歐盟口譯訓(xùn)分析

EuitAcademicWordList-En-En-F

EuitAcademicWordList

AnIntroductiontotheEuitAcademicWordList

WhatistheEuitAcademicWordList?

TheEuitAcademicWordList(EAWL)isalistof570wordfamiliesthatarecommonlyfoundinacademictexts.Thislistwasselectedbyexaminingalargecorpus(orcollection)ofwrittenacademictextsandselectingthewordsthatoccurred:

1.

Intextsfromallfouracademicfacultysections:Arts,Commerce,LawandScience.

Over100timesinthecorpusoverall.

Atleast10timesineachacademicfacultysection.

Outsidethe2000mostfrequentwordsonMichaelWest’sGeneralServiceList(GSL).TheGSLincludeseverydaywordssuchasI,houseanddo.

2.

3.

4.

Theseprinciplesensuredthatonlywordsthatoccurredreasonablyfrequentlyinavarietyofstudyareaswereselected.

TheEAWLtargetsvocabularythatoccursmostofteninwrittenacademictexts.Thesewordsalsooccurinnewspapersbutnotasoftenastheydointextbooks.TheEAWLwordsappearevenlessinfiction.Ifyourfocusislearningacademicvocabulary,youneedtomakesureyoureadacademictextbookssothatyouencounterthesewordsincontext.

HowistheEAWLorganized?

TheEAWLisorganizedintoWordFamilies.Wordfamiliesaremadeupofthe‘parentword’and‘familymembers’.Takeforexamplethewordmaximise.Itsfamilymembersincludeinflectionsoftheverbsuchasmaximised,maximisesandmaximisingaswellasthenounmaximum.ThewordfamilyalsoincludestheBritishspellingofthenounmaximisation,aswellasmaximization,theUSspelling.

Ifyoulearntheverbmaximise,youwillbeabletorecogniseotherfamilymemberssuchasmaximisedwhenyouencountertheminyourreading.Thesewordsarecloselyrelatedandthemeaningislikelytobethesameorsimilar.Whenyouarelookingforwordsinthisdictionary,thinkaboutotherwordfamilymemberstoo.

Finally,therearesomeacademicwordsthatdonothaveawordfamily.Thesewordsoccurontheirownanddonothaveanyinflections.

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EuitAcademicWordList-En-En-F

Examplesincludenonetheless,so-calledandbehalf.

WhyistheEAWLimportant?

TheEAWLisintendedasareferenceforstudentswhoarestudyingorpreparingtostudyatatertiarylevelinEnglish.Asauniversitylecturer,Iwasawareofthedifficultiesthatstudentshadinmasteringthevocabularynecessaryforwrittenassignments.TheEAWLdoesnotinclude‘content’vocabularyforparticularsubjectswhichstudentsobviouslyneedtolearnaswell.TheEAWLfocusesinsteadonthenon-subject-specificvocabularythatstudentsofanydisciplinewillneed

to

master

in

order

to

produce coherently-structured written

assignments.

TheEAWLcoversupto10%ofthevocabularycoveredinwrittenacademictexts.Thismeansthat,onaverage,onewordin10inanacademictextbookisintheEAWL.Lookatthefollowingextractfromanacademictext:

EUROPEANENVIRONMENTALPOLICY

Environmentalissuesaretrulyglobal.Manyoftheproblems,likethereleasingofCFCsintotheatmosphere,haveglobaleffectsandrequireglobalaction.Someproblemslinktotheexploitationofglobal

commons–thesuchasoceanproblems,such

resourcessharedbytheinternationalcommunitybedsandtheatmosphere.Sometimessmalllocalaspoisonousgasesleakingfromlandfillsandwater

pollution,aremultipliedsomanytimesinanylocalcontextsthattheybecomemajorworldhazards.Theenvironmentisaglobalconcernrequiringglobalpolicies.

ThehighlightedwordsareallontheEAWL.ThissampleillustratesclearlythattheEAWLcanhelpwithdecisionsaboutwhichwordsareimportantforyoutolearnifyouarestudyinginanEnglish-speakingcountry.

HowcantheEAWLhelpmewithmyacademic

studies?

KnowledgeofacademicvocabularyisvitalforstudentsstudyingatanEnglish-speakinguniversity,particularlyforreadingandwriting.IfyoucompareestimatesofhowmanywordsanativeEnglishspeakermightknowbytheageof18(approximately18,000to20,000words)andhowmanyalearnerwhohashadtwoorthreehoursofschoolinginEnglish

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overseveralyears(roughly2000to3000wordsdependingonthelanguagebackgroundofthestudent),thisgapisenormous.Inordertoreadandwritesuccessfullyyouneedtobeabletorecognizeasmanywordsaspossibleinyourtextbooksanduseasmanyaspossibleinyouressays.Thebiggeryourvocabulary,themoreyouwillbeabletocopewiththehighreadingandwritingdemandsofyourstudies.

Academicwritingtendstobequiteformalinstyle.Thevocabularyitemsthatyouuseinyourwritingcanaffectthelevelofformality.Writersneedtoknowwhetherawordcanbeusedinaparticularsituation.Takeforexampleconsequent.Thisismarkedasformal.YouwouldprobablynotchoosetousethiswordwhenspeakingwithfriendsbutyoushoulduseitinwrittenEnglishtotakeyourlanguagetoahigherlevelofformality.TheEAWLwillhelpyoutofocusonissuesofformality.Lookoutfortheformallabelinthisdictionary.

RememberthattheEAWLcoversapproximately10%ofallvocabularyinapieceofacademicwriting.Youshouldaimtohaveroughlythesamepercentageinyourownacademicwritingtoo.

WhenlookingupwordsfromtheEAWLinthisdictionaryyoushouldalsofocusontheboldphrasesthatarehighlighted.Theseshowyouthekeygrammaticalpatternsandcollocationsforthatword.Collocationsarewordsthatcommonlyoccurtogetherorneareachotherinatext,forexample‘effecton’.Collocationsandphrasesareimportantbecausetheyhelpwithfluencyinwritingandindicatethatyouareworkingatahigherlevelwithacademicvocabularythanjustusingawordfromyourownlanguageanditstranslation.Thecollocationsinthefollowingtexthavebeenhighlightedinblue.

DECLININGBIODIVERSITY

Whatevertheeffectsonthisplanet’sclimate,rain-forestclearancehasanotherundeniableimpact.Thedisappearanceofrainforestsisamajorfactorerodingtheearth’sbiodiversity,or,moresimplycausingmanythousandsofspeciesofplantandanimallifetodisappearforever.Whilerainforestsaccountforjustsevenpercentoftheearth’ssurface,theyarehometoalmosthalfofthisplanet’slivingspecies.Estimatesofthetotalnumberofspeciesofanimalsandplantsrangefrom1.5milliontoashighas30million.Researchers,infact,haveidentifiedmorethan1,000speciesofantsalone(Wilson,1991).

WhatstrategiescanIusetohelplearntheEAWL

words?

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Rememberthatbuildingyourvocabularytakestime.Youarenotlikelytolearneverythingyouneedtoknowaboutawordtheveryfirsttimeyouseeit.Anddon’texpecttoremembereverythingaboutawordafterlookingitupinadictionaryonce.Trysomeoftheseideastohelpyouwithvocabularybuilding:

Makethemostoftheinformationgiveninthisdictionarytobuildupyourknowledgeofaword.Lookattheboldphraseshighlightedintheentry.Theseshowimportantgrammaticalpatternsandcollocations.Learntheseratherthanthewordinisolation.

Evenifyouthinkyoualready‘know’aword,lookitupinthedictionarytoseeifthereisanyadditionalinformationthatyoudon’tknow.

Researchhasshownthatrepetitionhelpspeopletorememberthings.Makesureyoubuildrepetitionintoyourlearning.Youcoulddothisthroughusingwordcardstotestyourselforbykeepingavocabularynotebook.

Studyingwords‘a(chǎn)ctively’willhelpyourlearning.Peopledolearnwordsthroughreadingbutthechancesofrememberingvocabularyishigherwhenyoufocusonthewordsandmakeaconsciousefforttolearnthem.

Lookoutforcommoncollocations,phrasesandgrammaticalpatternsofwordswhenyouarereadingacademictexts.

WorkwiththeEAWLalongsideyouwhenyouarewriting.Trytousewordsfromthelistthatarerelevanttoyourwriting.

HowistheEAWLshowninthisdictionary?

ThewordsontheEAWLaremarkedwithACinthisdictionary.

TheEAWLdoesnotincludethe2000mostfrequentwordsusedingeneraleverydayEnglish.Inthisdictionary,however,the3000mostfrequentwordsinwrittenEnglisharealsomarkedwithW1W2andW3andthe3000mostfrequentwordsinspokenEnglisharemarkedwithS1S2andS3.Insomecases,theseoverlapwiththeEAWL.Acknowledgement:ExtractsonthesubjectofEuropeanenvironmentalpolicyanddecliningbiodiversityarereproducedwithpermissionfromSociology:AGlobalIntroduction,thirdedition,byJohnJ.MacionisandKenPlummer,PearsonEducationLimited2005.

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F

/f??s?l?te?t,f??s?l?te?t/verb[transitive]formal

facilitatev

fa?cil?i?tate

tomakeiteasierforaprocessoractivitytohappen:

Computerscanbeusedtofacilitatelanguagelearning.

—facilitation/f??s?l??te???n,f??s?l??te???n/noun[uncountable]

facilitatorn

fa?cil?i?tat?orAC/f??s?l?te?t?,f??s?l?te?t?$-?r/noun

[countable]

someonewhohelpsagroupofpeoplediscussthingswitheachotherordosomethingeffectively

technicalsomethingthathelpsaprocesstotakeplace

facilitynS3,W1

fa?cil?i?ty

/f??s?l?ti,f??s?l?ti/noun(pluralfacilities)

facilities[plural]rooms,equipment,orservicesthatareprovidedforaparticularpurpose:

Allroomshaveprivatefacilities(=privatebathroomandtoilet).Thehotelhasitsownpoolandleisurefacilities.

toiletfacilities

childcarefacilities

[countableusuallysingular]aspecialpartofapieceofequipmentorasystemwhichmakesitpossibletodosomething:Isthereacall-backfacilityonthisphone?

abankaccountwithanoverdraftfacility

[countable]aplaceorbuildingusedforaparticularactivityor

EuitAcademicWordList-En-En-F

industry,orforprovidingaparticulartypeofservice:

atop-secretresearchfacility

thefinestindoorsportsfacilityintheUS

[singular]anaturalabilitytodosomethingeasilyandwell

SYNtalentfacilityfor

Shehasanamazingfacilityforlanguages.

thefacilitiesAmericanEnglishspokenthetoilet,usedtobepolite:

Excuseme,Ihavetousethefacilities.

ADJECTIVES/NOUN+FACILITIES

sports/sportingfacilitiesHaveyoucheckedoutthelocalsportsfacilities?

leisure/recreationalfacilities(=facilitiesforactivitiesthatyoudoforpleasure)Theleisurefacilitiesincludeasaunaandagym.hotelfacilitiesMakeuseofthehotelfacilities,whichareexcellent.parkingfacilitiesThebuildinghasparkingfacilitiesfortwentycars.educationalfacilitiesWeaimtoimprovetheprovisionofeducationalfacilitiessuchaslibraries.

trainingfacilitiesThecompanyplanstosetupin-housetrainingfacilities.

computingfacilitiesThedepartmentprovidesexcellentcomputingfacilitiesforstudents.

childcarefacilitiesMorewomenwouldworkiftherewerebetterchildcarefacilities.

catering/restaurant/cookingfacilitiesTheroomsallhavecookingfacilitiesandafridge.

communalfacilities(=tobeusedbyeveryonewholivesinaplace)Communalfacilitiesatthecampsitewerewell-maintained.sharedfacilities(=facilitiestobeshared,especiallybathrooms)Thelessexpensiveroomshavesharedfacilities.

providefacilitiesRecyclingfacilitiesareprovidedbythelocalcouncil.

offerfacilitiesAwiderangeoffacilitiesisoffered.

usethefacilitiesGuestsarewelcometouseallthehotel’sfacilities.

makeuseofthefacilitiesWehopestudentsmakeuseofthenewfacilities.

facilitiesincludesomethingThecentre’sfacilitiesincludeanoutdoorswimmingpool.

EuitAcademicWordList-En-En-F

arangeoffacilitiesTherangeoffacilitiesofferedbythishotelissuperb.

factornS3,W1

fac?tor

1

asituation:

/?f?kt?$-?r/noun[countable]

oneofseveralthingsthatinfluenceorcause

1

Theriseincrimeismainlyduetosocialandeconomicfactors.

factorin

Thevaccinationprogramhasbeenamajorfactorintheimprovementofhealthstandards.important/major/key/crucialfactor

Theweathercouldbeacrucialfactorintomorrow’sgame.deciding/decisive/determiningfactor(=themostimportantfactor)

Welikedbothhouses,butpricewasthedecidingfactor.

2

aparticularlevelonascalethatmeasures

howstrongoreffectivesomethingis:

factor15suntanoil

EveninJulythewindchillfactor(=thedegreetowhichtheairfeelscolderbecauseofthewind)canbeintense.

byafactoroffive/tenetcifsomethingincreasesordecreasesbyafactoroffive,tenetc,itincreasesordecreasesbyfivetimes,tentimesetc

MATHEMATI technicalanumberthatdividesintoanothernumberexactly:

3isafactorof15.

ADJECTIVES/NOUN+FACTOR

animportantfactorHumaninfluencehasbeenanimportantfactorasregardsclimatechange.

amajor/minorfactor(=themostorleastimportantofseveralfactors)Thecountry’shugemineralreservesareamajorfactorbehinditseconomicstrength.

akey/crucialfactor(=averyimportantfactor)Akeyfactorinacompany’ssuccessisknowingitscustomers.

thedecidingfactor(=thereasonformakingaparticularchoice)Theclosenessoftheriverwasprobablythedecidingfactorwhenthesitewaschosen.

thedecisive/determiningfactor(=theonethathasthebiggesteffect)Thesupportofmiddle-incomevoterswasthedecisivefactorintheelection.

EuitAcademicWordList-En-En-F

acontributingfactor(=onethathelpstomakesomethinghappen)Stressisacontributingfactorinmanyillnesses.economicfactorsEconomicfactorslimitouroptions.environmentalfactorsVariousenvironmentalfactorsaffectthegrowthofgrapes.

socialfactorsSocialfactorshaveplayedtheirpartinthedeclineinfamilysizes.

ariskfactor(=somethingthatmakesyoumorelikelytohaveanillness)Thehighestriskfactorforcoronaryheartdiseasewasfoundtobesmoking.

dependoncertainfactorsSuccessdependsoncertainfactors.factorsinfluencesomethingVariousfactorsinfluencedthegovernment’sdecision.

factorsdeterminesomethingThefinalcostoftheproductwasdeterminedbyacombinationoffactors.

factorsareresponsibleforsomethingTheseunderlyingfactorswereresponsibleforhisdeath.

acombination/variety/numberoffactorsAcombinationoffactorsledtotheclosureofthefactory.

takecertainfactorsintoaccount(=toconsiderfactorswhenmakingadecision)Youshouldtakeallthesefactorsintoaccount.

factorv

factor2

verb[transitive]AmericanEnglishtechnical

todivideanumberintofactors

factorsomething?in(alsofactorsomethingintosomething)

phrasalverbtechnical

toincludeaparticularthinginyourcalculationsabouthowlongsomethingwilltake,howmuchitwillcostetc

factorsomething?outphrasalverbtechnical

tonotincludesomethinginyourcalculationsabouthowlongsomethingwilltake,howmuchitwillcostetc

featurenS2,W1

fea?ture1

/?fi?t??$-?r/noun[countable]

1apartofsomethingthatyounoticebecauseitseemsimportant,interesting,ortypical:

Airbagsareastandardfeatureinmostnewcars.

featureof

AnimportantfeatureofVanGogh’spaintingsistheirbrightcolours.

EuitAcademicWordList-En-En-F

Stripedtailsareacommonfeatureofmanyanimals.

Thehotel’sonlyredeemingfeatures(=thingsthatmakeitacceptable)werethatitwascheapandnearthecitycentre.main/important/significantetcfeature

Themostdistinctivefeatureofthedinosaurswastheirsize.

Oneofthedistinguishingfeatures(=featuresthataredifferentfromotherthingsofthesamesort)ofmodernbankingisitsdependenceoncomputers.

apieceofwritingaboutasubjectinanewspaperoramagazine,oraspecialreportontelevisionorontheradiofeatureon

afeatureonholidayingwithyourdog

[usuallyplural]apartofsomeone’sface,suchastheireyes,noseetc:

Hehadfinedelicatefeatures.Hereyeswereherbestfeature.

4

apartoftheland,especiallyapartthatyoucansee:

HedgesareanimportantfeatureofthelandscapeinBritain.

5

afilmbeingshownatacinema:

Therewereacoupleofshortcartoonsbeforethemainfeature.

doublefeature(=whentwofilmsareshowntogether)

ADJECTIVES/NOUN+FEATURE

acommonfeaturePinetreesareacommonfeatureoftheSwedishlandscape.

astrikingfeature(=anunusualorinterestingfeature)Herlongblondehairishermoststrikingfeature.

adistinguishingfeature(=onethatmakessomethingdifferentfromothersofthesametype)Alongbeakisoneofthebird’sdistinguishingfeatures.

auniquefeature(=afeaturewhichonlyonethinghas)Auniquefeatureofthisguitarisitsshape.

anunusualfeatureThechurch’smostunusualfeatureisthiswindow.

astandardfeature(=anormalorusualfeature)Airbagsarenowastandardfeatureonmostcars.

aregularfeature(=onethathappensoftenoralot)Delaysandcancellationsarearegularfeatureofairtravel.

arecurringfeature(=onethathappensagainandagain)Humourisarecurringfeatureofhernovels.

animportantfeatureThefinal-yearprojectisanimportantfeatureofallundergraduatecourses.

asignificantfeature(=onethathasanimportanteffect)Bad

EuitAcademicWordList-En-En-F

weatherwasasignificantfeatureintheaccident.

acentralfeature(=animportantfeature)CulturaldiversityisacentralfeatureofmodernBritishsociety.

akeyfeature(=averyimportantornecessaryfeature)Privateownershipisakeyfeatureofcapitalism.

themainfeatureThemainfeatureofthesquareistheGothiccathedral.

anattractivefeatureThehousehadmanyattractivefeatures,notablythelargegarden.

adesignfeature(=adetailofthewaysomethinghasbeendesigned)Thebuildingincorporatesmanyinterestingdesignfeatures.

asafetyfeatureThecarhasmoresafetyfeaturesthanitsrivalsinthesamepricerange.

aredeemingfeature(=onethatmakessomethingacceptable)

Thehotel’sonlyredeemingfeaturewasitsviewofthebay

featurevW3

feature2

verb

[intransitiveandtransitive]toincludeorshowsomethingasaspecialorimportantpartofsomething,ortobeincludedasanimportantpart:

TheexhibitionfeaturespaintingsbyPicasso.acruiseshipfeaturingextensivespafacilitiesfeaturein

AstudyoflanguageshouldfeatureinanEnglishliteraturecourse.

befeaturedinsomething

Pupilsvisitedsomeofthewebsitesfeaturedinthearticle.

featureprominently/strongly/heavilyetcViolenceseemstofeatureheavilyinallofhisbooks.featuresomebodyassomething

ThefilmfeaturedBrandoastheGodfather.

[transitive]toshowafilm,playetc:

TheRetroTheatreisfeaturingfilmsbyFrankCaprathisweek.

federaladjW3

fed?e?ral

/?fed?r?l/adjective

1afederalcountryorsystemofgovernmentconsistsofagroupofstateswhichcontroltheirownaffairs,butwhicharealsocontrolledbyasinglenationalgovernmentwhichmakesdecisionsonforeignaffairs,defenceetc:

Switzerlandisafederalrepublic.

EuitAcademicWordList-En-En-F

2relatingtothecentralgovernmentofacountrysuchastheUS,ratherthanthegovernmentofoneofitsstates:

federallawfederaltaxes

federationn

fed?e?ra?tion

/?fed??re???n/noun

[countable]agroupoforganizations,clubs,orpeoplethathavejoinedtogethertoformasinglegroup→confederation:theNationalFederationofWomen’sInstitutes

[countable]agroupofstatesthathavejoinedtogethertoformasinglegroup:

theRussianFederation

[uncountable]whengroupsofpeople,statesetcjointogethertoformalargergroup

feenS2,W2

fee

/fi?/noun[countable]

anamountofmoneythatyoupaytodosomethingorthatyoupaytoaprofessionalpersonfortheirwork:

Youcanusethegymandpoolforafeeof￡35amonth.

COLLOCATIONS

ADJECTIVES

small/lowSomecompanieswillselltheitemsforyou,forasmallfee.

high/large/bigTheschoolfeesareextremelyhigh.

ahefty/fatfeeinformal(=averylargefee)Customersarebeingchargedaheftyfeefortheirtelephoneservice.

anannual/amonthlyfeeAnannualfeeof￡150hasbeenintroduced.

anentrance/entryfee(=afeetoenteraplace)Thegallerychargesanentrancefee.

amembershipfee(=afeetobecomeamemberofaclubororganization)Thegym’syearlymembershipfeeis￡250.

asubscriptionfee(=afeetoreceivecopiesofanewspaperormagazine)Youcanpaythesubscriptionfeebycheque.school/college/universityfeesShepaidforhercollegefeesbytakingapart-timejobasawaitress.

tuitionfees(=moneypaidforbeingtaught)Manyuniversitiesnowchargetuitionfeesforthesecourses.doctor’s/lawyer’s/accountant’setcfeesWeneedtofindthe

EuitAcademicWordList-En-En-F

moneyforthedoctor’sfeessomehow.

legal/medicalfeesShereceived￡300compensationafterlegalfeeshadbeendeducted.

aflat/fixed/setfee(=afeethatisthesameineverycase)Youpayaflatfeeforalltheservicesthatareprovided.

abookingfee(alsoaservicefeeAmericanEnglish)(=achargeyoupaywhenbuyingaticket)Ticketsfortheconcertare￡45,plusabookingfee.

acancellationfee(=achargeforendinganagreementyouhavemadetotravelonatrain,stayatahoteletc)A10%cancellationfeewillbechargedifthebookingiscancelled.

alicencefeeBritishEnglish(=themoneyatelevisionlicencecosts)Thelicencefeeissettoriseagain.

chargeafeeTheaccountantchargedabigfeeforhisservices.

payafeeYouhavetopayasmallfeetorentalocker.

costtheamountofmoneyyouneedtobuyordosomething.Costisusuallyusedwhentalkinginageneralwayaboutwhethersomethingisexpensiveorcheapratherthanwhentalkingaboutexactprices:Thecostofrunningacarisincreasing.|thecostofrawmaterialspricetheamountofmoneyyoumustpayforsomethingthatisforsale:Theysellgood-qualityclothesatreasonableprices.|thepriceofaplanetickettoNewYork

valuetheamountofmoneythatsomethingisworth:Anewkitchencanincreasethevalueofyourhome.

chargetheamountthatyouhavetopayforaserviceortousesomething:Hotelguestsmayusethegymforasmallcharge.|bankcharges

feetheamountyouhavetopaytoenteraplaceorjoinagroup,orfortheservicesofaprofessionalpersonsuchasalawyeroradoctor:Thereisnoentrancefee.|Themembershipfeeis￡125ayear.|legalfees

faretheamountyouhavetopaytotravelsomewherebybus,plane,trainetc:Ididn’tevenhaveenoughmoneyformybusfare.|fareincreases

renttheamountyouhavetopaytoliveinoruseaplacethatyoudonotown:Therentonhisapartmentis$800amonth.

rateachargethatissetaccordingtoastandardscale:MostTVstationsofferspecialratestolocaladvertisers.

tolltheamountyouhavetopaytotravelonsomeroadsorbridges:

YouhavetopaytollsonmanyFrenchmotorways.

EuitAcademicWordList-En-En-F

filenS1,W2

file1

/fa?l/noun[countable]

asetofpapers,recordsetcthatcontaininformationaboutaparticularpersonorsubject

fileon

Mendozareadoverthefileonthemurders.

TheFBIkeepsfilesonformerWhiteHouseemployees.

Wewillkeepyourdetailsonfile(=storethemforlateruse).

police/case/medicaletcfile

acopyofthecourtfile

aboxorpieceoffoldedcardinwhichyoustoreloosepapers:

Shepulledabluefilefromtheshelf.

informationonacomputerthatyoustoreunderaparticularname:

alistofallthefilesandfoldersonyourharddisk

ametaltoolwitharoughsurfacethatyourubonsomethingtomakeitsmooth→NAILFILE

alineofpeoplewhoarestandingorwalkingonebehindtheother

fileof

afileofsoldiersmarchinginstep

infile

Itwasdarkaswesetoffinfile.

→SINGLEFILE,RANKANDFILE

COLLOCATIONS

VERBS

openafileClickontheicontoopenthefile.

closeafileYoumayneedtoclosethefileandrestartthecomputer.

saveafileSavethefileunderadifferentfilename.

createafileIcreatedafileofusefulcontacts.

deleteafile(=removeit)Iaccidentallydeletedthewrongfile.accessafile(=openorreadit)Youwon’tbeabletoaccessthefileifanotheruserhasopenedit.

editafile(=makechangestoit)Ieditedthefileandsavedittotheharddisk.

copyafileTocopyafile,saveitusinganewfilename.moveafileHewastryingtomovethefilefromonefoldertoanother.

transferafile(=moveitfromonecomputersystemtoanother)

Youcantransferfilesandshareyourstuffwithfriends.

downloadafile(=moveacopyofitfromtheInternetoranothercomputertoyourcomputer)Itjusttakesafewsecondstodownload

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thefile.

uploadafile(=moveacopyofitfromyourcomputertotheInternetoranothercomputer)Restartthewebbrowser,andthenuploadthefile.

loadafile(=putafileontoacomputer)Double-clickontheiconanditwillloadthezipfileontoyourcomputer.

sendsomebodyafile(=senditusingemail)Doyouwantmetosendyouthefile?

attachafile(=senditwithanemail)Sorry,Iforgottoattachthefile.

compressafile(=makeitsmallersothatituseslessspaceonacomputer)Theprogramallowsyoutocompressfiles.

acomputerfileDeletesomeoftheoldcomputerfilesandcreatesomespaceontheharddrive.

abackupfile(=acopyofafile,whichismadeincasetheoriginalbecomeslostordamaged)YoucanburnyourbackupfiletoCDorDVD.

atextfileThetextfilecontainshintsonhowtogetthebestoutoftheprogram.

adatafileThebiggerthedatafile,themoretimeisneededtosearchit.

agraphicsfileThishandyutilityallowsyoutochangegraphicsfilesfromoneformattoanother.

recordinformationaboutsomethingthatiswrittendown:yourmedicalrecords|thepublicrecordsoffice|IhavetokeeparecordofallmyspendingwhenI’mtravellingonbusiness.

fileasetofwrittenrecords,orinformationstoredonacomputerunderaparticularname:Hebeganreadingthefileonthecase.|IthinkImayhaveaccidentallydeletedthefile.

accounts(alsobooksinformal)anexactrecordofthemoneythatacompanyhasreceivedandspent:Companiesarerequiredbylawtopublishtheirannualaccounts.|Someonehadbeenfalsifyingtheaccounts.|Thecompany’sbooksallseemedtobeinorder.

ledgeroneoftheofficialbooksinwhichacompany’sfinancialrecordsarekept,whichshowhowmuchithasreceivedandspent:Thecostshavebeenmovedfromonecolumnoftheledgertoanother.

minutesanofficialwrittenrecordofwhatissaidanddecidedatameeting:Bothpointsarementionedintheminutesofthelastm