英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作復(fù)習(xí)筆記

修辭手法Simile明喻Eg、Omylove'slikeared,redrose、Thatmancannotbetrusted、Heisasslipperyasaneel黃鱔Shelikesanappleinhereyes、Metaphor暗喻Eg、Thepictureofthosepoorpeople'sliveswascarvedsosharplyinhisheartthathecouldneverforgetit、Therewasamedievalmagnificenceaboutthebigdininghall、Thestreetfadedintoacountryroadwithstragglinghousesbyit、Therewasafewlordlypoplarsbeforethehouse、Allhisformerjoywasdrownedintheembarrassmentandconfusionhewasfeelingatthemoment、Independentwouldnotbeatrialseperation,butwouldbeapainfuldivorce、Personification擬人Eg、Youthishotandbold,ageisweakandcold、Thematchwillsoonbeoveranddefeatisstaringusintheface、Thestormwasragingandanangryseawascontinuouslytossing拋theirboat、Metonymy借喻轉(zhuǎn)喻不直接說(shuō)明而就是以另外一個(gè)與之相關(guān)得事物來(lái)說(shuō)明Swordandcrossinhand,theEuropeanconquerorsfellupontheAmericas、Whenthewarwasover,helaydowntheswordandtookupthepen、棄武從文Hispurse錢(qián)包wouldnotallowhimthatluxuryThekettleboils水開(kāi)了Theroomsatslient、全屋人安靜得坐著。Lendmeyourears,please、請(qǐng)聽(tīng)我說(shuō)。Hisunfriendlytoughsurprisedher、Synecdoche、提喻部分代整體或者說(shuō)特殊代一般Eg、HeistheNewtonofthiscentury、Thehadtoearnhisdailybreadbydoingoddjobs、打零工面包來(lái)代指生活收入Thefarmswereshortofhandsduringtheharvestseason、手代指人Thereareabout100handsworkinginthefactory、同上B、整體代部分或者一般代特殊Eg、Thefox(狐貍來(lái)代指狐貍得毛皮)goesverywellwithyourcap、帽子GermanybeatArgentina2to1inthisexcitingfootballmatch、用德國(guó)與阿根廷來(lái)代指兩個(gè)國(guó)家得球隊(duì)Thepoorcreaturecouldnotendurehersufferings、用生物代指人Euphemism委婉,誨飾Eg、Heisoutvisitingtheneccessary、她出去方便了。Hisrelationwithhiswifehasnotbeenfortunate、她與她妻子離婚了。Dengxiaopingpassedawayin1977、注意瞧課本page19頁(yè)得詞得委婉用法。Irony反語(yǔ)Eg、Itwouldbeafinethingindeednotknowingwhattimeitwasinthemorning、早上沒(méi)有時(shí)間觀念還真就是好事。實(shí)際上就是運(yùn)用反語(yǔ)說(shuō)應(yīng)該有時(shí)間觀念。Overstatement或hyperbole夸張andUnderstatement縮小,低調(diào)陳述Overstatement得用法Eg、Ibegathousandpardons、我非常抱歉。Whensheheardthebadnews,ariveroftearspouredout、當(dāng)她聽(tīng)到噩耗,眼淚如江水一般洶涌流出。Sheisdying十分toknowwhatjobhasbeenassignedher、Onhearingthathehadbeenadmittedtothatfamousuniversity,hewhisperedtohimself,"I'mtheluckiestmanintheworld、"B、Understatement得用法Eg、Ittookafewdollarstobuildthisindoorswimmingpool、建室內(nèi)游泳池只花了一點(diǎn)小錢(qián)。"Heisreallystrange,"hisfriendssaidwhentheyheardhehaddivorcedhisprettyandlovingwife、Strange在此就是低調(diào)陳述,實(shí)際上就是說(shuō)heisverystupidandcrazy、TransferredEpithet移就用本來(lái)應(yīng)該修飾人得形容詞來(lái)修飾物或者其她得東西,大多就是把表達(dá)人得思想觀念得詞語(yǔ)移用于其她物體上面。英語(yǔ)移就格得特征:轉(zhuǎn)移形容詞+中心語(yǔ)。要注意與擬人得用法區(qū)分開(kāi),從內(nèi)容上瞧,“擬人”重在把物人格化,就就是把事物當(dāng)作人來(lái)描寫(xiě);“移就”則就是把甲性狀詞語(yǔ)移屬于乙,重在移而就之,它不把事物人格化,也就就是不把事物當(dāng)作人來(lái)描寫(xiě)。Eg、Shewassoworriedabouthersonthatshespentseveralsleeplessnights、她太擔(dān)心她得兒子以至于她整晚難眠。Sleepless本身就是指人睡不著,在此卻修飾了nights夜本身無(wú)所謂眠不眠,不眠得只就是人而已。Inhisquietlazinesshesuddenlyrememberedthatstrangeword、Quiet本就是形容人得安靜在此形容laziness指人懶Theassistantkeptarespectfuldiatancefromhisbosswhentheywerewalkinginthecorridor、Hesaidyestothequestioninanunthinkingmoment、Theoldmanputareassuring勸慰人得handonmyshoulder、老人拍了拍我得肩膀。Shehasexpensivetastesinclothing、Iwassurprisedtofindhimlivinginsuchdrabandcheerlesssurroundings、Oxymoron矛盾修飾法,反意法,逆喻Eg、Thecoachhadtobecrueltobekindtohistrainees、嚴(yán)格就是對(duì)隊(duì)友好Whenthenewsoffailurecame,allhisfriendssaidthatitwasavictoriousdefeat雖敗猶榮Thepresidentwasconspicuously非常顯眼得absentonthatoccasion、Alliteration押韻,漸降法Eg、LongandloudlylittleLilylaughed、Thewindowswavedviolentlyinthewind、Drainyoursweat--nay,drinkyourblood?Iseealsothedull,drilled,docile,brutishmassesoftheHunsoldieryploddingonlikeaswarmofcrawlinglocusts、Synaesthesia通感Thebirdssatuponatreeandpouredforththeirlilylikevoice、由視覺(jué)轉(zhuǎn)移到聽(tīng)覺(jué)鳥(niǎo)兒落在樹(shù)上,傾瀉出百合花得聲音。TastethemusicofMozart、品味莫扎特得音樂(lè)。13、排比14、Pun雙關(guān)Eg、Ifwedon'thang懸掛together,weshallhang絞死separately、Parody仿擬就是指模仿名言警句與諺語(yǔ)等。Eg、Romeisnotbuiltinadaynorayear、Afriendinneedisafriendtobeavoided、Rhetoricalqustion反義疑問(wèn)句Eg、Youarestaying,I'mgoing、Givemeliberaty,orgivemedeath、Antithesis對(duì)照就是指意義完全相反得兩個(gè)語(yǔ)句排在一起比較。句子TheSentence句子結(jié)構(gòu)S+V、S+V+OS+V+O2間接賓語(yǔ)+O1直接賓語(yǔ)S+V+O+OC賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)S+LV連系動(dòng)詞+N名詞eg、I'mastudent、S+LV+A形容詞eg、I'mhappy、S+V+O+Aeg、Wefindtheworkdifficult、mafault逗號(hào)拼接句兩個(gè)完整得句子就是不能用逗號(hào)連接得Eg、Faulty:Itwasraininghard,theycouldnotworkinthefield、Improved:Itwasrainingsohardthattheycouldnotworkinthefield、Faulty:Iwasborninasmalltown,inthetowntherewasonlyoneschool,Istudiedthereforsixyears、Improved:Iwasborninasmalltown,wheretherewasonlyoneschool、Istudiedthereforsixyears、IstudiedforsixyearsattheonlyschoolinthesmalltownwhereIwasborn、Faulty:Theessayispoorlyorganized,thereisnocentralidea、Improved:Theessayispoorlyorganized;thereisnocentralidea、句子類(lèi)型TypesofSentence、按照用法分為Declarative陳述句Interrogative疑問(wèn)句Imperative祈使句andExclamatorySentence、感嘆句按照句子結(jié)構(gòu)可分為以下四種a、Simple簡(jiǎn)單句b、pound并列句指包含兩個(gè)或多個(gè)用連詞或者分號(hào)(and,but,or,etc、)連接得獨(dú)立完整得句子。c、plex復(fù)合句就是指包含一個(gè)主句與一個(gè)或多個(gè)不完整得從句。像主語(yǔ)從句,表語(yǔ)從句,賓語(yǔ)從句,定語(yǔ)從句,狀語(yǔ)從句。d、pound-plexSentence并列復(fù)合句eg、Jellywareisthehumanbeingandheisthepersonwhousestheoutputofsoftware、Loose松散句Periodic圓周句andBalancedSentence對(duì)仗句a、松散句就是把主要得強(qiáng)調(diào)得放在前面eg、ShedecidedtostudyEnglishthoughshewasinterestedinmusic、b、圓周句就是把主要得想要強(qiáng)調(diào)得放在后面,而且如果缺少了后面得部分整個(gè)句子就是不完整得shefinallydecidedtostudyEnglish、Eg、Althoughshewasinterestedinmusic,hefinallydecidedtostudyshefinallydecidedtostudyEnglish、c、二者得區(qū)別辦法loose組織松散,在某些地方隨時(shí)停頓,語(yǔ)法上具有一定得完整性Periodic句末所講得一般就是最關(guān)鍵得,語(yǔ)法語(yǔ)義上得停頓都就是不完整得,直到最后讀完才知道講得就是什么loose一般比較簡(jiǎn)單,更自然更直接,而Periodic句式結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,用詞更正式書(shū)面化。D、EffectiveSentence考試句子改錯(cuò)題①Unity完整內(nèi)部邏輯Eg、Faulty:DuFuwasoneofthegreatestpoets、Revised:DuFuwasoneofthegreatestpoetsoftheTangperiod、②Coherence連貫Eg、Faulty:Amanisjudgednotonlybywhathesaybutalsobyhedeeds、Revised:Amanisjudgednotonlybywhathesaybutalsobywhathedoes、考點(diǎn)Amanisjudgednotonlybyhiswordsbutalsobyhedeeds、Faulty:Wehavegreatfaithandhighhopesforher、Revised:Wehavegreatfaithinandhighhopesforher、Havefaithinsb\sthHavehopeforsb\sth●Danglingmodifier懸垂分詞47瞧Faulty:Lookingoutofthewindow,thegrasslandstretchesasfarastheeyescanreach、主語(yǔ)不一致前面主語(yǔ)就是人得眼睛后面主語(yǔ)就是grasslandRevised:Lookingoutofthewindow,he\she\Icanseethegrasslandstretchingasfarastheeyescanreach、Outsidethewindow,thegrasslandstretchesasfarastheeyescanreach、Faulty:Togetreadyforthetrip,allthethingssheneededwereputintoasuitcase、Revised:Togetreadyforthetrip,sheputallthethingssheneededintoasuitcase、③Conciseness簡(jiǎn)潔明了49Wordy:Itwasblueincolor、Maryisaquietandcarefulwoman、Hegavemanyreasonsforthefailure,butthereasonshegavewerenotconvincing、Concise:Itwasblue、Maryisquietandcareful、Hegavemanyreasonsforthefailure,butnoneofthemwasconvincing、段落Paragraph段落得構(gòu)成Topic+controlingideaParagraph=thetopicsentence+supportingsentence+concludingsentenceTopic+controlingidea段落發(fā)展方式WaysofDevelopingParagraphs、考試內(nèi)容①DevelopmentbyTimeSignalwords:when,before,after,while,during,first,second、、、②DevelopmentbyProcessSignalwords:firstly,then,next,until,once,as,before,after,lastly、、、③DevelopmentbySpace考Page78sample13Signalwords:adjacentto毗鄰parallelto平行correspondingto對(duì)稱(chēng),正對(duì)面edge,beyond,under,oppositeto,beneath,down,over,above,ontopof,inside,beside、、、④DevelopmentbyExampleandGeneralization總分舉例分總歸納注意瞧page81得sample16與sample17⑤DevelopmentbyparisonandContrastparison比較就是指比較得相同點(diǎn),分為整體比較(blockparison)page86sample21就就是先寫(xiě)一個(gè)所有得特征之后再寫(xiě)另一