2022年大學(xué)英語考試考前沖刺卷187

2022年大學(xué)英語考試考前沖刺卷

（本卷共分為1大題50小題，作答時(shí)間為180分鐘，總分100分，60分及格。）

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1.{{BUTEXTC{{/B}}

ItishardtoconceiveofaIanguagewithoutnounsorverbs.Butthat

isjustwhatRiauIndonesianis,accordingtoDavidGiIyaresearcher

attheMaxPlanckInstituteforEvolutionaryAnthropology,inLeipzig.

Dr.GiIhasbeenstudyingRiauforthepast12years.Initially,hesays,

hestruggledwiththelanguage,despitebeingfIuentinstandard

Indonesian.However,abreakthroughcamewhenherealizedthatwhathe

hadbeenthinkingofasdifferentpartsofspeechwere,infact,

grammaticallythesame.ForexampIe,thephrase"thechickeniseating"

translatesintocoIIoquiaIRiauas"ayammakan'1.Literally,thisis

"chickeneat".Butthesamepairofwordsalsohavemeaningsasdiverse

as"thechickenismakingsomebodyeat”,ornsomebodyiseatingwhere

thechickenis".Thereare,hesays,nomodifiersthatdistinguishthe

tensesofverbs.Noraretheremodifiersfornounsthatdistinguishthe

definitefromtheindefinite.Indeed,therearenofeaturesinRiau

Indonesianthatdistinguishnounsfromverbs.Thesecategories,hesays,

areimposedbecausetheIanguagesthatwesternIinguistsarefamiIiar

withhavethem.

ThissortofobservationfIiesinthefaceofconventionaIwisdomabout

whatIanguageis.MostIinguistsareinfluencedbytheworkofNoam

Chomsky-inparticular,histheoryof"deepgrammar1'.AccordingtoDr.

Chomsky,peopIearebornwithasortofIinguistictempIateintheir

brains.ThisisasetofrulesthataIIowschiIdrentolearnaIanguage

quickly,butalsoimposesconstraintsandstructureonwhatislearnt.

EvidenceinsupportofthistheoryincludesthetendencyofchiIdrento

makesystematicmistakeswhichindicateatendencytoimposeruleson

whatturnouttobegrammaticalexceptions(e.g.MIdidedit"instead

ofnIdidit").ThereisalsotheabilityofthechiIdrenofmigrant

workerstoinventnewlanguagesknownascreolesoutofthegrammatically

incoherentpidginspokenbytheirparents.ExactIywhatthedeepgrammar

consistsofisstillnotclear,butabasicdistinetionbetweennouns

andverbswouldprobablybeoneofitsminimumrequirements.

Dr.GiIcontends,however,thatthereisariskofunconsciousbias

Ieadingtotheconclusionthataparticularsortofgrammarexistsin

anunfamiIiarlanguage.ThatisbecauseitiseasierforIinguiststo

discoverextrafeaturesinforeignIanguages-forexampIetonesthat

changethemeaningofwords,whicharecommoninIndonesianbutdonot

existinEuropeanlanguages-thantorealizethateIementswhichare

takenforgrantedinaIinguist5snativeIanguagemaybeabsentfrom

another.Despitethebestintentions,hesays,thereisatendencyto

fitIanguagesintoamouId.AndsineemostIinguistsarewesterners,that

mouldisusuallyanIndo-EuropeanlanguagefromtheWest.

Itneedsnot,however,beamodernlanguage.Dr.Gil'spointabout

biasisweIIiIlustratedbythehistoryofthestudyoftheworld'smost

widelyspokentongue.ManyofthepeopIewhodeveIopedmodernIinguistics

hadhadaneducationinLatinandGreek.Asaconsequence,Englishwas

oftendescribeduntiIwellintothe20thcenturyashavingsixdifferent

nouncases,becauseLatinhassix.Onlyrelativelyrecentlydid

grammariansbeginadebateovernouncasesinEnglish.Somenowcontend

thatitdoesnothavenouncasesatalIrothersthatithastwowhile

stillothersmaintainthattherearethreeorfourcases.

ThedifficultyiscompoundedifaIinguistisnotfIuentinthe

Ianguageheisstudying.TheprocessofIinguisticfieldworkisa

painstakingone,fraughtwithpitfalIs.Itsmainstayistheuseof

M11

informantswhotelIIinguistsrininterviewsandonpaper,abouttheir

language.Unfortunately,theseinformantstendtobebetter-educated

thantheirfellows,andareoftenfIuentinmorethanonelanguage.

Theword"pitfalls“inthelastparagraphprobablymeans

A.problems.

B.grievance.

C.puns.

D.knowledge.

2.{{B}1TEXTD{(/B}}

Irecentlytookcareofa50-year-oldmanwhohadbeenadmittedto

thehospitalshortofbreath.DuringhismonthIongstayhewasseenby

ahematologist,anendocrinologist,akidneyspecialistyapodiatrist,

twocardiologists,acardiaceIectrophysioIogist,an

infectious-diseasesspecialistyapulmonoIogist,anear-nose-throat

specialistfaurologist,agastroenteroIogistraneurologist,a

nutritionist,ageneraIsurgeon,athoracicsurgeonandapainspecialist.

Heunderwent12procedures,includingcardiaccatheterization,a

pacemakerimpIantandabonemarrowbiopsy(towork-upchronicanemia).

Despitethiswearyingschedule,hemaintainedanupbeatmanner,

walkingthecorridorsdailywithassistancetochatwithnursesand

physicianassistants.Whenhewasdischarged,follow-upvisitswere

sched-uledforhimwithsevenspecialists.

Thisman5scase,inwhichexpertconsuItationssproutedwithIittIe

rhyme,reasonorcoordination,reinforcedalessonIhavelearnedmany

timessinceenteringpractice:Inourhealthcaresystem,wheredoctors

arepaidpieceworkfortheirservices,ifyouhaveastewofphysicians

andawillingpatient,almostanysortofterribleexcesscanoccur.

Thoughaccuratedataislackingytheoveruseofservicesinhealth

careprobablycosthundredsofbiIIionsofdollarslastyear,outofthe

morethan$2trillionthatAmericansspentonhealth.

Arewegettingourmoney'sworthNotaccordingtotheusuaImeasures

ofpubIichealth.TheUnitedStatesranks45thinIifeexpectancy,behind

BosniaandJordan;nearlast,comparedwithotherdeveIopedcountriesr

ininfantrfiortality;andinlastplace,accordingtotheCommonweaIth

Fund,ahealth-careresearchgroup,amongmajorindustriaIizedcountries

inhealth-carequaIity,accessandefficiency.

AndintheUnitedStates,regionsthatspendthemostonhealthcare

appeartohavehighermortaIityratesthanregionsthatspendtheleast,

perhapsbecauseofincreasedhospitalizationratesthatresultinmore

Iife-threateningerrorsandinfections.Ithasbeenestimatedthatif

theentirecountryspentthesameastheIowestspendingregions,the

Medicareprogramalonecouldsaveabout$40billionayear.

OverutiIizationisdrivenbymanyfactors—"defensive"medicineby

doctorstryingtoavoidIawsuits;patients,demands;apervadingbelief

amongdoctorsandpatientsthatnewer,moreexpensivetechnoIogyis

better.

Themostimportantfactor,however,maybetheperversefinanciaI

incentivesofourcurrentsystem.

OverconsultationandovertestinghavenowbecomefactsofthemedicaI

profession.Thecultureinpracticeistograbpatientsandgenerate

voIume.''MedicinehasbecomeIikeeverythingelse,'adoctortoldme

recently."Everythingmovesbecauseofmoney.11

Considermedicalimaging.AccordingtoafederaIcommissionrfrom1999

to2004thegrowthinthevoIumeofimagingservicesperMedicarepatient

faroutstrippedthegrowthofalIotherphysicianservices.In2004,the

costofimagingserviceswascloseto$100billion,oranaverageof

roughly$350perpersonintheUnitedStates.

Notlongago,Ivisitedafriend-acardiologistinhislate30s-at

hisofficeonLongIslandtoaskhimaboutimaginginprivatepractices.

"WhenIstartedinpractice,Iwantedtodotherightthing,"hetold

mematter-of-factIy."AyoungwomanwouIdcomeinwithpalpitations.I'

dtelIhershewasfine.ButthenIrealizedthatshe'djustgodown

thestreettoanotherphysicianandhe'dorderalIthetestsanyway:

echocardiogram,stresstest,HoItermonitor-stuffshedidn5treallyneed.

Thenshe'dgoaroundandtelIherfriendswhatagreatdoctor-athorough

doctor-theothercardiologistwas.

“ItriedtopracticeethicaImedicine,butitdidn'thelp.Itdidn,

tpay,bothfromafinanciaIandareputationstandpoint.n

Lastyear,CongressapprovedsteepreductionsinMedicarepayments

forcertainimagingservices.Dee-percutswillaImostcertainlybe

forthcoming.Thisisgood;unnecessaryimagingisaImostcertainlytaking

place,leadingtofaIse-positiveresults,unnecessaryinvasive

procedures,morecompIicationsandsoon.

Buttheprobleminmedicinetodayismuchlargerthanimaging.Doctors

aredoingtoomuchtestingandtoomanyprocedures,oftenforthesake

ofbusiness.Andpatients,unfortunately,arepayingtheprice.

"Thehospitalisagreatplacetobewhenyouaresick,"ahospital

executivetoldmerecently.nButIdon'twantmymotherinherefive

minuteslongerthansheneedstobe.M

Accordingtotheauthor,whichstatementisNOTtrue

A.TheUnitedStateshasoneoftheleastefficienthealth-caresystem

intheworld.

B.Myfriendhadtoover-testhispatientsmorebecauseheneedstoearn

moreprofitfromthetestsandtogainagoodreputation.

C.ItseemsthatindifferentregionsoftheU.S.thenumberofdeaths

isinproportiontothehealthcareexpenditure.

D.Patientsaretheactualvictimsoftheover-testingandover-procedures.

3.{{B}}TEXTB{{/B}}

Inbusiness,ifnotpolitics,theworIdhasquieteneddownabit:the

numberofspectacularbankruptcies,indictments,scandals,and

impIosionsisnotashighasitwas.Althoughexecutivesstillhaveto

faceagIobaIslowdownftheuncertaineffectsofthewarintheMiddle

East,andthestillfreshconfusionoverbirdflu,theymightnowbe

excusedadeepbreathandalookataspectsoftheirbusinessesthatmay

havebeennegIectedinthescrambletostayontopofnewaccountinglaws

andrestatedearnings.

Oneareatostartcatchinguponisknowledge.Thisistrueboth

personally,asexecutivesWorkoutwhetherornottheyarestayingon

topofinternalorexternaldevelopments,butalsoatthelevelof

companies.AsurveyofknowIedgemanagement,KnowIedgeUnplugged,

pubIishedin2005byMcKinsey,foundthatthebest-performingcompanies

werefarmoreIikeIythantheworst-performingonestousecreative

techniquesforacquiring,processinganddistributing

knowIedge-everythingfromemphasizingteamworkinproductdeveIopment

toholding"ideacontests"andtryingtoavoidboringdailyroutines.

ButcreatinganatmosphereinwhichknowIedgecanbesharedcanbe

almostaschaiIengingasobtainingitinthefirstplace.Thisisthe

potentiaIprisoner'sdiIemmaofknowIedge:themorevaIueditbecomes,

thelessincentiveempIoyeeshavetoshareitwithoneanother,atthe

riskoflosingthecompetitiveadvantageofwhattheyknow-or,worse,

seeinganotherprofitattheirexpense.Thisprovestobeeventruerat

thecompanyIeveI.Whilefirmsmightturntoexternalpartnerstoenhance

theirknowledgebase,thesharingwillbeincompIetewithoutmutuaItrust.

Sinee"knowIedge"issuchavagueterm,ithelpstohavespecificgoaIs

inmindwhenIookingtogainmoreofit.AreyouIookingforinformation

aboutyourcompany,orindustryinparticularDespitethegeneraI

sIowdowninexecutiveeducation,therearestillanumberofcourses

devotedspecificalIytohelpingmanagersingivenindustries-technoIogy,

forexampIe,orhealthcare.Areyoumoreconcernedwithacquiringmore

knowledge,orputtingittobetteruseDoyouneedtomovequickly,or

isthisasubjectthatneedstobeexploredingreaterdepth

Andbearinmindthatstylesoflearningvary.SomepeopIewiIIprofit

mostfrominformaInetworking;someenjoylearninginaclassroom;others

wiIIbeabletotakeadvantageofthecompanyintranet.Beflexiblein

thepursuitofknowIedge;itisbettertosetperformancetargets,

concentrateonmeetingthem,andallowindividualsandtheirteamsto

expIoretheirownsoIutions.SometimesthebestwaytogenerateknowIedge

issimplyabitofbrainstorming.

TheeditionofExecutiveEducationOutIooklooksattheoptions

avaiIabletoexecutivesingainingknowledge,andenhancingwhatthey

alreadyhave.Itincludesalookatthestateofdistance

learning-neithertherevolutionthehypecIaimeditwouldbeinthelate

1990s,norcompIeteIydismissible-asapossiibleconduitofknowledge,

thebestplacetogofornewprogrammesinknowIedgemanagement,anda

considerationofthedemandforthebestsourcesofknowledge:

business-schooIacademics.

CominginJune,GIobaIExecutivewiIIalsofeatureaseriesof

ExecutiveDialogueinterviewswithprominentCIOs,furtherexploringthe

themesofinformationandknowIedgegathering.Concentratingon

knowIedgenowmaybethebestwaytobepreparedforthenextchailenges

facingthebusinessworld.

WecanconeIudethatthepassageispossibly

A.theprefaceofabook.

B.theinterviewofsomepublications.

C.anacademicpaper.

D.amagazinearticle.

4.{{Bl}TEXTCH/B}}

ItishardtoconceiveofaIanguagewithoutnounsorverbs.Butthat

isjustwhatRiauIndonesianis,accordingtoDavidGil,aresearcher

attheMaxPlanckInstituteforEvolutionaryAnthropology,inLeipzig.

Dr.GiIhasbeenstudyingRiauforthepast12years.Initially,hesays,

hestruggledwiththeIanguage,despitebeingfIuentinstandard

Indonesian.However,abreakthroughcamewhenherealizedthatwhathe

hadbeenthinkingofasdifferentpartsofspeechwere,infact,

grammaticallythesame.Forexample,thephrase“thechickeniseating"

translatesintocoIIoquiaIRiauasMayammakan'1.Literally,thisis

"chickeneat".Butthesamepairofwordsalsohavemeaningsasdiverse

as"thechickenismakingsomebodyeat”,orHsomebodyiseatingwhere

thechickenis”.Thereare,hesays,nomodifiersthatdistinguishthe

tensesofverbs.Noraretheremodifiersfornounsthatdistinguishthe

definitefromtheindefinite.Indeed,therearenofeaturesinRiau

Indonesianthatdistinguishnounsfromverbs.Thesecategories,hesays,

areimposedbecausetheIanguagesthatwesternIinguistsarefamiIiar

withhavethem.

ThissortofobservationfIiesinthefaceofconventionaIwisdomabout

whatIanguageis.MostIinguistsareinfluencedbytheworkofNoam

Chomsky-inparticular,histheoryof"deepgrammar1'.AccordingtoDr.

Chomsky,peopIearebornwithasortofIinguistictempIateintheir

brains.ThisisasetofrulesthataIIowschiIdrentolearnaIanguage

quickly,butalsoimposesconstraintsandstructureonwhatislearnt.

EvidenceinsupportofthistheoryincludesthetendencyofchiIdrento

makesystematicmistakeswhichindicateatendencytoimposeruleson

whatturnouttobegrammaticalexceptions(e.g.MIdidedit"instead

ofnIdidit").ThereisalsotheabilityofthechiIdrenofmigrant

workerstoinventnewlanguagesknownascreolesoutofthegrammatically

incoherentpidginspokenbytheirparents.ExactIywhatthedeepgrammar

consistsofisstillnotclear,butabasicdistinetionbetweennouns

andverbswouldprobablybeoneofitsminimumrequirements.

Dr.GiIcontends,however,thatthereisariskofunconsciousbias

Ieadingtotheconclusionthataparticularsortofgrammarexistsin

anunfamiIiarlanguage.ThatisbecauseitiseasierforIinguiststo

discoverextrafeaturesinforeignIanguages-forexampIetonesthat

changethemeaningofwords,whicharecommoninIndonesianbutdonot

existinEuropeanlanguages-thantorealizethateIementswhichare

takenforgrantedinaIinguist5snativeIanguagemaybeabsentfrom

another.Despitethebestintentions,hesays,thereisatendencyto

fitIanguagesintoamouId.AndsineemostIinguistsarewesterners,that

mouldisusuallyanIndo-EuropeanlanguagefromtheWest.

Itneedsnot,however,beamodernlanguage.Dr.Gil'spointabout

biasisweIIiIlustratedbythehistoryofthestudyoftheworld'smost

widelyspokentongue.ManyofthepeopIewhodeveIopedmodernIinguistics

hadhadaneducationinLatinandGreek.Asaconsequence,Englishwas

oftendescribeduntiIwellintothe20thcenturyashavingsixdifferent

nouncases,becauseLatinhassix.Onlyrelativelyrecentlydid

grammariansbeginadebateovernouncasesinEnglish.Somenowcontend

thatitdoesnothavenouncasesatalIrothersthatithastwowhile

stillothersmaintainthattherearethreeorfourcases.

ThedifficultyiscompoundedifaIinguistisnotfIuentinthe

Ianguageheisstudying.TheprocessofIinguisticfieldworkisa

painstakingone,fraughtwithpitfalIs.Itsmainstayistheuseof

M11

informantswhotelIIinguistsrininterviewsandonpaper,abouttheir

language.Unfortunately,theseinformantstendtobebetter-educated

thantheirfellows,andareoftenfIuentinmorethanonelanguage.

Ifthereisanotherparagraphfollowingthepassage,itmighttalkabout

A.whattheresultsofDr.Gil'sresearchonRiauIndonesian.

B.whattheresultsoflinguists'researchonRiauIndonesian.

C.howDr.GilcarriesouthisresearchonRiauIndonesian.

D.howlinguistscarryouttheirresearchonRiauIndonesian.

5.WealIknowthatprogramminglanguageisthesystemofsyntax,grammar,

andsymboIsorwordsusedtogiveinstructionstoacomputer.Because

computersworkwithbinarynumbers,first-generationlanguages,called

machineIanguages,requiredthewritingofIongstringsofbinarynumbers

torepresentsuchoperationsasadd,subtract,andcompare.Later

improvementsaIIowedoctaI,decimaIforhexadecimaIrepresentationof

binarystrings.Itisdifficulttowriteerror-freeprogramsinmachine

Ianguage;manyIanguageshavebeencreatedtomakeprogrammingeasier

andfaster.SymboIic,orassembly,Ianguages-second-generation

Ianguages-wereintroducedintheearly1950s.Theyusesimplemnemonics

suchas"A"foraddor"MMformultiply,whicharetransIatedintomachine

Ianguagebyacomputerprogramcalledanassembler.Anextensionofsuch

aIanguageisthemacroinstruction,amnemonic(suchas"READ")forwhich

theassembIersubstitutesaseriesofsimplermnemonics.Inthemid-1950s,

athirdgenerationofIanguagescameintouse.Calledhigh-level

languagesbecausetheyarelargelyindependentofthehardware,these

algorithmic,orprocedural,languagesaredesignedforsolvinga

particulartypeofproblem.UnlikemachineorsymboIiclanguages,they

varyIittIebetweencomputers.Theymustbetranslatedintomachinecode

byaprogramcalledacompiIerorinterpreter.ThefirstsuchIanguage

wasFORTRAN(FORmuIaTRANsIation),deveIopedabout1956andbestused

forscientificcaIcuIation.ThefirstcommerciaIIanguage,COBOL(Common

BusinessOrientedLanguage),wasdeveIopedabout1959.ALGOL

(ALGOrithmicLanguage),deveIopedinEuropeabout1958,isusedprimarily

inmathematicsandscience,asisAPL(AProgrammingLanguage),pubIished

in1962.P1/1(programmingLanguage1),deveIopedinthelate1960s,and

ADA(forAdaAugusta,countessofLoveIacefbiographerofCharles

Babbage)ydeveIopedin1981,aredesignedforbothbusinessand

scientificuse.ForpersonalcomputersthemostpopularIanguagesare

BASIC(BeginnersAlI-purposeSymboIicInstructionCode),developedin

1967andsimilartoFORTRAN,andPascaI(forBlaisePascaIywhobuilt

thefirstsuccessfulmechanicaIcalculator)rintroducedin1971asa

teachingIanguage.ModuIa2taPacaI-likeIanguageforcommercialand

mathematicaIapplications,wasintroducedin1982.TheClanguage,

introduced(1972)toimpIementtheUnixoperatingsystem,hasbeen

extendedtoC++todealwiththerigorsofobject-orientedprogramming.

Fourth-generationIanguagesarenonprocedural.Theyspecifywhatisto

beaccompIishedwithoutdescribinghow.Thefirstone,FORTH,developed

in1970,isusedinscientificandindustrialcontrolapplications.Most

fourth-generationlanguagesarewrittenforspecificpurposes.

Fifth-generationlanguages,whicharestillininfancy,areanoutgrowth

ofartificialinteIIigenceresearch.PROLOG(PROgrammingLogic)is

usefulforprogramminglogicalprocessesandmakingdeductions

automatically.Manyotherlanguageshavebeendesignedtomeet

specializedneeds.GPSS(GeneralPurposeSystemSimulator)isusedfor

modeIingphysicaIandenvironmentalevents,andSNOBOL(String-Oriented

SymbolicLanguage)andLISP(LIStProcessing)aredesignedforpattern

matchingandIistprocessing.LOGO,aversionofLISP,wasdeveIopedin

the1960stohelpchiIdrenlearnaboutcomputers.PILOT(Programmed

InstructionLearning,OrTesting)isusedinwritinginstructional

software,andOccamisanonsequentialIanguagethatoptimizesthe

executionofaprogram5sinstructionsinparaIleiprocessingsystems.

The3rdgenerationofprogrammingIanguagesharesalIthefollowing

characteristicsEXCETP

A.itisusedindesigningsoftware.

B.itishardware-independent.

C.isshouldbetranslatedintothecomputerlanguagebysoftware.

D.itisdesignedtosolvesomespecificproblem.

6.RobertCongeI,acommercialreal-estatedeveloperwhoIivesinupstate

NewYork,hasapIantonchangetheworId.11ConvineedthatitwiII"produce

morebenefitforhumanitythananyonethingthatprivateenterprisehas

everdone,Mheisraising$20biIIiontomakeithappen.That's12times

theyearlybudgetoftheUnitedNationsandmorethan25timesConge15

sownnetworth.WhatCongeIhasinmindisanoutsizeandextremely

unusuaImega-maII.DestinyU.S.A.,theretaiI-and-entertainmentcompIex

heisbuildinginupstateNewYork,aspirestobenotonlythebiggest

man-madestructureonthepIanetbutalsothemostenvironmentally

friendly.EqualpartsDisneyWorld,LasVegas,BelILaboratoriesandMalI

ofAmerica-withasplashofWaIdenPond-the“retailcity"wiII

inoIudetheusualshopsandrestaurantsasweIIasanextensiveresearch

faciIityfortestingadvancedtechnologiesanda200-acrerecreational

biospherecompIetewithspring-liketemperaturesandanartificialriver

forkayaking.Afterafalsestartin2002Tcountlesschangesofplan

andastormoflocalopposit