(8.4.2)-Ch-02-Computer計算機組成原理

計算機組成原理

雙語教學(xué)課件WilliamStallings

ComputerOrganizationandArchitecture

6thEditionChapter2

ComputerEvolutionandPerformance發(fā)展性能Inthischapter,weshallintroducesomepeoplesandeventswhoorwhichhaveputforwardforcomputer’sdevelopment.ENIAC-backgroundElectronicNumericalIntegratorAndComputerEckertandMauchlyUniversityofPennsylvaniaTrajectorytablesforweaponsStarted1943Finished1946ToolateforwareffortUseduntil1955ENIAC-detailsDecimal(notbinary)20accumulatorsof10digitsProgrammedmanuallybyswitches18,000vacuumtubes30tons15,000squarefeet140kWpowerconsumption5,000additionspersecondvonNeumann/TuringStoredProgramconceptMainmemorystoringprogramsanddataALUoperatingonbinarydataControlunitinterpretinginstructionsfrommemoryandexecutingInputandoutputequipmentoperatedbycontrolunitPrincetonInstituteforAdvancedStudiesIASCompleted1952StructureofvonNeumannmachineIAS-details1000x40bitwordsBinarynumber2x20bitinstructionsSetofregisters(storageinCPU)MemoryBufferRegisterMemoryAddressRegisterInstructionRegisterInstructionBufferRegisterProgramCounterAccumulatorMultiplierQuotient存儲器緩沖寄存器存儲器地址寄存器指令寄存器指令緩沖寄存器程序計數(shù)器累加器乘商寄存器StructureofIAS–

detail(Page20)CommercialComputers1947-Eckert-MauchlyComputerCorporationUNIVACI(UniversalAutomaticComputer)USBureauofCensus1950calculationsBecamepartofSperry-RandCorporationLate1950s-UNIVACIIFasterMorememory商業(yè)化人口普查IBMPunched-cardprocessingequipment1953-the701IBM’sfirststoredprogramcomputerScientificcalculations1955-the702BusinessapplicationsLeadto700/7000series系列化TransistorsReplacedvacuumtubesSmallerCheaperLessheatdissipationSolidStatedeviceMadefromSilicon(Sand)Invented1947atBellLabsWilliamShockleyetal.TransistorBasedComputersSecondgenerationmachinesNCR&RCAproducedsmalltransistormachinesIBM7000DEC-1957ProducedPDP-1MicroelectronicsLiterally-“smallelectronics”Acomputerismadeupofgates,memorycellsandinterconnectionsThesecanbemanufacturedonasemiconductore.g.siliconwafer“門”存儲元GenerationsofComputerVacuumtube-1946-1957Transistor-1958-1964Smallscaleintegration-1965onUpto100devicesonachipMediumscaleintegration-to1971100-3,000devicesonachipLargescaleintegration-1971-19773,000-100,000devicesonachipVerylargescaleintegration-1978todate100,000-100,000,000devicesonachipUltralargescaleintegrationOver100,000,000devicesonachipMoore’sLawIncreaseddensityofcomponentsonchipGordonMoore-cofounderofIntelNumberoftransistorsonachipwilldoubleeveryyearSince1970’sdevelopmenthasslowedalittleNumberoftransistorsdoublesevery18monthsCostofachiphasremainedalmostunchangedHigherpackingdensitymeansshorterelectricalpaths,givinghigherperformanceSmallersizegivesincreasedflexibilityReducedpowerandcoolingrequirementsFewerinterconnectionsincreasesreliabilityGrowthinCPUTransistorCount(page30)GrowthinCPUTransistorCountIBM360series1964Replaced(¬compatiblewith)7000seriesFirstplanned“family”ofcomputersSimilaroridenticalinstructionsetsSimilaroridenticalO/SIncreasingspeedIncreasingnumberofI/Oports(i.e.moreterminals)IncreasedmemorysizeIncreasedcostMultiplexedswitchstructure系列DECPDP-81964Firstminicomputer(afterminiskirt!)DidnotneedairconditionedroomSmallenoughtositonalabbench$16,000$100k+forIBM360Embeddedapplications&OEMBUSSTRUCTURE總線結(jié)構(gòu)DEC-PDP-8BusStructureOMNIBUSConsoleControllerCPUMainMemoryI/OModuleI/OModuleSemiconductorMemory1970FairchildSizeofasinglecorei.e.1bitofmagneticcorestorageHolds256bitsNon-destructivereadMuchfasterthancoreCapacityapproximatelydoubleseachyearIntel1971-4004

FirstmicroprocessorAllCPUcomponentsonasinglechip4bitFollowedin1972by80088bitBothdesignedforspecificapplications1974-8080Intel’sfirstgeneralpurposemicroprocessor通用微處理器SpeedingitupPipeliningOnboardcacheOnboardL1&L2cacheBranchpredictionDataflowanalysisSpeculativeexecution流水線板上CACHE板上一級、二級CACHE(指令)轉(zhuǎn)移預(yù)測數(shù)據(jù)流分析推測執(zhí)行使之更快2.2PerformanceMismatch(page39)ProcessorspeedincreasedMemorycapacityincreasedMemoryspeedlagsbehindprocessorspeed性能不匹配存儲器速度滯后于處理器速速度DRAMandProcessorCharacteristics(page39)TrendsinDRAMuse(page40)SolutionsIncreasenumberofbitsretrievedatonetimeMakeDRAM“wider”ratherthan“deeper”ChangeDRAMinterfaceCacheReducefrequencyofmemoryaccessMorecomplexcacheandcacheonchipIncreaseinterconnectionbandwidthHighspeedbusesHierarchyofbuses解決方案(Find&bring)PentiumEvolution(1)8080firstgeneralpurposemicroprocessor8bitdatapathUsedinfirstpersonalcomputer–Altair8086muchmorepowerful16bitinstructioncache,prefetchfewinstructions8088(8bitexternalbus)usedinfirstIBMPC8028616Mbytememoryaddressableupfrom1Mb8038632bitSupportformultitaskingPentiumEvolution(2)80486sophisticatedpowerfulcacheandinstructionpipeliningbuiltinmathsco-processorPentiumSuperscalarMultipleinstructionsexecutedinparallelPentiumProIncreasedsuperscalarorganizationAggressiveregisterrenamingbranchpredictiondataflowanalysisspeculativeexecution精密強大的CACHE和指令流水線+內(nèi)建數(shù)學(xué)協(xié)處理器超標(biāo)量+多指令并行