新教材高中英語(yǔ)UNITSIENEANSIENTISTS教知識(shí)細(xì)解碼案含解析新人教版選擇性必修第二冊(cè)

PAGE1-UNIT1SCIENCEANDSCIENTISTS1．contradictvt.與……發(fā)生矛盾，與……抵觸→contradictoryadj.相互矛盾的；對(duì)立的；不一致的2．infectvt.使感染；傳染→infectionn．感染；傳染3．provevt.證明；檢驗(yàn)→proofn．證據(jù)；證明；檢驗(yàn)4．intervenevi.干涉；干預(yù)→interventionn．介入；出面；干涉1．suspectvt.&vi.懷疑；疑有；不信任n．犯罪嫌疑人；可疑對(duì)象adj.可疑的；不可信的①I(mǎi)suspect(that)youoncethoughtotherwise. vt.懷疑②Twosuspectsarenowbeinginterrogatedinconnectionwiththekilling. n.犯罪嫌疑人③Hisreasonforbeingabsentissuspect. adj.可疑的2．blamevt.把……歸咎于；責(zé)怪；指責(zé)n．責(zé)備；指責(zé)①Hebearstheblameofhisbrother. n.責(zé)備；指責(zé)②YoucanhardlyblamePeterforbeingangrywithher. vt.責(zé)怪；指責(zé)③Wheneversomethinggoeswrong，everyoneblamesitonme. vt.把……歸咎于3．handlen．把手；拉手；柄vt.處理；搬動(dòng)；操縱(車(chē)輛、動(dòng)物、工具等)①Youhavetoturnthehandleandthenpullittowardsyou. n.把手；拉手②Alabelonthecrateread：“Handlewithcare”．vt.處理；搬動(dòng)③Gardentoolscanbedangerousifcarelesslyhandled. vt.操縱；使用4．linkn．聯(lián)系；紐帶vt.把……連接起來(lái)；相關(guān)聯(lián)①Theroadlinksallthenewtowns. vt.把……連接起來(lái)②Scientistshaveestablishedpossiblelinksbetweencanceranddiet. n.聯(lián)系③Thetwocountrieshavesuccessfullysolvedtheboundaryissue，whichnowhasbecomealinkoffriendshipbetweenthetwopeoples. n.紐帶5．decreasen．減少；降低；減少量vt.&vi.(使大小、數(shù)量等)減少；減??；降低①Thepopulationbegantodecrease. vi.減少；減??；降低②Theydecreasedthesizeofthegroupfrom25to15. vt.減少；減??；降低③Therehasbeensomedecreaseinimports. n.減少；降低WordsandPhraseseq\a\vs4\al(知識(shí)要點(diǎn)1)onceandforall最終地；徹底地(教材P2)However，heneverlosthisdesiretodestroycholeraonceandforall.然而，他從未放棄徹底消滅霍亂的愿望。[例1]Hewillexplainitfullyonceandforall.他將把它充分地解釋一次，就此了結(jié)。[例2]Theteacherhaswarnedthestudentonceandforall.那位老師已斷然警告那名學(xué)生了。[知識(shí)拓展]allatonce 突然；同時(shí)atonce 立刻，馬上onceandagain 一而再，再三[即學(xué)即練]單句語(yǔ)法填空/完成句子①Wehavetoresolvethismatteronceandforall.②Allatoncetherewassomeoneknockingonthedoor.③Hewaspunishedonceandagainfortellinglies.④I'mwarningyouonceandforall，ifyoudon'tstopdisturbingme，you'llberegretful.我最后一次警告你。如果你不停止糾纏我，你將來(lái)會(huì)后悔的。eq\a\vs4\al(知識(shí)要點(diǎn)2)subscribevi.認(rèn)購(gòu)(股份)；定期訂購(gòu)；定期交納(會(huì)費(fèi))(教材P2)Snowsubscribedtothesecondtheory.斯諾贊同第二種理論。[例1]Hesubscribedfor1，000shares.他認(rèn)購(gòu)了一千股。[例2]Isubscribedtothatmagazine.Itisputouteveryweek.我訂閱了那本雜志。它是周刊。[知識(shí)拓展]subscribeto 同意；贊成；訂閱……subscribe...to... 把……捐贈(zèng)給……；把……簽署在……上[即學(xué)即練]單句語(yǔ)法填空/完成句子①I(mǎi)nordertoimprovehisdaughter'sEnglish，hesubscribedtoEnglishWeekly.②Hesubscribedhisnametothecontract.③Ifyousubscribetothenewspaper，it'llbedeliveredtoyourdoor.如果你訂閱這個(gè)報(bào)紙，它會(huì)給你送貨上門(mén)的。④Iheartilysubscribetothatview．我十分贊同那個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。[小片段填空]Weappliedfor①subscribingtosomemagazinesusefulforourwork.Thedepartmentmanager②subscribedtoitand③subscribedhisnametotheapplicationform.我們申請(qǐng)訂閱幾本對(duì)我們的工作有益的雜志，部門(mén)經(jīng)理同意了這一請(qǐng)求，并在申請(qǐng)表上簽上了他的名字。eq\a\vs4\al(知識(shí)要點(diǎn)3)(教材P2)Snowsuspectedthatthewaterpumpwastoblame．斯諾懷疑是水泵的問(wèn)題。(1)suspectvt.&vi.懷疑；疑有；不信任n．犯罪嫌疑人；可疑對(duì)象[例1]Isuspecthimtoknoweverythingaboutthat.我猜想那件事他全都知道了。[例2]ShehadnoreasontosuspectthatSylviahadnottoldthetruth.她沒(méi)有理由懷疑西爾維婭沒(méi)說(shuō)實(shí)話。[知識(shí)拓展]suspectsb.of(doing)sth. 懷疑某人(做)某事suspectsb.tobe... 懷疑某人是……[即學(xué)即練]單句語(yǔ)法填空/完成句子①I(mǎi)suspecthimtobe(be)apickpocket.②Isuspectedthegirloflying(lie)tous.③Thepolicesuspecthimofhavingstolenthemoney．警察懷疑錢(qián)是他偷的。[小片段填空]①Thefirstsuspectwasthevictim'sson.Thepolice②suspectedhimofmurderinghisfather，becausetheneighborsreportedhavingheardthemfightingonthenightofthekilling.第一個(gè)嫌疑犯是死者的兒子。警察懷疑他謀殺了他的父親，因?yàn)猷従觽冊(cè)诎赴l(fā)當(dāng)晚曾聽(tīng)到他們打架。(2)blamevt.把……歸咎于；責(zé)怪；指責(zé)n．責(zé)備；指責(zé)[例1]Theyplacedtheblameonthedoctor.他們把責(zé)任歸咎于醫(yī)生。[例2]Hetriedtoescapeblameforwhathehaddone.他試圖不為自己的行為負(fù)責(zé)。[知識(shí)拓展](1)betoblame(forsth.) (對(duì)某事)負(fù)有責(zé)任，(因某事)應(yīng)受責(zé)備blamesb.forsth. 因某事責(zé)備某人；把某事歸咎于某人blamesth.onsb./sth. 把某事歸咎于某人/某事(2)put/laytheblameforsth.onsb. 將某事歸咎于某人taketheblameforsth. 承擔(dān)某事的責(zé)任[即學(xué)即練]單句語(yǔ)法填空/一句多譯①I(mǎi)fthathappens，thecoachwilltaketheblameforit.②Youarenottoblame(blame)．Ican'tputtheblameonyou.③Youshouldn'tblameJohnforthefailure.＝Y(jié)oushouldn'tblamethefailureonJohn.你們不應(yīng)該把這次失敗歸咎于約翰。eq\a\vs4\al(知識(shí)要點(diǎn)4)linkn.聯(lián)系；紐帶vt.把……連接起來(lái)；相關(guān)聯(lián)(教材P3)Moreover，SnowwaslaterabletoshowalinkbetweenothercasesofcholeraandthedifferentwatercompaniesinLondon.此外，斯諾后來(lái)還發(fā)現(xiàn)了其他霍亂病例與倫敦不同的供水公司之間的聯(lián)系。[例1]Thetwocompanieshavelinked.這兩家公司已聯(lián)合了。[例2]Thenewbridgewilllinktheislandtothemainland.新的橋梁將把該島與大陸連接在一起。[知識(shí)拓展](1)link...to/with... 將……和……聯(lián)系/連接起來(lái)linkup 連接；結(jié)合linkupwith... 與……聯(lián)合；使與……銜接(2)alinkbetweenAandB A與B之間的聯(lián)系[即學(xué)即練]單句語(yǔ)法填空/完成句子①ThenewtunnellinksBritainto/withFrance.②Thetwospacecraftwilllinkupwitheachotherinorbit.③Thecountryislinked(link)tothetownbyanewbridge.④Thenewcompanylinkedupwithseveralolderonesinself-protection.那家新公司與幾家較老的公司聯(lián)合以保護(hù)自己。eq\a\vs4\al(知識(shí)要點(diǎn)5)decreasen．減少；降低；減少量vt.&vi.(使大小、數(shù)量等)減少；減?。唤档?教材P3)ThroughSnow'stirelessefforts，watercompaniesbegantosellcleanwater，andthethreatofcholeraaroundtheworldsawasubstantialdecrease.在斯諾的不懈努力下，自來(lái)水公司開(kāi)始出售干凈的水，在世界范圍內(nèi)霍亂的威脅大幅減少。[例1]Thedecreaseinsaleswasalmost20percent.銷(xiāo)售量差不多減少了20%。[例2]Hisinterestinthissubjectgraduallydecreases.他對(duì)這個(gè)科目的興趣在逐漸減退。[知識(shí)拓展](1)onthedecrease 在減少中adecreasein... 在……方面減少(2)decreaseto... 減少到……decreaseby... 減少了……decreasefrom...to... 從……減少到……[即學(xué)即練]單句語(yǔ)法填空/完成句子①Thereisadecreaseofnearly7%inthenumberofvisitorstothemuseum.②Theaccidentshavedecreasedby20%sincethemeasurewastaken.③Becauseofhumanactivities，thenumberofsomerareanimalsisonthedecrease.④Therehasbeenasharpdecreaseinpollutionsincethelawwasintroduced.自從立法之后污染已經(jīng)大大減少。[名師點(diǎn)津]decrease的反義詞increase的用法increaseto 增加(長(zhǎng))到……increaseby 增加(長(zhǎng))了……ontheincrease 在增加eq\a\vs4\al(知識(shí)要點(diǎn)6)thanksto幸虧；由于(教材P3)Fortunately，wenowknowhowtopreventcholera，thankstotheworkofJohnSnow.幸運(yùn)的是，由于約翰·斯諾的工作，我們現(xiàn)在知道如何預(yù)防霍亂。[例1]Thankstohisresearch，theUNhasmoretoolsinthebattletoridtheworldofhunger.多虧了他的研究，聯(lián)合國(guó)在消除世界饑餓的戰(zhàn)斗中又多了些方法。[例2]Thankstohiseffort，itismoresuccessfulthanwehaveexpected.由于他的努力，(這件事)獲得了比我們預(yù)期更大的成功。[知識(shí)拓展]becauseof 因?yàn)?；由于asaresultof 作為……的結(jié)果；由于dueto 因?yàn)?；由于owingto 由于；因?yàn)椤木壒蔥即學(xué)即練]單句語(yǔ)法填空/完成句子①Asaresultofthebadweather，thefootballmatchwasputoff.②Theaccidentwasduetohiscarelessdriving.③Owingtoyourtimelyhelp，wefinishedtheworkaheadoftime.④Thankstoyourhelp，weweresuccessful.多虧你的幫助，我們成功了。eq\a\vs4\al(知識(shí)要點(diǎn)7)transformvt.使改觀；使改變形態(tài)vi.改變；轉(zhuǎn)變(教材P3)Moreover，inhisuseofmapsandstatistics，Snowtransformedthewayscientistsstudydiseases.此外，斯諾利用地圖和統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)改變了科學(xué)家研究疾病的方式。[例1]Heseemstohavebeenmiraculouslytransformedintoafirst-classplayer.他似乎奇跡般地變成了一流的球員。[例2]Thingscannotbetransformedovernight.事情不可能在一夜之間改變。[知識(shí)拓展](1)transformAintoB 把A變成Btransformsth.fromAtoB 使某物從A變成B(2)transformationn. 改變；改革[即學(xué)即練]單句語(yǔ)法填空/完成句子①WemustworkhardsoastotransformChinaintoanadvancedindustrialcountry.②Acompletechangeofclimatetransformedtheareafromfarmlandtodesert.③Wearelivinginatimeofsocialtransformation(transform)．④Asteamenginetransformsheatintopower．蒸汽機(jī)將熱能轉(zhuǎn)變成動(dòng)力。SentencePatternseq\a\vs4\al(重點(diǎn)句式1)“特殊疑問(wèn)詞＋不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)(教材P2)Asayoungdoctor，JohnSnowbecamefrustratedbecausenooneknewhowtopreventortreatcholera．作為一名年輕的醫(yī)生，約翰·斯諾變得沮喪，因?yàn)闆](méi)有人知道如何預(yù)防或治療霍亂。句式分析：句中howtopreventortreatcholera為“特殊疑問(wèn)詞＋不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)，作動(dòng)詞knew的賓語(yǔ)。[例1]Nooneknewhowtotreatthisdreadeddisease.沒(méi)人知道如何治療這種可怕的疾病。[例2]Idon'tquiteknowwhattosayinanswertoyourquestion.我不太清楚如何回答你的問(wèn)題。[知識(shí)拓展](1)常見(jiàn)的特殊疑問(wèn)詞：疑問(wèn)代詞who，what，which等和疑問(wèn)副詞how，when，where等。(2)語(yǔ)法功能：該結(jié)構(gòu)相當(dāng)于名詞性從句，在句中可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)等(作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù))。(3)通常用在tell，show，understand，explain，teach，learn，discuss等動(dòng)詞后面的特殊疑問(wèn)代詞與構(gòu)成不定式的動(dòng)詞之間為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式通常用主動(dòng)形式。[即學(xué)即練]句型轉(zhuǎn)換①Theteachertaughtthestudentshowtheyshoulddotheexperiment.→Theteachertaughtthestudentshowtodotheexperiment．②Theproblemiswheretoputthiscomputer.→Theproblemiswhereweshouldputthiscomputer．③IhavenoideawhatIcansayaboutthis.→Ihavenoideawhattosayaboutthis．④Whenwewillstarthasnotbeendecided.→Whentostarthasnotbeendecided.eq\a\vs4\al(重點(diǎn)句式2)so...that...引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句(教材P2)Hediscoveredthatintwoparticularstreetsthecholeraoutbreakwassoseverethatmorethan500peoplediedintendays.他發(fā)現(xiàn)，在兩條特別的街道上，霍亂爆發(fā)非常嚴(yán)重，10天內(nèi)就有500多人死亡。句式分析：句中so...that...意為“如此……以至于……”，引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。[例1]Hewassofoolishthatheacceptedherinvitation.他接受了她的邀請(qǐng)真是太傻了。[例2]TheywalkedsofastthatIcouldnotkeepupwiththem.他們走得那么快，我沒(méi)法跟上他們。[知識(shí)拓展](1)soeq\b\lc\{\rc\}(\a\vs4\al\co1(＋adj.或adv.,＋adj.＋a（n）＋單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,＋many/few＋復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,＋much/little（少的）＋不可數(shù)名詞))＋that...(2)sucheq\b\lc\{\rc\}(\a\vs4\al\co1(a（n）＋adj.＋單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,adj.＋不可數(shù)名詞,adj.＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞))＋that...[即學(xué)即練]完成句子/句型轉(zhuǎn)換①I(mǎi)tissogoodafilmthatI'dliketoseeitasecondtime.這部電影如此好，以至于我想再看一遍。②Sheworkssohardthatweallrespecther.她工作這么努力，我們都很敬佩她。③Sheissolovelyagirlthatwealllikeher.→Sheissuchalovelygirlthatwealllikeher.④ItissuchaheavyboxthatIcan'tliftit.→ItissoheavyaboxthatIcan'tliftit.[名師點(diǎn)津](1)little表示“少”時(shí)用so修飾，但表示“小”時(shí)用such修飾。Therewassolittletimeleftthatwemusthurry.時(shí)間不多了，我們要快一點(diǎn)。Theyaresuchlittlechildrenthattheycan'tunderstandit.他們是這么小的孩子，他們不會(huì)理解的。(2)在“so...that...”和“such...that...”結(jié)構(gòu)中，當(dāng)“so/such...”置于句首時(shí)，其所在的句子要用全部倒裝。Sohotadaywasitthattheyallwentswimming.＝Suchahotdaywasitthattheyallwentswimming.天氣這么熱，他們都去游泳了。1．Cholerausedtobeoneofthemostfeareddiseasesintheworld，untilaBritishdoctor，JohnSnow，showedhowitcouldbeovercome.[分析]本句為復(fù)合句，until引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，其中howitcouldbeovercome為how引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。[譯文]霍亂曾經(jīng)是世界上最可怕的疾病之一，直到英國(guó)醫(yī)生約翰·斯諾展示了如何戰(zhàn)勝它。2．Hediscoveredthatintwoparticularstreetsthecholeraoutbreakwassoseverethatmorethan500peoplediedintendays.[分析]本句為復(fù)合句，動(dòng)詞discovered后是that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，其中so...that...引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。[譯文]他發(fā)現(xiàn)，在兩條特別的街道上，霍亂爆發(fā)非常嚴(yán)重，10天內(nèi)就有500多人死亡。教材高考1.ThereweremultipledeathsnearthewaterpumpinBroadStreet(especiallyhousenumbers16,37,38,and40)．(2020·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)Thefurtradekeptnutriaincheckfordecades，butwhenthemarketfornutriacollapsedinthelate1980s，thecat-sizedanimalsmultipliedlikecrazy.2.Accordingly,hehadthehandleofthepumpremovedsothatitcouldnotbeused.(2020·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)Ifyoudo,youwon'tbeabletohandleitandthewholethingdevelopsintoanunpleasantsceneandthatruinseveryone'sday.3.Moreover，SnowwaslaterabletoshowalinkbetweenothercasesofcholeraandthedifferentwatercompaniesinLondon.(2019·天津卷)Foodwebsmaybedominatedbymanyweaklinksbecausethatarrangementismorestableoverthelongterm.4.Fortunately,wenowknowhowtopreventcholera,thankstotheworkofJohnSnow.(2020·天津卷)ThankstotheSilenceMachine,aBritishinvention,youcangetridofthesoundwithoutupsettingtheboyorhisparents.5.Moreover，inhisuseofmapsandstatistics，Snowtransformedthewayscientistsstudydiseases.(2019·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)Onlyatdinnertimeareweeatingtogetheranymore，74percent，accordingtostatisticsfromthereport.Ⅰ.單句語(yǔ)法填空1．AdeandBrooksexchangedblowsyesterdayandtheywereseverely(severe)punishedtoday.2．Manycompanieshavesubscribed(subscribe)generouslytothefootballclubsofar.3．Onlyathirdofthesehouseholds(household)thoughtitreasonabletometerwater.4．Ithinkhesuspectedusofsomeimproperpurposes.5．Thisinformationconfirmsmeinthebeliefthatheistoblame(blame)．6．Therearethirtymicroscopes(microscope)inourchemicallaboratory.7．Theyhavegatheredthebeststatistics(statistic)theycanfindandrunthemthroughtheirowncomputers.8．ThenewsissoimportantthatImusttellittomyfriends.9．Ache