綠色建筑中英文對照外文翻譯文獻

中英文資料翻譯外文文獻：EvaluatingWaterConservationMeasuresForGreenBuildingInTaiwanGreenBuildingevaluationisanewsysteminwhichwaterconservationisprioritizedasoneofitssevencategoriesforsavingwaterresourcesthroughbuildingequipmentdesigninTaiwan.ThispaperintroducestheGreenBuildingprogramandproposesawaterconservationindexwithquantitativemethodologyandcasestudy.Thisevaluationindexinvolvesstandardizedscientificquantificationandcanbeusedinthepre-designstagetoobtaintheexpectedresult.ThemeasureofevaluationindexisalsobasedontheessentialresearchinTaiwanandisapracticalandapplicableapproach.Keywords:GreenBuilding;Evaluationsystem;Waterconservation;Buildingequipment1.IntroductionTheenvironmentwasanissueofdeepglobalconcernthroughoutthelatterhalfofthe20thcentury.Freshwatershortagesandpollutionarebecomingoneofthemostcriticalglobalproblems.Manyorganizationsandconferencesconcerningwaterresourcepolicyandissueshavereachedtheconsensusthatwatershortagesmaycausewarinthe21stcentury[1],ifnotabettersolution.Actually,Taiwanisalreadyexperiencingsignificantdiscordoverwatersupply.Buildingnewdamsisnolongeranacceptablesolutiontothecurrentwatershortageproblems,becauseoftheconsequentenvironmentalproblems.Previousstudieshaveconcludedthatwatersavingsarenecessarynotonlyforwaterconservationbutalsoforreducingenergyconsumption[2,3].TaiwanislocatedintheAsianmonsoonareaandhasanabundantsupplyofrainwater.Annualprecipitationaveragesaround2500mm.However,watershortageshaverecentlybeenacriticalproblemduringthedryseason.Thecrucial,centralissueistheunevendistributionoftorrentialrain,steephillsides,andshortrivers.Furthermore,theheavydemandfordomesticwateruseinmunicipalareas,andthedifficultiesinbuildingnewreservoirsarealsocriticalfactors.Governmentdepartmentsareendeavoringtospreadpubliclytheconceptofwater-conservation.Whileindustryandcommercehavemadeexcellentprogressinwaterconservation,progressamongthepublichasbeenextremelyslow.Duetothisglobaltrend,theArchitectureandBuildingResearchInstitute(ABRI),MinistryofInteriorinTaiwan,proposedthe“GreenBuilding”conceptandbuilttheevaluationsystem.Inordertosavewaterresourcesthroughbuildingequipmentdesign,thissystemprioritizeswaterconservationasoneofitssevencategories.ThispaperfocusesonthewaterconservationmeasuresforGreenBuildinginTaiwanandaquantitativeprocedureforprovingwater-savingefficiency.Thepurposeofthisworkisnotonlyaimedatsavingwaterresources,butalsoatreducingtheenvironmentalimpactontheearth.2.WaterconservationindexThewaterconservationindexistheratiooftheactualquantityofwaterconsumedinabuildingtotheaveragewater-consumptioningeneral.Theindexisalsocalled,“thewatersavingrate”.Evaluationsofthewater-consumptionquantityincludetheevaluationtothewater-savingefficiencywithinkitchens,bathroomsandallwatertaps,aswellastherecyclingofrainandthesecondhandintermediatewater.2.1.GoalofusingthewaterconservationindexAlthoughTaiwanhasplentyofrain,duetoitslargepopulation,theaveragerainfallfordistributiontoeachindividualispoorcomparedtotheworldaverageasshowninFig.1.Thus,Taiwanisreverselyacountryshortofwater.Yet,therecentimprovementsincitizens’standardsoflivinghaveledtoabigincreaseintheamountofwaterneededincities,asshowninFig.2,which,accompaniedbythedifficultyofobtainingnewwaterresources,makesthewatershortageproblemevenworse.Duetotheimproperwaterfacilitiesdesignsinthepast,thelowwaterfee,andtheusualpracticalbehaviorofpeoplewhenusingwater,Taiwanesepeoplehavetendedtousealargequantityoftapwater.In1990,theaveragewater-consumptionquantityinTaiwanwas350lperpersonperday,whereasinGermanyitisabout145lperpersonperday,andinSingaporeabout150lperpersonperday.ThesestatisticsrevealtheneedforTaiwanesepeopletosavewater.Thepromotionofbetter-designedfacilitieswhichfacilitatewater-savingwillbecomeanewtrendamongthepublicanddesigners,becauseofconcernsforenvironmentalprotection.Thewaterconservationindexwasalsodesignedtoencourageutilizationoftherain,recyclingofwaterusedineverydaylifeanduseofwater-savingequipmenttoreducetheexpenditureofwaterandthussavewaterresources.2.2.MethodologyforefficientuseofwaterresourcesSomeconstructionconsiderationsandbuildingsystemdesignsforeffectiveuseofwaterresourcesaredescribedbelow.2.2.1.Usewater-conservationequipmentAresearchofhouseholdtap-waterconsumptionrevealedthattheproportionofthewaterusedinflushingtoiletsandinbathing,amountstoapproximately50%ofthetotalhouseholdwaterconsumption,asgiveninTable1.Manyconstructiondesignershavetendedtouseluxuriouswaterfacilitiesinhousing,andmuchwaterhasthusbeenwasted.Theuseofwater-savingequipmenttoreplacesuchfacilitiesiscertaintosavealargeamountofwater.Forexample,theamountsofwaterusedintakingashowerandhavingabathisquitedifferent.Asingleshowerusesaround70lofwater,whereasabathusesaround150l.Furthermore,currentconstructiondesignsforhousinginTaiwantendtoputtwosetsofbathtubsandtoilets,andquiteafewfamilieshavetheirownmassagebathtubs.Suchasituationcanbeimprovedonlybyremovingthetubsandreplacingthemwithshowernozzles,sothatmorewatercanbepossiblysaved.Thecommonlyusedwater-savingdevicesinTaiwannowincludenew-stylewatertaps,water-savingtoilets,two-sectionedwaterclosets,water-savingshowernozzles,andauto-sensorflushingdevicesystems,etc.Water-savingdevicescanbeusednotonlyforhousing,butalsoinotherkindsofbuildings.Publicbuildings,inparticular,shouldtaketheleadinusingwater-savingdevices.2.2.2.Setuparain-storagewatersupplydeviceTherain-storagewatersupplydevicestoresrainusingnaturallandformsorman-madedevices,andthenusessimplewater-cleaningprocedurestomakeitavailableforuseinhouses.Raincanbeusednotonlyasasubstitutewatersupply,butalsoforrecontrol.Itsusealsohelpstodecreasethepeak-timewaterloadincities.TheannualaveragerainfallinTaiwanisabout2500mm,almosttriplebetterthantheglobalaverage.However,duetogeographiclimitations,wecouldnotbuildenoughwaterstoragedevices,suchasdams,tosavealltherain.Itisquiteapitythatannuallyabout80%oftheraininTaiwaniswastedandflowsdirectlyintothesea,withoutbeingsavedandstored.Therain-storagewatersupplysystemisusedwithawater-gatheringsystem,water-disposalsystem,water-storagesystemandwater-supplysystem.First,thewater-gatheringsystemgatherstherain.Then,thewaterflowstothewater-disposalsystemthroughpipes,beforebeingsenttothewater-storagesystem.Finally,itissenttotheusers’equipmentthroughanothersetofpipes.Usingthedrainontheroofofabuilding,leadingtotheundergroundwater-storagetrough,isconsideredaneffectivemeansofgatheringrain.Thewater,aftersimplewater-disposalprocesses,canbeusedforchoressuchashousecleaning,washingfloors,air-conditioningorwateringplants.2.2.3.EstablishingtheintermediatewatersystemIntermediatewateristhatgatheredfromtherainincities,andincludestherecycledwaste-waterwhichhasalreadybeendisposedofandcanbeusedrepeatedlyonlywithinacertainrange,butnotfordrinkingorhumancontact.Flushingthetoiletconsumes35%ofallwater.Ifeveryoneweretouseintermediatewatertoflushtoilets,muchwatercouldbeefficientlysaved.Large-scaleintermediatewatersystemdevicesaresuggestedtobebuiltupregularlywithinabigarea.Eachintermediatewatersystemdevicecangather,disposeandrecycleacertainquantityofwaste-waterfromnearbygovernmentbuildings,schools,residences,hotels,andotherbuildings.Theobtainedwatercanbeusedforflushingtoilets,washingcars,wateringplantsandcleaningthestreet,orforgardenuseandtosupplementthewaterofriversorlakes.Asmall-scaleintermediatewatersystemgatherswaste-waterfromeverydayuse,andthen,throughappropriatewater-disposalprocedures,improvesthewaterqualitytoacertainlevel,sothatfinallyitcanberepeatedlyusedfornon-drinkingwater.Thereareextensivewaystousetheintermediatewater.Itcanbeusedforsanitarypurposes,publicfountains,wateringdevicesingardensandwashingstreets.Inordertorecyclehighlypollutedwaste-water,ahighercostisneededforsettinguptheassociatedwater-disposaldevices,whicharemoreexpensiveandhavelesseconomicbenefitsthantherain-utilizationsystem.Exceptfortheintermediatewater-systemsetwithinasinglebuilding,ifwebuildthemwithinlarge-scalecommunitiesormajorconstructiondevelopmentprograms,thenitissuretosavemorewaterresourcesefficientlyandpositivelyforthewholecountryaswellasimprovetheenvironmentalsituation.4.MethodforassessingtherecyclingofrainSystemsforrecyclingrainandintermediatewaterarenotyeteconomicbeneficial,becauseofthelowwaterfeeandthehighcostofwater-disposalequipment.However,systemsforrecyclingrainareconsideredmoreeasilyadoptablethanthoseforrecyclingintermediatewater.Herein,amethodforassessingtherecyclingofrainisintroducedtocalculatetheratio(C)ofthewater-consumptionquantityoftherecycledrainwatertothetotalwater-consumption.4.1.CalculationbasisofrecyclingrainwaterThedesignerofasystemforrecyclingrainwatermustfirstdeterminethequantityofrainwaterandthedemand,whichwilldeterminetherainwatercollectiondeviceareaandthestoragetankvolume.Rainwaterquantitycanactuallybedeterminedbyasimpleequationinvolvingprecipitationandcollectiondevicearea.However,precipitationdoesnotfallevenlyspreadoveralldaysandlocations.Inparticular,rainisusuallyconcentratedincertainseasonsandlocations.Consequently,thecriticalpointoftheevaluationistoestimateandassessmeteorologicalprecipitation.Meteorologicalrecordsnormallyincludeyearly,monthly,dailyandhourlyprecipitation.Yearlyandmonthlyprecipitationissuitableforroughestimatesandinitialassessment.However,suchapproximationcreatesproblemsindeterminingtheareaoftherainwatercollectiondeviceandthevolumeofthestoragetank.Thus,dailyprecipitationhasbeenmostcommonlyconsidered.Hourlyprecipitationcouldtheoreticallysupportamoreaccurateassessment.However,owingtotheincreasingnumberofparametersandcalculationdataincreases,thecomplexityoftheprocessandthecalculationtime,resultininefficiencies.Herein,dailyprecipitationisadoptedinassessingrainwatersystemsusedinbuildings[4,7].4.3.CasestudyandanalysisFollowingtheaboveprocedure,aprimaryschoolbuildingwitharainwaterusesystemistakenasanexampleforsimulationandtoverifytheassessmentresults.ThisbuildingislocatedinTaipeicity,hasabuildingareaof1260mandatotalfloorareaof6960m;itisamulti-disciplineteachingbuilding.Roofingisestimatedtocover80%ofthebuildingarea,andtherainwatercollectionareacovers1008m.Rainwaterisusedasintermediatewaterfortherestrooms,andtheutilizationconditionissetat20mperday,whiletheoutflowcoefficient(Y)is0.9.AtypicalmeteorologicalprecipitationinTaipeiin1992wasadoptedasadatabase.Therainwaterstoragetankwassettoaninitialconditionbeforethesimulationprocedure.Herein,fourtankvolumeswereconsideredinthesimulationsofrainwaterutilization—15,25,50,100m.Theresultsindicatethatincreasedstoragetankvolumereducesoverflowandincreasestheutilizationofrainwater.Givena50mstoragetank,thequantityofrainwatercollectioncloselyapproachestheutilizationquantityofrainwater.Consequently,thisconditionobtainsastoragetankwitharoughlyadequatevolume.Whenthevolumeofthestoragetankis100m,theutilizationrateisalmost100%andtheoverflowquantityapproacheszero.Despitethisresultbeingfavorablewithrespecttoutilization,suchatankmayoccupymuchspaceandnegativelyimpactbuildingplanning.Consequently,thedesignconceptmustbalanceallthesefactors.Thebuildinginthiscaseissixfloorshigh,andtheroofareaissmallincomparisontothetotalfloorarea.Thewaterconsumptionofthewaterclosetperyear,butthemaximumrainwaterapproaches7280mcollectionis2136mperyear.Thus,significantreplenishmentfromtapwaterisrequired.Thisresultalsoleadstoaconclusionthathigh-risebuildingsuserainwatersystemslessefficientlythanotherbuildings.Lowerbuildings(e.g.lessthanthreefloors)havehighlyefficientrainwaterutilizationandthuslittleneedforreplenishmentofwaterfromthepotablewatersystem.Theefficiencyofrainwaterstoragetanksisassessedfromtheutilizationrateofrainwaterandthesubstitutionrateoftapwater.Differencesinannualprecipitationandrainfalldistributionyielddifferentresults.Figs.5and6illustratetheresultsofthementionedcalculationprocedure,toanalyzedifferencesinrainwaterutilizationandefficiencyassessment.Thesimulationrunsoveraperiodoftenyears,from1985to1994,andincludesstoragetankswithfourdifferentvolumes.Whenthevolumeoftherainwatertankis50m,theutilizationrateofrainwaterexceeds80%withabout25%substitutionwithtapwater.Usingthisapproachandtheassessmentprocedure,thevolumeofrainwaterstorageandtheperformanceofrainwaterusesystemsinbuildingdesign,canbedetermined.Intheformulaofthewaterconservationindex,Cisaspecialweightingforsomewaterrecyclingequipmentthatintermediateswaterorrain,andiscalculatedastheratioofthewater-consumptionquantityoftherecycledrainwatertothetotalwater-consumption.Therefore,thisassessmentprocedurecanalsoofferanapproximatevalueofCforthewaterconservationindex.5.Greenbuildinglabelandpolicy“GreenBuilding”iscalled“EnvironmentalCo-HabitualArchitecture”inJapan,“EcologicalBuilding”or“SustainableBuilding”inEuropeand“GreenBuildinginNorthAmericancountries.Manyfashionabletermssuchas“Greenconsumption”,“Greenliving”,“Greenillumination”havebeenbroadlyused.InTaiwan,currently,“Green”hasbeenusedasasymbolofenvironmentalprotectioninthecountry.TheConstructionResearchDepartmentoftheMinistryoftheInterioroftheExecutiveYuanhasdecidedtoadopttheterm“GreenBuilding”tosignifyecologicalandenvironmentalprotectionarchitectureinTaiwan.5.1.PrinciplesofevaluationGreenBuildingisageneralandsystematicmethodofdesigntoperusesustainablebuilding.Thisevaluationsystemisbasedonthefollowingprinciples:(1)Theevaluationindexshouldaccuratelyreflectenvironmentalprotectionfactorssuchasmaterial,water,landandclimate.(2)Theevaluationindexshouldinvolvestandardizedscientificquantification.(3)Theevaluationindexshouldnotincludetoomanyevaluationindexes;somesimilarqualityindexshouldbecombined.(4)Theevaluationindexshouldbeapproachableandconsistentwithrealexperience.(5)Theevaluationindexshouldnotinvolvesocialscientificevaluation.(6)Theevaluationindexshouldbeapplicabletothesub-tropicalclimateofTaiwan.(7)Theevaluationindexshouldbeapplicabletotheevaluationofcommunityorcongregateconstruction.(8)Theevaluationindexshouldbeusableinthepre-designstagetoyieldtheexpectedresult.Accordingtotheseprinciples,theseven-indexsystemshowninTable4isthecurrentGreenBuildingevaluationsystemusedinTaiwan.Thetheoryevaluatesbuildings’impactsontheenvironmentthroughtheinteractionof“EarthResourceInput”and“WasteOutput”.Practically,thedefinitionofGreenBuildinginTaiwanis“Consumetheleastearthresourceandcreatetheleastconstructionwaste”.Internationally,eachcountryhasadifferentwayofevaluatingGreenBuilding.Thissystemprovidesonlythebasicevaluationon“Lowenvironmentimpact”.Higherlevelissuessuchasbiologicaldiversity,healthandcomfortandcommunityconsciousnesswillnotbeevaluated.Thissystemonlyprovidesabasic,practicalandcontrollableenvironmentalprotectiontoolforinclusioninthegovernment’surgentconstructionenvironmentprotectionpolicy.The“GreenBuilding”logoissettoawardGreenBuildingdesignandencouragethegovernmentandprivatesectortopayattentiontoGreenBuildingdevelopment.Fig.7isthelogoofGreenBuildinginTaiwan[6,8].5.2.WaterconservationmeasureThispaperfocusesonwaterconservationindexingreenbuildingevaluationsystem.Waterconservationisacriticalcategoryofthisevaluationsystem,andisconsideredinrelationtosavingwaterresourcesthroughbuildingequipmentdesign.Thisevaluationindexcontainsstandardizedscientificquantificationandcanbeusedinthepre-designstagetoobtainthedesiredresult.TheevaluationindexisalsobasedonresearchinTaiwanandispracticallyapplicable.Usingwater-savingequipmentisthemosteffectivewayofsavingwater;usingtwo-sectionedwater-savingtoiletsandwater-savingshoweringdeviceswithoutabathtubareespeciallyeffective.Variousothertypesofwater-recyclingequipmentforreusingintermediatewaterandrainarealsoevaluated.Inparticular,rainwater-usesystemsinbuildingdesignsareencouraged.WhenacandidateforaGreenBuildingprojectintroduceswaterrecyclingsystemorarainwaterusesystem,theapplicantshouldproposeanappropriatecalculationreporttotherelevantcommitteetoverifyitswater-savingefficiency.ThisguidelineactuallyappearstobeareasonabletargetforperformingGreenBuildingpolicyinTaiwan.Anewbuildingcaneasilyreachtheabovewaterconservationindex.Thisevaluationsystemisdesignedtoencouragepeopletosavemorewater,eveninexistingbuildings.Allthisamountstosayingthatlarge-scalegovernmentconstructionprojectsshouldtaketheleadinusingsuchwater-savingdevices,asanexampletosociety.6.ConclusionThispaperintroducestheGreenBuildingprogramandproposesawaterconservationindexwithstandardizedscientificquantification.Thisevaluationindexcontainsstandardizedscientificquantificationandcanbeusedinthepre-designstagetoobtaintheexpectedresults.ThemeasureofevaluationindexisalsobasedontheessentialresearchonTaiwanandisapracticalandapplicableapproach.Theactualwater-savingrate(WR)forGreenBuildingprojectsshouldbe<0.8,andtheARofthewater-savingequipmentshouldbehigherthan0.8.Thus,qualifiedGreenBuildingprojectsshouldachieveawatersavingrateofover20%.Forthesustainablepolicy,thisprogramisaimednotonlyatsavingwaterresources,butalsoatreducingtheenvironmentalimpactontheearth.TheGreenBuildingLabelbegantobeimplementedfrom1stSeptember1999,andovertwentyprojectshavealreadybeenawardedtheGreenBuildingLabelinTaiwan,whilethenumberofapplicationscontinuestoincrease.Foracountrywithlimitedresourcesandahigh-densitypopulationlikeTaiwan,theGreenBuildingpolicyisimportantandrepresentsapositivefirststeptowardreducingenvironmentalimpactandpromotingsustainabledevelopment.譯文：臺灣的綠色建筑節(jié)約用水評價措施在臺灣綠色建筑評價是一個新的制度，在它的一個7個類別中，通過建筑設(shè)備設(shè)計節(jié)省水資源，使水資源保護置于優(yōu)先地位。本文介紹了綠色建筑計劃，提出了節(jié)約用水指標用定量方法和案例研究。這個評價指標涉及到規(guī)范的科學量化，可用于預(yù)先設(shè)計階段，以取得預(yù)期效果。在臺灣這項措施的評價指標，也是基于一個現(xiàn)實的和適用的辦法的必需研究。

關(guān)鍵詞：綠色建筑;評價制度;節(jié)約用水;建筑設(shè)備1、導言環(huán)境問題在整個20世紀的后半段受到了全球深層關(guān)注。淡水短缺和污染正成為一個最嚴重的全球性問題之一。許多組織與會議就有關(guān)水資源政策和問題達成了共識：如果沒有更好的解決方法，在21世紀水資源短缺可能導致戰(zhàn)爭[1]。其實，臺灣已經(jīng)經(jīng)歷了明顯的不和諧的超負荷供水。由于相應(yīng)的環(huán)境問題，建設(shè)新的水壩已不再是一個可以接受的解決當前的水資源短缺問題的辦法。以前的研究得出結(jié)論：節(jié)水是必要的，不僅是為了節(jié)約用水，而且還為降低能源消耗[2,3]。

臺灣位于亞洲季風區(qū)，可以獲得充足的雨水。年降水量平均約為2500毫米。但是，最近一個關(guān)鍵的問題在旱季缺水。關(guān)鍵的、核心的問題是分布不均，暴雨，陡峭的山坡和短的河流。此外，為滿足國內(nèi)城市地區(qū)對水的大量利用需求，在用水困難的地區(qū)建設(shè)新的水庫，也是至關(guān)重要的因素。

政府部門正全力傳播眾所周知的概念，節(jié)約用水。工業(yè)和商業(yè)在節(jié)約用水方面都取得了良好的進展，而公共場所在節(jié)約用水方面的進步卻一直非常緩慢。由于全球性趨勢，在臺灣的建筑與建筑研究所（ABRI）還有財政部內(nèi)部，提出"綠色建筑"的概念，并建立了評價指標體系。通過建筑設(shè)備的設(shè)計節(jié)省水資源。這個制度把優(yōu)先節(jié)約用水作為它的一個七個類別之一。本文側(cè)重于水資源的保護措施，為綠色建筑在臺灣和用定量程序證明節(jié)水效率。這項工作的目的是，不僅是為節(jié)約水資源，而且還減少了在地球?qū)Νh(huán)境的影響。2、節(jié)約用水指標

節(jié)約用水指標應(yīng)是實際數(shù)量的水消耗在建筑物內(nèi)，一般以平均水耗計。這個指數(shù)也被稱為"節(jié)水率"。評價的水消費量，包括節(jié)水效率的評估，廚房，浴室和所有水龍頭，以及回收的雨水和中水。2.1、使用節(jié)約用水指數(shù)的目標雖然臺灣有很多的雨，由于其人口眾多，平均雨量為分配給每一個人相比世界平均水平是很少的。如圖1所示。因此，臺灣是反而是用水緊缺的國家。然而，最近由于公民的生活水平的提高，導致城市用水需求較大幅度增長。并如圖2所示，其中，再加上很難取得新的水資源，使水資源短缺問題更為嚴重。在過去由于不適當?shù)墓┧O(shè)施的設(shè)計，低水費，以及人們在使用水的一般性行為，使臺灣人往往使用了大量的自來水。在1990年，平均水的消費量在臺灣每人每天是350升，而在德國每人每天約145升，和在新加坡每人每天約150升。這些統(tǒng)計數(shù)字顯示，需要臺灣人民節(jié)約用水。促進設(shè)計更好的節(jié)水設(shè)施，方便節(jié)水將成為一個新趨勢，其中，市民和設(shè)計師，因為關(guān)注的環(huán)保問題。節(jié)約用水指數(shù)也旨在鼓勵利用雨水，中水在日常生活中使用和使用節(jié)水型設(shè)備，以減少使用，從而節(jié)省水資源。2.2、有效利用水資源的方法

一些為有效利用水資源的施工考慮和建設(shè)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計描述如下面。2.2.1、使用節(jié)水型設(shè)備

研究家庭自來水消費顯示，用在沖洗廁所和洗澡的比例大約占家庭總耗水量的50％，如所給表1。許多建筑設(shè)計師往往在房屋使用豪華的供水設(shè)施，以及大量的水造成浪費。使用節(jié)水型設(shè)備來取代這些設(shè)施可以節(jié)省大量的水。舉例來說，用在淋浴間和浴室的水是不同的。一個單一的淋浴頭使用70升左右的水，而用浴缸洗澡大約使用150升。此外，當前在臺灣房屋的建筑設(shè)計往往設(shè)計兩套浴缸和廁所，不少家庭都有自己的按摩浴缸。要使這種情況得以改善，只有通過淘汰浴缸和更換他們的淋浴噴頭，以節(jié)約更多的水?，F(xiàn)在在臺灣普遍使用節(jié)水型設(shè)備包括新型水龍頭，節(jié)水型廁所，多次使用水的壁櫥，節(jié)水型淋浴噴頭，自動傳感器沖廁裝置系統(tǒng)等。這些節(jié)水設(shè)備不僅用于房屋，而且還可用在其他類型的建筑物。如公共建筑物，特別是要帶頭使用節(jié)水型設(shè)備的公共建筑。2.2.2、建立一個雨水儲存供水設(shè)備雨水儲存供水設(shè)備儲存雨水是利用自然地貌或人為制造的設(shè)備，利用簡單的水凈化程序，就可以供給用戶使用。雨水不僅可以用來替代淡水供應(yīng)，而且可以作為消防用水。它的使用可以減少雨水的高峰期對城市的負荷。在臺灣平均每年降雨量是約2500毫米，幾乎高于全球平均水平的三倍。然而，由于地域限制，我們無法建立足夠的水存儲設(shè)備，如水壩，以保存所有雨水。很可惜的是，在臺灣每年約80％的雨水被浪費，沒有被保存和儲存，直接流入海中。雨水儲存供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)被作為雨水收集系統(tǒng)，水處置系統(tǒng)，蓄水系統(tǒng)和供水系統(tǒng)。首先，它作為雨水收集系統(tǒng)用來收集雨水。然后，水流通過管道流向水處理系統(tǒng)，之前被送到水的存儲系統(tǒng)。最后，它通過另外的管道送到用戶的設(shè)施。在建筑物屋頂上留下的雨水，可以流向地下蓄水槽。這被認為是一種收集雨水的有效手段。雨水經(jīng)過簡單處理，可用于雜務(wù)，如內(nèi)務(wù)清潔，清洗地板，安裝空調(diào)或澆灌植物。2.2.3、建立中水系統(tǒng)中水是從城市收集的雨水，并包括已處理完畢的再造廢水，并可以在一定范圍內(nèi)反復(fù)使用，但不可飲用或與人接觸。沖廁所消耗的中水占所有中水的35％。如果每個人使用中水沖洗馬桶，大量飲用水可以有效地節(jié)約。建議在一個大的區(qū)域建立大型中級中水系統(tǒng)設(shè)備。每個中水系統(tǒng)的設(shè)備可以從附近的政府建筑物，學校，住宅，酒店，和其他建筑物收集，處理和回收一定數(shù)量的廢水。所得到的水可用于沖洗廁所，清洗車輛，灌溉植物及清洗街道，或為花園使用，并補充河流或湖泊的水。一個小規(guī)模的中水系統(tǒng)從日常使用生活污水的收集廢水，然后，通過適當?shù)乃幚磉^程，改善水質(zhì)到一定程度，最后成為可以重復(fù)使用的非飲用水。有很多的地方使用中水。它可用于衛(wèi)生目的，如公共噴泉，花園的灌溉設(shè)備和清洗街道。相比雨水利用系統(tǒng)，為了回收高污染廢水，成本較高，因為需要設(shè)立相關(guān)的水處理設(shè)備，因而處理費用更加昂貴，并且產(chǎn)生較少的經(jīng)濟效益。除了設(shè)置在一定區(qū)域的中水系統(tǒng)，如果我們又在這些大型社區(qū)或大型建筑工程建立中水系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展計劃，那就一定能有效地節(jié)約更多的水資源，而且積極的為整個國家改善環(huán)境作出貢獻。4、回收雨水的評價方法因為水費低和水處理設(shè)備成本高，回收雨水和中水系統(tǒng)還不能產(chǎn)生很好的經(jīng)濟效益。然而，回收雨水系統(tǒng)比重誰更容易實施。在這里引入一種評估回收雨水的方法回收雨水的消耗占消耗水總量的比值。4.1、計算的基礎(chǔ)上回收雨水設(shè)計一個循環(huán)回收雨水系統(tǒng)，首先要確定雨水的數(shù)量和需求，這將決定雨水收集裝置區(qū)和儲罐數(shù)量。雨水的數(shù)量其實由一個簡單的方程式和收集降水裝置區(qū)域決定。不過，降水不能均勻的分布