2023年全球創(chuàng)新指數(shù)：中國全球排名第12位(英)-WIPO-2023

Global

Innovation

Index

2023

Innovationin

the

face

of

uncertaintyGlobal

Innovation

Index

2023Innovation

in

the

face

of

uncertainty16th

EditionSoumitra

Dutta,

Bruno

Lanvin,Lorena

Rivera

León

and

Sacha

Wunsch-Vincent

EditorsThis

work

is

licensed

under

Creative

Commons

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if

changes

were

made

to

the

original

content.Suggested

citation:

World

Intellectual

Property

Organization

(WIPO)

(2023).

Global

Innovation

Index

2023:

Innovation

in

the

face

of

uncertainty.

Geneva:

WIPO.

DOI:10.34667/tind.48220Adaptation/translation/derivatives

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mentioned.?

WIPO,

2023First

published

2023World

Intellectual

Property

Organization

34,

chemin

des

Colombettes,

P.O.

Box

18

CH-1211

Geneva

20,

Switzerlandwipo.intISBN:

978-92-805-3320-0

(print)

ISBN:

978-92-805-3321-7

(online)

ISSN:

2263-3693

(print)ISSN:

2788-6972

(online)Attribution

4.0

International

(CC

BY

4.0)Cover:

Unsplash

/

Kevin

Turcios,

Google

Deepmind,

Simon

Lee,

Javier

Miranda,

Marek

PiwnickiWIPO

Publication

No.

2000EN/23General

enquiries

relating

to

the

GII,

including

from

students,

academics,

journalists

and

others,

may

be

sent

to

gii@.GII-related

communications

from

Member

States

relating

to

innovation

performance,

the

state

of

their

economy’s

innovation

metrics

or

relatedGII

assistance

requests

should

be

directed

to

the

Assistant

Director

General,

IP

and

Innovation

Ecosystems

Sector,

World

Intellectual

Property

Organization,

34,

chemin

des

Colombettes,

CH-1211

Geneva

20,

Switzerland

(ies@)

and

the

GII

Team

at

WIPO

(gii@).ContentsList

of

figures

and

tables4Index

to

Economy

profiles 5Foreword 6Acknowledgments 8Advisory

Board 10The

GII

Partners 12GII

2023

at

a

glance 17Global

leaders

in

innovation,

2023 18Global

Innovation

Index

2023

rankings 19Innovation

performance

at

different

income

levels,

2023 20Key

takeaways 21Global

Innovation

Tracker 25Global

Innovation

Tracker 26Dashboard 26Science

and

innovation

investment 27Technological

progress 35Technology

adoption 39Socioeconomic

impact 41Conclusion 42GII

2023

results 47Innovation

leaders

in

2023 50Innovation

overperformers 54Converting

innovation

investment

into

tangible

innovation

output 56Innovation

across

the

world’s

regions 61Conclusion 64Cluster

ranking 67The

GII

2023

top

100

science

and

technology

clusters 68GII

2023

Economy

profiles 76Framework

of

the

Global

Innovation

Index

2023 77How

to

read

the

Economy

profiles 78Economy

profiles 80Appendices 212Appendix

I

–

Conceptual

and

measurement

framework

of

the

Global

Innovation

Index 213Appendix

II

–

Joint

Research

Centre

(JRC)

statistical

audit

of

the

2023

Global

Innovation

Index 220Appendix

III

–

Sources

and

definitions 224Appendix

IV

–

Global

Innovation

Index

science

and

technology

cluster

methodology 2463List

of

figures

and

tablesGlobal

leaders

in

innovation,

2023 18Global

Innovation

Index

2023

rankings 19Innovation

performance

at

different

income

levels,

2023 20Global

Innovation

Tracker

Dashboard 26Framework

of

the

Global

Innovation

Index

2023 77Figure

1

GDP

growth

and

total

and

business

R&D

growth

rates,

2007–2024 28Figure

2

R&D

expenditure

and

revenue

totals

of

top

global

corporate

R&D

spenders,by

industry

and

year,

2018–202230Figure

3

Corporate

R&D

expenditure,

selected

top

R&D

spenders

worldwide,annual

R&D

expenditure,

2021

compared

to

202231Figure

4

Number

of

venture

capital

deals

and

deal

value,

2012–2022 34Figure

5

Performance

of

the

most

efficient

supercomputers,

2013–2022 36Figure

6

Share

of

newly-installed

renewable

power

generation

capacity

that

is

cheaperthan

the

cheapest

fossil

fuel-fired

option,

2016–202137Figure

7

Cost

of

sequencing

DNA

of

one

human

genome,

2001–2022

(USD) 38Figure

8

Life

expectancy

and

healthy

life

expectancy,

2000–2019 41Figure

9

Years

of

life

beyond

60 42Figure

10

Key

global

innovation

changers

2023 48Figure

11

Global

innovation

leaders

in

2023 51Figure

12

Innovation

overperformers,

relative

to

their

economic

development 55Figure

13

Innovation

input

to

output

performance,

2023 57Table

1 R&D

and

revenue

growth

rates

for

top

global

corporate

R&D

spenders,2018–202229Table

2 Top

fastest

and

top

most

efficient

(green)

supercomputers,

2022 36Table

3 Top

10

economies

by

income

group

(rank) 53Table

4 Innovation

Overperformers

in

2023:

Income

group,

region

and

years

asan

innovation

overperformer56Table

5 Heatmap:

GII

2023

rankings

overall

and

by

innovation

pillar,

2023 58Table

6 Top

S&T

cluster

by

economy

or

cross-border

region

ranked

among

thetop

100,

202369Table

7 Economies

with

three

or

more

top

100

S&T

clusters,

2023 71Table

8 Top

S&T

clusters

in

extended

ranking,

economies

not

covered

by

thetop

100

S&T

clusters,

202372Table

9 Top

25

S&T

clusters

by

S&T

intensity,

2023 74Map

1 Top

100

clusters

worldwide,

2023 68Map

2 Top

S&T

clusters,

East

Asia,

India,

Türkiye

and

Israel,

2023 70Map

3 European

and

North

American

S&T

clusters

by

intensity,

2023 73Box

Figure

1 Unicorn

valuation

by

level

of

economic

development,

2023 60Box

Table

1 Economies

with

the

most

GII

indicators

ranked

top,

2023 52Appendix

Table

1 Changes

to

the

GII

2023

framework 216Appendix

Table

2 GII

2023

and

Input/Output

Sub-Indices:

rankings

and

90

percentconfidence

intervals222Appendix

Table

3 Top

100

S&T

clusters,

2023 248Appendix

Table

4 Ranking

of

S&T

intensity 250Appendix

Table

5 Summary

of

geocoding

results 2524Index

to

Economy

profilesAlbania

Algeria

Angola

Argentina

Armenia

Australia

Austria

Azerbaijan

Bahrain

Bangladesh

Belarus

Belgium

Benin80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92Iceland

India

IndonesiaIran

(Islamic

Republic

of)

IrelandIsrael

Italy

Jamaica

Japan

JordanKazakhstan

Kenya

Kuwait131

132

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

140

141

142

143Russian

Federation

RwandaSaudi

Arabia

Senegal

Serbia

Singapore

Slovakia

Slovenia

South

Africa

SpainSri

Lanka

Sweden

Switzerland182

183

184

185

186

187

188

189

190

191

192

193

194Bolivia

(Plurinational

State

of) 93 Kyrgyzstan 144 Tajikistan 195Bosnia

and

Herzegovina 94 Lao

People’s

Democratic

Republic

145 Thailand 196BotswanaBrazilBrunei

Darussalam

BulgariaBurkina

Faso

Burundi

Cabo

Verde

Cambodia

Cameroon

CanadaChile

China

Colombia

Costa

RicaC?te

d’Ivoire

Croatia

Cyprus95

96

97

98

99100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111Latvia

Lebanon

Lithuania

Luxembourg

Madagascar

MalaysiaMaliMalta

Mauritania

Mauritius

Mexico

Mongolia

Montenegro

Morocco

Mozambique

Namibia

Nepal146

147

148

149

150

151

152

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

162TogoTrinidad

and

Tobago

TunisiaTürkiye

Uganda

UkraineUnited

Arab

Emirates

United

KingdomUnited

Republic

of

Tanzania

United

States

of

America

UruguayUzbekistan

Viet

Nam

Zambia

Zimbabwe197

198

199

200

201

202

203

204

205

206

207

208

209

210

211Czech

Republic 112 Netherlands

(Kingdom

of

the) 163DenmarkDominican

Republic

EcuadorEgyptEl

Salvador

Estonia

Ethiopia

Finland

France

Georgia

Germany

Ghana

Greece

Guatemala

Guinea

HondurasHong

Kong,

China

Hungary113

114

115

116

117

118

119

120

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130New

Zealand

Nicaragua

NigerNigeriaNorth

Macedonia

NorwayOman

Pakistan

Panama

Paraguay

Peru

Philippines

Poland

Portugal

QatarRepublic

of

Korea

Republic

of

Moldova

Romania164

165

166

167

168

169

170

171

172

173

174

175

176

177

178

179

180

1815ForewordDaren

Tang,

Director

General,World

Intellectual

Property

Organization

(WIPO)Welcome

to

the

16th

edition

of

WIPO’s

Global

Innovation

Index

(GII),

where

we

take

the

pulse

of

global

innovation

and

reveal

the

innovative

performance

of

132

countries,

as

well

as

the

world’s

top

100

science

and

technology

clusters.In

2023,

we

find

the

innovation

environment

mixed,

with

significant

opportunities

and

sizeable

challenges

on

the

horizon.On

the

one

hand,

ground-breaking

technological

progress

continues

unabated.

As

identified

in

last

year’s

GII,

two

promising

innovation

waves

are

making

their

presence

felt

across

economies

and

societies:

a

digital

innovation

wave,

built

on

artificial

intelligence

(AI),

supercomputing

and

automation,

and

a

deep

science

innovation

wave,

based

on

biotechnologies

and

nanotechnologies.Many

of

the

key

indicators

of

technological

progress

are

trending

positively.

Computing

power

continues

to

increase

in

line

with

Moore’s

Law.

Green

supercomputing

is

becoming

more

efficient.

Renewable

energy

is

increasingly

affordable.

And

the

cost

of

genome

sequencing

continues

to

decline.

Spurred

on

by

the

scale

of

the

possibilities

before

us,

top

corporate

R&D

expenditure

exceeded

USD

1

trillion

for

the

first

time

last

year,

with

ICT6 firms

the

primary

drivers.?

Emmanuel

Berrod/WIPO7On

the

other

hand,

anemic

growth

and

high

inflation,

coupled

with

the

lingering

effects

of

the

pandemic,

are

hampering

global

innovation.

After

a

remarkable

boom

in

2021,

innovation

finance

fell

back

dramatically

last

year,

with

the

value

of

venture

capital

(VC)

investments

declining

by

40

percent.

While

it

is

important

to

stress

that,

at

USD

380

billion,

deal

value

in

2022

is

higher

than

at

any

point

over

the

past

decade

(apart

from

the

2021

boom),

the

overall

VC

outlook

remains

uncertain.A

key

challenge

is

converting

the

potential

of

novel

innovation

waves

into

tangible

benefits

that

flow

to

everyone,

everywhere.

Technology

adoption

might

be

growing

–

more

people

have

access

to

the

internet,

safe

sanitation

and

drive

electric

vehicles

than

ever

before

–

but

take-up

is

not

yet

fast

enough.

For

a

second

consecutive

year,

the

GII

finds

that

the

socio-economic

impact

of

innovation

has

stalled.In

this

polarized

innovation

environment,

supporting

countries

at

all

stages

of

development

to

grasp

opportunities

and

strengthen

innovation

ecosystems

continues

to

be

a

key

objective

for

WIPO.

While

it

is

encouraging

that

many

middle-income

and

emerging

economies

are

climbing

the

GII

ranks,

with

21

countries

overperformingon

innovation

relative

to

their

level

of

development

this

year,

it

is

still

too

early

to

determine

whether

the

pandemic

will

have

a

lasting

impact

on

innovation,

especially

in

the

Global

South.What

we

know

for

sure

is

that

the

data,

trends

and

approaches

featured

in

this

year’s

report

shine

new

light

on

global

innovation

performance.

Whether

you

are

from

the

private

or

public

sector,

are

a

policymaker,

diplomat,

researcher,

investor,

innovator

or

creator,

we

hope

that

the

information

contained

in

these

pages

enables

you

to

draw

informed

conclusions

and

acts

as

a

powerful

tool

for

pro-innovation

policymaking

the

world

over.Despite

all

the

uncertainties

we

are

currently

facing,

future

advances

in

AI,

energy,

medicine

and

transport

are

in

sight.

WIPO

will

continue

to

support

all

Member

States

in

their

pursuit

of

innovation-led

growth

to

promote

job

creation,

development

and

opportunities

so

that

new

breakthroughs

and

discoveries

can

reach

everyone

and

work

for

us

all.Global

Innovation

Index

2023AcknowledgmentsThe

Global

Innovation

Index

2023

was

prepared

under

the

general

direction

of

Daren

Tang,

Director

General,

in

WIPO’s

IP

and

Innovation

Ecosystems

Sector

led

by

Marco

Alemán,

Assistant

Director

General,

and

in

the

Department

of

Economics

and

Data

Analytics

led

by

Carsten

Fink,

Chief

Economist.The

report

and

rankings

are

produced

by

a

core

team

managed

by

Sacha

Wunsch-Vincent,

Head

of

Section,

comprising

Vanessa

Behrens,

Project

Manager,

Davide

Bonaglia,

Fellow,Lorena

Rivera

León,

Economist

and

Jeff

Slee,

Data

Scientist,

from

the

WIPO

Composite

Indicator

Research

Section

responsible

for

the

GII,

and

the

following

consultant:

William

Becker,

in

a

personal

capacity.Soumitra

Dutta

(Oxford

University

and

Portulans

Institute),

Bruno

Lanvin

(Institut

Européen

d’Administration

des

Affaires,

INSEAD,

International

Institute

for

Management

Development,

IMD

and

Portulans

Institute),

Lorena

Rivera

León

(WIPO)

and

Sacha

Wunsch-Vincent

(WIPO)

serve

as

co-editors

of

the

GII.The

following

WIPO

colleagues

provided

substantive

inputs

to

the

GII

elaboration

or

dissemination:

Kyle

Bergquist,

Ryan

Lamb,

Bruno

Le

Feuvre

and

Hao

Zhou,

from

the

Statistics

and

Data

Analytics

Division,

as

well

as

colleagues

from

the

External

Relations

Division,

the

Information

and

Digital

Outreach

Division,

the

IP

and

Innovation

Ecosystems

Sector,

the

Language

Division,

the

News

and

Media

Division,

the

Printing

Plant,

the

Regional

and

National

Development

Sector,

the

WIPO

Office

in

New

York,

and

WIPO’s

External

Offices.A

special

thank

you

goes

to

our

partners

at

the

Portulans

Institute,

in

particular,

Rafael

Escalona

Reynoso,

Mariam

Chaduneli

and

Sylvie

Antal

for

their

contributions.

We

also

thankthe

GII’s

Advisory

Board

and

the

GII

Data

Collaborators

for

their

participation,

as

well

as

to

the

Competence

Centre

on

Composite

Indicators

and

Scoreboards

(COIN)

team

from

the

European

Commission’s

Joint

Research

Centre

–

led

my

Michaela

Saisana

–

that

conducted

the

statistical

audit.

Sincere

appreciation

is

extended

to

Giovanni

Anelli

(CERN),

Cristina

Draghici

(ISO)

and

Silvia

Montoya

(UNESCO),

who

participated

as

representatives

of

their

respective

organizations

during

the

GII

Advisory

Board

meeting,

contributing

significantly

to

the

discussions

and

outcomes.

The

report

was

edited

by

Richard

Cook,

Andy

Platts

and

James

Cooke

at

BookNow

Ltd.

The

GII

interactive

data

website

was

developed

by

Pere

Rovira

and

Victor

Pascual

at

OneTandem.We

are

grateful

to

the

following

individuals

and

institutions

for

their

collaboration

with

data

requests,

without

whom

the

Index

would

not

be

what

it

is:BloombergNEF:

Evelina

StoikouBrand

Finance:

Annie

Brown,

Artur

Bryzghalov,

David

Haigh,

Bethany

Johnson,

Thulith

Perera

and

Binuri

RanasingheCB

Insights:

Carson

Armstrong,

Matthew

Rados

and

Aaron

WinklerCentre

for

Science

and

Technology

Studies

(CWTS),

Leiden

University:

Robert

Tijssen

and

Alfredo

YegrosClarivate

Analytics:

Bastien

Blondin

and

Joseph

Brightbilldata.ai:

Donny

Kristianto

and

Lexi

SydowEuropean

Commission

Joint

Research

Centre:

Bego?a

Cabeza

Martínez,

Jaime

Lagüera

González,

Ana

Rita

Neves,

Panagiotis

Ravanos,

Michaela

Saisana,

Oscar

Smallenbroek

and

Carlos

Jorge

Tacao

Moura

from

COIN;

and

Nicola

Grassano,

Hector

Hernández

and

Elisabeth

Nindl8European

Organization

for

Nuclear

Research

(CERN):

Giovanni

Anelli

and

Manuela

CirilliGitHub:

Peter

Cihon,

Mike

Linksvayer

and

Kevin

XuGlobal

Entrepreneurship

Monitor

(GEM):

Niels

Bosma,

Alicia

Coduras

and

Aileen

Ionescu-SomersGrowth

Lab

at

Harvard

University:

Sebastián

Bustos,

Timothy

Paul

Cheston

and

Annie

WhiteInternational

Atomic

Energy

Agency

(IAEA):

Mauro

Carrara,

Gerd

Hinterleitner,

Josephine

Nkhula

and

Egor

TitovichInternational

Energy

Agency

(IEA):

Taylor

Morrison,

Julian

Prime

and

Roberta

QuadrelliInternational

Federation

of

Robotics:

Susanne

Bieller

and

Nina

KutzbachInternational

Labour

Organization

(ILO):

Yves

PerardelInternational

Monetary

Fund

(IMF):

Andrea

Quevedo

and

Kazuko

ShironoInternational

Organization

for

Standardization

(ISO):

Laurent

Charlet

and

Cristina

DraghiciInternational

Telecommunication

Union

(ITU):

Thierry

Geiger,

Esperanza

Magpantay,

Nathan

Menthon,

Martin

Schaaper

and

Daniel

VertesyLUISS

Guido

Carli

University:

Filippo

Bontadini,

Massimiliano

Iommi

and

Cecilia

Jona-LasinioMoody’s

Analytics:

Santhosh

Metri,

Petra

Steiner

and

Ann

Van

NieuwenhoveNational

Institutes

of

Health

(NIH):

Kris

Wetterstrand

Omdia:

David

HancockOrganisation

for

Economic

Co-operation

and

Development

(OECD):

Fernando

Galindo-Rueda,Tue

Halgreen,

Corinne

Heckmann,

Miyako

Ikeda

and

Fabien

VergerPricewaterhouseCoopers

(PwC):

Arshiya

Ghosh

and

Shruti

KumarQS

Quacquarelli

Symonds

Ltd:

Andrew

Macfarlane

and

Samuel

WongRefinitiv,

an

LSEG

businessS&P

Global,

Market

Intelligence:

Mohsen

Bonakdarpour

and

Karen

CampbellSCImago:

Félix

de

Moya

AnegónSiemens:

Maurizio

ContiThe

Conference

Board:

Klaas

de

VriesTrade

Data

Monitor

LLC:

C.

Donald

Brasher

Jr.,

John

Miller,

Maria

Vretenicic

and

Altan

YurdakulTU

Wien:

Karl

RuppUNESCO

Institute

for

Statistics

(UIS):

Talal

El

Hourani,

Sa?d

Ould

Ahmedou

Voffal,

Rohan

Pathirage

and

José

PessoaUnited

Nations

Commodity

Trade

Statistics

DatabaseUnited

Nations

Department

of

Economic

and

Social

Affairs

(UNDESA)United

Nations

Industrial

Development

Organization

(UNIDO):

Fernando

Cantu

Bazaldua

and

Vladimir

LukicUnited

Nations

International

Children’s

Emergency

Fund

(UNICEF):

Tom

SlaymakerWorld

Bank:

Jean-Fran?ois

Arvis

and

Christina

Wiederer;

Hibret

Belete

Maemir,

Filip

Jolevski,

Nona

Karalashvili,

Frédéric

Meunier

and

Jorge

Luis

Rodríguez

Meza;

Hiroko

Maeda

and

Umar

SerajuddinWorld

Economic

Forum:

Roberto

Crotti,

Attilio

Di

Battista,

Philipp

Grosskurth

and

Ricky

LiWorld

Federation

of

Exchanges:

Mihaela

Croitoru

World

Health

Organization

(WHO):

Richard

Johnston

World

Trade

Organization

(WTO):

Shradha

Bhatia,Barbara

D’Andrea

Adrian

and

Florian

Eberth;

Janvier

Usanase

and

Dayong

YuYale

University:

Sebastián

Block

and

Martin

Wolf

ZookNIC

Inc:

Matthew

Zook9Global

Innovation

Index

2023Advisory

BoardSince

2011,

the

Advisory

Board

has

played

a

valued

role

in

advising

on

the

strategic

direction

of

the

Global

Innovation

Index

(GII).

Its

mission

is

to

emphasize

the

critical

role

innovation

plays

in

economic

and

social

development

and

to

assist

in

the

dissemination

of

GII

findingsrelevant

to

each

of

the

world's

economies

and

regions.

Comprising

international

policymakers,

thought-leaders

and

corporate

executives,

Advisory

Board

members

are

selected

from

diverse

geographical

and

institutional

backgrounds

and

serve

in

a

personal

capacity.

We

express

our

appreciation

to

all

Advisory

Board

members

for

their

continued

support

and

collaboration.Advisory

Board

membersClare

AkamanziChief

Executive

Officer,

Rwanda

Development

Board,

RwandaRobert

D.

AtkinsonPresident,

Information

Technology

and

Innovation

Foundation

(ITIF),

United

StatesAudrey

AzoulayDirector-General,

United

Nations

Educational,

Scientific

and

Cultural

Organization

(UNESCO)Doreen

Bogdan-MartinSecretary-General,

International

Telecommunication

Union

(ITU)Amy

L.

BurkeProgram

Director,

Science,

Technology,

and

Innovation

Analysis,

National

Center

for

Science

and

Engineering

Statistics

(NCSES),

National

Science

Foundation

(NSF),

United

StatesMaría

Fernanda

GarzaChair,

International

Chamber

of

Commerce

(ICC),

MexicoFabiola

GianottiDirector-General,

European

Organization

for

Nuclear

Research

(CERN)John

KaoChair,

Institute

for

Large

Scale

Innovation,

and

former

Harvard

Business

School

Professor,

United

StatesVictor

Zhixiang

LiangSenior

Vice

President,

Baidu,

ChinaRaghunath

Anant

MashelkarPresident,

Global

Research

Alliance;

National

Research

Professor,

National

Chemical

Laboratory;

former

Director-General,

Council

of

Scientific

&

Industrial

Research

(CSIR),

and

former

Chair,

National

Innovation

Foundation,

IndiaPhilippe

Kuhutama

MawokoProfessor,

Université

du

Kwango,

Democratic

Republic

of

the

Congo,

and

former

Executive

Secretary,

African

Observatory

for

Science,

Technology

and

Innovation

(AOSTI),

African

Union

Commission10Ken

MooreChief

Innovation

Officer,

MastercardSergio

MujicaSecretary-General,

International

Organization

for

Standardization

(ISO)Monika

SchnitzerMember,

German

Council

of

Economic

Experts,

and

Professor,

Ludwig-Maximilians-University

(LMU)

Munich,

GermanyHeizo