英語寫作復習筆記

修辭手法Simile明喻Eg、Omylove'slikeared,redrose、Thatmancannotbetrusted、Heisasslipperyasaneel黃鱔Shelikesanappleinhereyes、Metaphor暗喻Eg、Thepictureofthosepoorpeople'sliveswascarvedsosharplyinhisheartthathecouldneverforgetit、Therewasamedievalmagnificenceaboutthebigdininghall、Thestreetfadedintoacountryroadwithstragglinghousesbyit、Therewasafewlordlypoplarsbeforethehouse、Allhisformerjoywasdrownedintheembarrassmentandconfusionhewasfeelingatthemoment、Independentwouldnotbeatrialseperation,butwouldbeapainfuldivorce、Personification擬人Eg、Youthishotandbold,ageisweakandcold、Thematchwillsoonbeoveranddefeatisstaringusintheface、Thestormwasragingandanangryseawascontinuouslytossing拋theirboat、Metonymy借喻轉喻不直接說明而就是以另外一個與之相關得事物來說明Swordandcrossinhand,theEuropeanconquerorsfellupontheAmericas、Whenthewarwasover,helaydowntheswordandtookupthepen、棄武從文Hispurse錢包wouldnotallowhimthatluxuryThekettleboils水開了Theroomsatslient、全屋人安靜得坐著。Lendmeyourears,please、請聽我說。Hisunfriendlytoughsurprisedher、Synecdoche、提喻部分代整體或者說特殊代一般Eg、HeistheNewtonofthiscentury、Thehadtoearnhisdailybreadbydoingoddjobs、打零工面包來代指生活收入Thefarmswereshortofhandsduringtheharvestseason、手代指人Thereareabout100handsworkinginthefactory、同上B、整體代部分或者一般代特殊Eg、Thefox(狐貍來代指狐貍得毛皮)goesverywellwithyourcap、帽子GermanybeatArgentina2to1inthisexcitingfootballmatch、用德國與阿根廷來代指兩個國家得球隊Thepoorcreaturecouldnotendurehersufferings、用生物代指人Euphemism委婉,誨飾Eg、Heisoutvisitingtheneccessary、她出去方便了。Hisrelationwithhiswifehasnotbeenfortunate、她與她妻子離婚了。Dengxiaopingpassedawayin1977、注意瞧課本page19頁得詞得委婉用法。Irony反語Eg、Itwouldbeafinethingindeednotknowingwhattimeitwasinthemorning、早上沒有時間觀念還真就是好事。實際上就是運用反語說應該有時間觀念。Overstatement或hyperbole夸張andUnderstatement縮小,低調陳述Overstatement得用法Eg、Ibegathousandpardons、我非常抱歉。Whensheheardthebadnews,ariveroftearspouredout、當她聽到噩耗,眼淚如江水一般洶涌流出。Sheisdying十分toknowwhatjobhasbeenassignedher、Onhearingthathehadbeenadmittedtothatfamousuniversity,hewhisperedtohimself,"I'mtheluckiestmanintheworld、"B、Understatement得用法Eg、Ittookafewdollarstobuildthisindoorswimmingpool、建室內游泳池只花了一點小錢。"Heisreallystrange,"hisfriendssaidwhentheyheardhehaddivorcedhisprettyandlovingwife、Strange在此就是低調陳述,實際上就是說heisverystupidandcrazy、TransferredEpithet移就用本來應該修飾人得形容詞來修飾物或者其她得東西,大多就是把表達人得思想觀念得詞語移用于其她物體上面。英語移就格得特征:轉移形容詞+中心語。要注意與擬人得用法區(qū)分開,從內容上瞧,“擬人”重在把物人格化,就就是把事物當作人來描寫;“移就”則就是把甲性狀詞語移屬于乙,重在移而就之,它不把事物人格化,也就就是不把事物當作人來描寫。Eg、Shewassoworriedabouthersonthatshespentseveralsleeplessnights、她太擔心她得兒子以至于她整晚難眠。Sleepless本身就是指人睡不著,在此卻修飾了nights夜本身無所謂眠不眠,不眠得只就是人而已。Inhisquietlazinesshesuddenlyrememberedthatstrangeword、Quiet本就是形容人得安靜在此形容laziness指人懶Theassistantkeptarespectfuldiatancefromhisbosswhentheywerewalkinginthecorridor、Hesaidyestothequestioninanunthinkingmoment、Theoldmanputareassuring勸慰人得handonmyshoulder、老人拍了拍我得肩膀。Shehasexpensivetastesinclothing、Iwassurprisedtofindhimlivinginsuchdrabandcheerlesssurroundings、Oxymoron矛盾修飾法,反意法,逆喻Eg、Thecoachhadtobecrueltobekindtohistrainees、嚴格就是對隊友好Whenthenewsoffailurecame,allhisfriendssaidthatitwasavictoriousdefeat雖敗猶榮Thepresidentwasconspicuously非常顯眼得absentonthatoccasion、Alliteration押韻,漸降法Eg、LongandloudlylittleLilylaughed、Thewindowswavedviolentlyinthewind、Drainyoursweat--nay,drinkyourblood?Iseealsothedull,drilled,docile,brutishmassesoftheHunsoldieryploddingonlikeaswarmofcrawlinglocusts、Synaesthesia通感Thebirdssatuponatreeandpouredforththeirlilylikevoice、由視覺轉移到聽覺鳥兒落在樹上,傾瀉出百合花得聲音。TastethemusicofMozart、品味莫扎特得音樂。13、排比14、Pun雙關Eg、Ifwedon'thang懸掛together,weshallhang絞死separately、Parody仿擬就是指模仿名言警句與諺語等。Eg、Romeisnotbuiltinadaynorayear、Afriendinneedisafriendtobeavoided、Rhetoricalqustion反義疑問句Eg、Youarestaying,I'mgoing、Givemeliberaty,orgivemedeath、Antithesis對照就是指意義完全相反得兩個語句排在一起比較。句子TheSentence句子結構S+V、S+V+OS+V+O2間接賓語+O1直接賓語S+V+O+OC賓語補足語S+LV連系動詞+N名詞eg、I'mastudent、S+LV+A形容詞eg、I'mhappy、S+V+O+Aeg、Wefindtheworkdifficult、mafault逗號拼接句兩個完整得句子就是不能用逗號連接得Eg、Faulty:Itwasraininghard,theycouldnotworkinthefield、Improved:Itwasrainingsohardthattheycouldnotworkinthefield、Faulty:Iwasborninasmalltown,inthetowntherewasonlyoneschool,Istudiedthereforsixyears、Improved:Iwasborninasmalltown,wheretherewasonlyoneschool、Istudiedthereforsixyears、IstudiedforsixyearsattheonlyschoolinthesmalltownwhereIwasborn、Faulty:Theessayispoorlyorganized,thereisnocentralidea、Improved:Theessayispoorlyorganized;thereisnocentralidea、句子類型TypesofSentence、按照用法分為Declarative陳述句Interrogative疑問句Imperative祈使句andExclamatorySentence、感嘆句按照句子結構可分為以下四種a、Simple簡單句b、pound并列句指包含兩個或多個用連詞或者分號(and,but,or,etc、)連接得獨立完整得句子。c、plex復合句就是指包含一個主句與一個或多個不完整得從句。像主語從句,表語從句,賓語從句,定語從句,狀語從句。d、pound-plexSentence并列復合句eg、Jellywareisthehumanbeingandheisthepersonwhousestheoutputofsoftware、Loose松散句Periodic圓周句andBalancedSentence對仗句a、松散句就是把主要得強調得放在前面eg、ShedecidedtostudyEnglishthoughshewasinterestedinmusic、b、圓周句就是把主要得想要強調得放在后面,而且如果缺少了后面得部分整個句子就是不完整得shefinallydecidedtostudyEnglish、Eg、Althoughshewasinterestedinmusic,hefinallydecidedtostudyshefinallydecidedtostudyEnglish、c、二者得區(qū)別辦法loose組織松散,在某些地方隨時停頓,語法上具有一定得完整性Periodic句末所講得一般就是最關鍵得,語法語義上得停頓都就是不完整得,直到最后讀完才知道講得就是什么loose一般比較簡單,更自然更直接,而Periodic句式結構復雜,用詞更正式書面化。D、EffectiveSentence考試句子改錯題①Unity完整內部邏輯Eg、Faulty:DuFuwasoneofthegreatestpoets、Revised:DuFuwasoneofthegreatestpoetsoftheTangperiod、②Coherence連貫Eg、Faulty:Amanisjudgednotonlybywhathesaybutalsobyhedeeds、Revised:Amanisjudgednotonlybywhathesaybutalsobywhathedoes、考點Amanisjudgednotonlybyhiswordsbutalsobyhedeeds、Faulty:Wehavegreatfaithandhighhopesforher、Revised:Wehavegreatfaithinandhighhopesforher、Havefaithinsb\sthHavehopeforsb\sth●Danglingmodifier懸垂分詞47瞧Faulty:Lookingoutofthewindow,thegrasslandstretchesasfarastheeyescanreach、主語不一致前面主語就是人得眼睛后面主語就是grasslandRevised:Lookingoutofthewindow,he\she\Icanseethegrasslandstretchingasfarastheeyescanreach、Outsidethewindow,thegrasslandstretchesasfarastheeyescanreach、Faulty:Togetreadyforthetrip,allthethingssheneededwereputintoasuitcase、Revised:Togetreadyforthetrip,sheputallthethingssheneededintoasuitcase、③Conciseness簡潔明了49Wordy:Itwasblueincolor、Maryisaquietandcarefulwoman、Hegavemanyreasonsforthefailure,butthereasonshegavewerenotconvincing、Concise:Itwasblue、Maryisquietandcareful、Hegavemanyreasonsforthefailure,butnoneofthemwasconvincing、段落Paragraph段落得構成Topic+controlingideaParagraph=thetopicsentence+supportingsentence+concludingsentenceTopic+controlingidea段落發(fā)展方式WaysofDevelopingParagraphs、考試內容①DevelopmentbyTimeSignalwords:when,before,after,while,during,first,second、、、②DevelopmentbyProcessSignalwords:firstly,then,next,until,once,as,before,after,lastly、、、③DevelopmentbySpace考Page78sample13Signalwords:adjacentto毗鄰parallelto平行correspondingto對稱,正對面edge,beyond,under,oppositeto,beneath,down,over,above,ontopof,inside,beside、、、④DevelopmentbyExampleandGeneralization總分舉例分總歸納注意瞧page81得sample16與sample17⑤DevelopmentbyparisonandContrastparison比較就是指比較得相同點,分為整體比較(blockparison)page86sample21就就是先寫一個所有得特征之后再寫另一