCO2emissions.Halfofitcomesfromproducingclinker(theincombustibleremainsofcoalcombustion)”.(UNEP,2010).
8
markingorlabellingrequirementsastheyapplytoaproduct,process,orproductionmethod"(UNCTAD,2019).10
Inthecontextofthismappingexercise,technicalregulationswerefoundtobethemostfrequentlyusedtypeoftrade-relatedmeasuresadoptedbycountriestotackleclimatechange.Theyareusedtoensurethatimportedproductsmeetdesiredcarbonemissionandefficiencylevelsbyestablishingminimumperformancestandards,aswellastestingandcertificationrequirements.Technicalregulationsarealsousedtoguideconsumerbehaviourthroughmandatorylabellingschemes,resultinginthedisplayofinformationoncarbonperformance.Forthesereasons,almost40percentoftechnicalregulationsmappedinthepresentstudywerecommonlyadoptedinconjunctionwithmeasuresaimingtopromoteenergyefficiencyand/orrenewableenergy(anotheroneofthemostfrequentlyusedtrade-relatedmeasuresinNDCs).
ThemainproductssubjecttotechnicalregulationsincludedinNDCsincludeappliances(strongenergyefficientcomponent),vehicles(emissions,aerodynamic,performanceoftheparts),constructionmaterial(throughbuildingcodes),refrigeration&airconditioning(RAC)andheatingdevices,fisheryproducts,andcementandconcrete.
Table5:SelectedtechnicalregulationsidentifiedintheNDCmappingexercise
Country
Measures
Potentialtradeimpact
Namibia
Namibiaaimstointroduceclimate-friendlyand
energy-efficientappliancesthrough(…)abanonhighGWP11equipmentandtheintroductionof
minimumenergyperformancestandards(MEPS)
thatgenerateemissionreductions,bothfromtheuse
ofrefrigerants(directemissions)andfromlowenergyconsumption(indirectemissions).
(Topreventlock-inofhighlyclimate-damagingHFC12refrigerantsinthetimebetweennowandthefirst
KigaliAmendmentphase-downstepin2029)
Importsofnon-climate
friendlyandenergy
inefficientappliancesin
Namibiawillberestricted.
Colombia
ImplementationofEuro4and6emissionstandardsfornewdieselvehicles.
Onlyvehiclesmeeting
requiredemission
standardswillbeimportedtoColombia.
UnitedArab
Emirates
Energyefficiencystandardizationandlabelling
program(…)coveringarangeofhouseholdgoodsandappliances(includingwashingmachines,
dryers,refrigerators,waterheaters,lightingfixtures,andairconditioners),todriveenergyefficiencyandenablehouseholdstomakeinformeddecisions.
AccesstoUnitedArab
Emiratesmarketrestrictedforhouseholdgoodsandappliancesnotmeeting
requiredenergyefficiencyrequirement.Mandatoryenergyefficiency-related
10
RecentUNCTADstudies(UNCTAD,2022,2023)foundthattechnicalregulationswerethemaintypeofnon-tariffmeasures
usedbycountriestoregulatetheirtradeinrelationwithclimateaction.Non-tariffmeasuresaredefinedas"policymeasuresotherthanordinarycustomstariffsthatcanpotentiallyhaveaneconomiceffectoninternationaltradeingoods,changingquantitiestraded,orpricesorboth"(UNCTAD,2010).Technicalregulationshaveadirectimpactoninternationaltradeflowsandpatternsastheydeterminemandatoryproductcharacteristicsandperformancerequirementsthatmustbemettoimportthegoodstheytarget.ToensurecompliancewithWTOlaw,technicalregulationsapplyequallytoimportedanddomesticallyproducedgoods.
11GlobalWarmingPotential(GWP).
12Hydrofluorocarbon(HFC).
9
labellingrequirements
appliedtoimported
appliancetoinform
consumerchoiceslikelyresultinginmore
favourablemarket
conditionforenergy
efficientgoods.
Gabon
Aforthcomingregulationmusthavethecapacitytorestricttheimportationofincandescentlampsin
favourofLEDandcompactfluorescentlamps.Thisentailsproviding9millionlow-energylampsto
households,alongwith35000compactair
conditioningunits.
RestrictionofincandescentlampandincreaseinLEDandcompactfluorescent
lampsimport.
e)Market-basedmeasures
Inrelationtoclimateaction,market-basedmeasurescanbedefinedaspolicyinstrumentsthatusemarkets(e.g.,carboncreditschemes),prices(e.g.,feed-intariffsorsubsidies)orothereconomicincentivesordisincentives(e.g.,taxes)topromoteCO2emissionreductions.13
Themappingoftrade-relatedmeasuresinNDCsshowedthatREDD+accountsformorethan50percentofallidentifiedmarket-basedmeasures(30measures).MeasureslinkedtoREDD+wereidentifiedin53percentofmappedNDCsfromLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean,and35percentofmappedNDCsfromAfrica.
'REDD'standsfor'Reducingemissionsfromdeforestationandforestdegradationindevelopingcountries.The'+'standsforadditionalforest-relatedactivitiesthatprotecttheclimate,namelysustainablemanagementofforestsandtheconservationandenhancementofforestcarbonstocks(UNFCCC,2023d).REDD+isconsideredbytheIntergovernmentalPanelon
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