大學(xué)英語四級語法匯編

大學(xué)英語四級語法匯編

I動詞（語態(tài)，用法，省略，一致性等）

1.語態(tài)

1）可以有兩種被動結(jié)構(gòu)的類型，例如：

Hewassaidtobejealousofhersuccess.

Itwassaidthathewasjealousofhersuccess.

擔(dān)當besupposedto與不定式的一般形式搭配時往往表示不同的意義.例如：

Whyareyoudrivingsofastinthisarea?Youaresupposedtoknowthespeedtoknowthespeed

limit（你應(yīng)該曉得速度限制）

2）雙賓語及賓補結(jié)構(gòu)的被動語態(tài)

a）雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu)的被動語態(tài)：雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，可以把主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一個

賓語仍然保留在謂語后面，但多數(shù)是把間接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z.

Hewasaskedanumberofquestionsatthepressconference.

Twodayswereallowedthemformakingthenecessarypreparations.

b）賓補結(jié)構(gòu)的被動語態(tài)：

ShewascalledBigSisterbyeverybody.

Thenhewasmadeasquadleader.

Hewasconsideredquitequalifiedforthejob.

Theroomwasalwayskeptcleanandtidy.

3.短語動詞

1)Vi+adv

Theplanetookofftwohourslate.

2)Vi+prep

TheylookedroundtheCathedral.

3)Vi+prep(有被動語態(tài))

She,slookingafterhersister'schildren.

Thechildrenwerealwayswelllookedafter.

4)Vi+adv+prep

Ibegantolookforwardtotheirvisits.

5)Vt+O+adv

Somewomenchoosetostayathomeandbringuptheirchildren.

Thechildrenwerebroughtupbytheirmother.

Theytookhimon.

6)Vt+adv+O(無被動語態(tài))

Iamtryingtogiveupsmoking.

7)Vt+O+prep

WetalkedDonaldintoagreement.

4.省略

1)在以as,than,when,if,unless等引導(dǎo)的從句中的省略：在有些狀語從句中,如果謂語包含有動詞be,

主語又和主句的主語一致a),或者主語是itb),就常?？梢园褟木渲械闹髡Z和謂語的一部分(特別是動詞be)

省略掉.

a)Lookoutforcarswhencrossingthestreet.

Whentakenaccordingtothedirections,thedrughasnosideeffects.

Whiletherehejoinedinvoluntarylabouronaproject.

Althoughnotyetsixmonthsold,shewasabletowalkwithoutsupport.

Ifnotwellmanaged,irrigationcanbeharmful.

Thoughreducedinnumbers,theygainedinfightingcapacity.

Thisviewpoint,howeverunderstandable,iswrong.

Enemies,oncediscovered,weretightlyencircledandcompletelywipedout.

Shehurriedlylefttheroomasthough/ifangry.

Sheworkedextremelyhardthoughstillratherpoorinhealth.

Fillintheapplicationasinstructed.

Wheneverknown,suchfactsshouldbereported.

Thedocumentswillbereturnedassoonassigned.

Hesaidthatnoacrobatcouldeverperformthosedaringfeatsunlesstrainedveryyoung.

Oncehavingmadeapromise,youshouldkeepit

b)IfnecessaryI'IIhavetheletterduplicated.

Fillintheblankswitharticleswhere(ver)necessary.

Ifpossible,Ishouldliketohavetwocopiesofit.

Asscheduled,theymetonJanuary20attheChineseEmbassy.

2)在以thana)或asb)引起的從句中，常會有一些成分省略.

a)Hetoldmenottousemorematerialthan(itis)necessary.

Weshouldthinkmoreofthecollectivethanofourselves.

b)Theyworkedwithasmuchenthusiasmasyoungpeople(did).

Heisnowavice-manager,butstilloftenworksinthekitchenasbefore.

Theirtrainingisfree,asisalleducation.

Wewill,asalways,standonyourside.

3)錯誤的省略

HislifeisasfullycommittedtobooksasanyoneIknow.

Whilestandingthereinhernightgown,twobulletsstruckthewallbesideher.

5.一致

1)如果主語是單數(shù),盡管后面跟有with,togetherwith,aswellas,asmuchas,nolessthan,more

than等引導(dǎo)的短語，謂語動詞仍舊用單數(shù)形式.

Terry,alongwithherfriend,goesskatingeverySaturday.

Anexpert,togetherwithsomeassistants,wassenttohelpinthiswork.

Thecaptain,aswellasthecoaches,wasdisappointedintheteam.

2)代詞作主語時的一致

a)each,either,neither和由some,any,no,every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞，都作單數(shù)看待.

Eachofushassomethingtosay.

Iseverybodyready?

Somebodyisusingthephone.

Neitherofushasgonethroughregulartraining.

Haseitherofthemtoldyou?

b)some,few,both,many割乍復(fù)數(shù)

c)some可后接復(fù)數(shù)，也可接單數(shù)，表示某一.

none作復(fù)數(shù)看待時較多,但也有時作單數(shù)看待，主要看說話人腦中聯(lián)系想到的是復(fù)數(shù)還是單數(shù)概念，但

none在代表不可數(shù)的東西時總是看作單數(shù)：

Noneofthebooksareeasyenoughforus

Noneofusseemtohavethoughtofit.

None(=notasingleone)ofushasgotacamera.

None(=nobody)hasfeltitmorekeenlythanshedid.

Noneofthisworriesme.

all和most可后接復(fù)數(shù)，也可接不可數(shù)名詞(allofthe...,mostofthe...),動詞用單數(shù).

3)由and或both...and連接名詞詞組時，后用復(fù)數(shù)；由notonly...but(also),either...or,neither...

nor或or連接的并列主語，謂語通常和最鄰近的主語一致.

Notonlytheswitchesbutalsotheoldwritinghasbeenchanged.

Mysisterormybrotherislikelytobeathome.

EitheryouorMrYangistodothework.

NeithermywifenorImyselfamabletopersuademydaughtertochangehermind.

如果一個句子是由there或here引導(dǎo)，而主語又不止一個，謂語通常也和最鄰近的那個主語一致.

Therewascarvedintheboardadragonandaphoenix.

Hereisapen,afewenvelopesandsomepaperforyou.

4)people,police,cattle,poultry(家禽)，militia(民兵)等通常都用作復(fù)數(shù).

Cattlearegrazingonthepasture.

Thepolicearelookingforhim.

有些集體名詞有時作單數(shù)看待，有時作復(fù)數(shù)看待，主要根據(jù)意思來決定.

Hisfamilyisn'tverylarge.

Hisfamilyareallmusiclovers.

Thecommitteemeetstwiceamonth.

Thecommitteearedividedinopinion.

Theaudiencewasenormous.

Theaudienceweregreatlymovedatthewords.

有些名詞單復(fù)數(shù)同形，可根據(jù)意思決定謂語動詞的數(shù)：

Thisnewseriesisbeginningnextmonth.

Thesenewseriesarebeginningnextmonth.

Thisspeciesisnowextinct.

Thesespeciesarenowextinct.

5）表示時間，重量，長度，價值等的名詞，盡管仍是復(fù)數(shù)形式，如果作整體看待，動詞也可用單數(shù)形式

（當然用復(fù)數(shù)動詞也是可以的）：

Threeweekswasallowedformakingthenecessarypreparations.

Onehundredliwascoveredinasinglenight.

6）其他問題

a）書名，國家名用單數(shù)：

TalesfromShakespeareisabookbyCharlesLamb.

b）名，如mathematics,economics用單數(shù).

c）manya或morethanone所修飾的詞作主語時，謂語動詞多用單數(shù)形式：

Manyapersonhashadthatkindofexperience.

Morethanonepersonhasinvolvedinthecase.

anumberof后接復(fù)數(shù)thenumberof后接單數(shù)

Anumberofbookshavebeenpublishedonthesubject.

Thenumberofbookspublishedonthesubjectissimplyamazing.

d)oneofthose后用單數(shù).在“oneof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系分句〃結(jié)構(gòu)中，關(guān)系分句中謂語動詞的單復(fù)

數(shù)形式在一般情況下有兩形式，一是根據(jù)先行詞采用復(fù)數(shù)形式：

Joanisoneofthosepeoplewhogooutoftheirwaytobehelpful.

當one之前友theonly等限定詞和修飾語時,關(guān)系分句謂語動詞根據(jù)one而定,即采用單數(shù)形式：

Heistheonlyoneofthoseboyswhoiswillingtotakeonanotherassignment.

n非謂語動詞

1.不定式

1)形式

主動形式被動形式

一般式todotobedone

完tohavedonetohavebeendone

進行式tobedoing

完成進行式tohavebeendoing

a）完成式：不定式的一般形式所表示的動作，通常與主要謂語表示的動作（狀態(tài)）同時（或幾乎同時）發(fā)生,

或是在它之后發(fā)生.假如不定式所表示的動作，在謂語所表示的動作（狀態(tài)）之前發(fā)生，就要用不定式的完成

式.

Iamgladtohaveseenyourmother（=IamgladIhaveseenyourmother）.

（比較：Iamgladtoseeyou.）

Heissaidtohavewrittenanewbookaboutworkers.

Hepretendednottohaveseenme.

b）進行式：如果主要謂語表示的動作（狀態(tài)）發(fā)生時，不定式表示的動作正在進行，這時要用不定式的進

行式.

Youarenotsupposedtobeworking.Youhaven1tquiterecoveredyet.

Wedidn*texpectyoutobewaitingforushere.

Hepretendedtobelisteningattentively.

c）完成進行式：在謂語所表示的時間之前一直進行的動作，就要用不定式的完成進行式.

Thestrugglewasknowntohavebeengoingfortwentyyears.

Wearehappytohavebeenworkingwithyou.

d)被動式：當不定式的邏輯上的主語是不定式所表示的動作的承受者時，不定式T殳要用被動形式.

Itisanhonourformetobeaskedtospeakhere.

Shehatedtobeflattered.

Hewantedthelettertobetypedatonce.

Thisisboundtobefoundout.

Therearealotofthingstobedone.

Shewastooyoungtobeassignedsuchwork.

2)功用：不定式可以作主語(a),賓語(b),表語(c),定語(d)或是狀語(e).

a.Toscoldherwouldnotbejust.

b.Weareplanningtobuildareservoirhere.

c.Oneofourmaintasksnowistomechanizeagriculture.

d.Doyouhaveanythingtodeclare?

e.Wehavecometolearnfromyou.

3)不帶t。的不定式：

a)在"動詞+賓語+不定式"結(jié)構(gòu)中，如果動詞是表示感覺意義的see,hear,watch,smell,feel,notice

等，或是表示“致使"意義的have,make,let等，其后的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)不帶to.

Johnmadehertellhimeverything.

這類結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換為被動語態(tài)時，后面的不帶t。的不定式T殳還原為帶t。的不定式.

Shewasmadetotellhimeverything.

b)在hadbetter,hadbest,wouldrather,wouldsooner,wouldjustassoon,might(just)aswell,

cannotbut等搭配之后，動詞不定式也不帶to.

fdrathernothaveeggsandbaconforbreakfast.

Theycannotbutaccepthisterm.

c)在makedo,makebelieve,letdrop,letfallletfly,letslip,letdrive,letgooflettherebe,hear

say,heartell,leavegoof等固定搭配中，用不帶to的動詞不定式.

Johnletflyatorrentofabuseatme.

Fveheardtellofhim.

d)在動詞help(或help+賓語)之后可用不帶to的不定式，也可用帶to的不定式.

CanIhelp(to)liftthisheavybox?

e)在介詞except,but之后，如果其前有動詞do的某種形式，不定式一般不帶to,反之帶to.

Thereisnothingtodoexceptwaittillitstopsraining.

Smithwilldoanythingbutworkonafarm.

There*snochoicebuttowaittillitstopsraining.

f)連詞ratherthan,soonerthan置于句首時，其后的不定式不帶to.

Ratherthanpushthebookbackashewantedtodo,heforcedhimselftopickitup.

出現(xiàn)在句中其他位置時，其后的不定式有時帶to,有時不帶to.

Hedecidedtowriteratherthantelephone.

Themanagerbelievesitisimportanttoinvestinnewmachineryratherthantoincreasewages.

g)用作補語的動詞不定式，如果主語是由"all+關(guān)系分句"，"thing+關(guān)系分句"，"what分句"或"thing

+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)"等構(gòu)成，并帶有do的某種形式，這時，作為主語補語的不定式可以省to,也可以不省.

Whathewilldois(to)spoilthewholething.

Allyoudonowiscompletetheform

TheonlythingIcandonowisgoonbymyself.

Thethingtodonowisclearupthismess.

TheleastIcandoisdriveeverybodyelseclosertotheissue.

4)不定式的其他用法

a)too...to結(jié)構(gòu)通常表示否定意義：

Shewastooyoungtounderstandallthat.

enough...to結(jié)構(gòu)則表示肯定意義：

Shewasnotoldenoughtounderstandallthat.

nottoo,buttoo,alltoo,onlytoo等和不定式連用時，不定式一般不表示否定意義:

He*sonlytoopleasedtohelpher.

so...as（t。）這種結(jié)構(gòu)也可用不定式作狀語：

Besokindastodropinsometimewhenyouarefree.

b）如果要說明不定是表示的動作是誰做的，可以在不定式前加一個for引起的短語：

Itisnothardforonetodoabitofgood.

Itisagreathonourforustobepresentatthisrally.

在以某些形容詞（如kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,silly,wrong,right,foolish,stupid,careless,

considerate,rude,naughty,impolite等）作表語時，不定式前可加一個of引起的短語，來說明不定式指

的是誰的情況：

It'skindofyoutothinksomuchofus.

（Itis）Awfullygoodofyoutocomeandmeetus.

It'sveryniceofyoutobesoconsiderate.

It'sunwiseofthemtoturndowntheproposal.

2.V+ing形式（現(xiàn)在分詞及動名詞）

1）形式

a）完成式：如果要表示動名詞代表的動作在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生，通常用動名詞的完成形式.

Hedidn'tmentionhavingmetme.

Iregretnothavingtakenheradvice.

在某些動詞后（或成語中），常用（或可以用）動名詞的一般形式，盡管動作是在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生的.

Excusemeforcominglate.

Idon*tremembereverseeinghimanywhere.

現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式主要用在狀語中，表示這動作在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生.

Havingbeentheremanytimes,heofferedtobeourguide.

Havingfoundthecause,theywereabletoproposearemedy.

另外，獨立結(jié)構(gòu)也可用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式.

Theguestshavingleft,theyresumedtheirdiscussion.

Thechildren,havingeatingtheirfill,wereallowedtoleavethetable.

b）被動式：當一個動名詞邏輯上的主語所表示的是這動作的對象時，動名詞一般要用被動形式.

Hisbeingneglectedbythehostaddedtohisuneasiness.

Hecouldn7tbearbeingmadefunoflikethat.

但要注意，在want,need,deserve,require等動詞后，盡管表示的是被動的意思，卻用動名詞的主動形

式.

Mypenneedsfilling.

Thepointdeservesmentioning.

Thisproblemrequiresstudyingwithgreatcare.

在worth這個形容詞后情形也是這樣.

Hermethodisworthtrying.

現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式可以用來作定語，賓語補足語，狀語及用于獨立結(jié)構(gòu)中.

Thisisoneoftheexperimentsbeingcarriedoninourlaboratory.

You'IIfindthetopicbeingdiscussedeverywhere.

Beingaskedtogiveaperformance,shecouldn1tverywellrefuse.

Thesearesoldatreducedprices,thedefectsalwaysbeingpointedouttothecustomers.

c）完成被動式：如果表示的動作在謂語表示的動作之前發(fā)生，有時需要用動名詞的完成被動式.

Idon*trememberhavingeverbeengivenachancetotrythismethod.

但在多數(shù)情況下都避免使用這一形式，而用一般被動形式代替，以免句子顯得累贅.

現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動式T殳用來作狀語或用于獨立結(jié)構(gòu)中.

Havingbeengivensuchagoodchance,howcouldsheletitslipaway?

Thedecisionhavingbeenmade,thenextproblemwashowtomakeagoodplan.

Allthecompositionshavingbeenwrittenandcollected,theteachersentthestudentshome.

2）句法功用

a)作主語：

Walkingisgoodexercise.

It'snicetalkingtoyou.

Thereisnodenyingthefactthatthenewmethodhasgreatlyraisedlabourproductivity.

b）作賓語:

Yourshoesneedpolishing.

Youmustn1tdelaysendingthetractorsover.

Heavoidedgivingusadefiniteanswer.

c)作介詞賓語：動名詞作介詞賓語用的時候最多.它?？梢杂迷谀承┏烧Z后面，常見的有：insiston,

persistin,thinkof,dreamof,objectto,suspect...ofaccuse...ofcharge...with,hearofapproveof,

prevent...from,keep...from,stop...from,refrainfrom,beengagedin,lookforwardto,opposedto,

dependon,thank...for,feellike,excuse...for,aimat,devote...to,setabout,spend...in,get(be)

usedto,befondof,becapableofbeafraidofbetiredofbesickof,succeedin,beinterestedin,

feel(be)ashamedofbeproudofbekeenon,beresponsiblefor.

d）作表語:

Therealproblemisgettingtoknowtheneedsofthepeople.

動名詞和不定式都可以作主語或表語.一般說來，在表示抽象的一般的行為時多用動名詞；在表示具體某

詞動作，特別是將來的動作時，多用不定式.

e)作賓語補足語：分詞可以在see,hear,notice,watch,feel,find,keep,get,have等動詞后作賓語補

足語.

Thewordsimmediatelysetusalllaughing.

Oncewecaughthimdozingoffinclass.

Hisremarkleftmewonderingwhathewasdrivingat.

在see,hear,feel,watch,notice等動詞后，及可用現(xiàn)在分詞，也可用不定式構(gòu)成賓語補足語.用現(xiàn)在分詞

時，表示動作正在發(fā)生，用不定式時表示動作發(fā)生了.

Doyouhearsomeoneknockingatthedoor?

Yes,Idid.Iheardhimknockthreetimes.

f)作狀語：現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時，通常都表示主語正在進行的另一動作，來對謂語表示的主要動作加以修

飾或作為陪襯.

Iranoutofthehouseshouting.

Igothome,feelingverytired.

DrivingtoChicagothatnight,Iwasstruckbyasuddenthought.

現(xiàn)在分詞短語有時可以用作狀語表示原因，相當于一個表示原因的狀語從句.

Notknowingheraddress,wecouldn*tgetintouchwithher.

Seeingnobodyathome,shedecidedtoleavethemanote.

Havingalreadyseenthefilmtwice,shedidn'twanttogotothecinema.

現(xiàn)在分詞短語有時可用作時間狀語，相當于when引起的從句：

Seeingthosepictures,hecouldn1thelpthinkingofthosememorabledaystheyspenttogether.

如果兩個動作是完全同時發(fā)生的，多用when或while加分詞這種結(jié)構(gòu).

Becarefulwhencrossingthestreet.

Whenleavingtheairport,theywavedagainandagaintous.

ShegottoknowthemwhileattendingaconferenceinBeijing.

3）前面帶有代詞或名詞的動名詞結(jié)構(gòu)：一個動名詞前面可以加一個物主代詞（或名詞的所有格結(jié)構(gòu)），來

表示這個動名詞邏輯上的主語.

Theircomingtohelpwasagreatencouragementtous.

Oursoleworryisyourrelyingtoomuchonyourself.

Doyoumindmyreadingyourpaper?

Theyinsistedonmystayingthereforsupper.

如果不是在句子開頭，這個結(jié)構(gòu)常?？梢杂妹~的普通格（或人稱代詞賓格），這比用所有格更自然一些.

Idon'tmindhimgoing.

Shehatespeoplelosingtheirtemper.

4)只能用動名詞作賓語的動詞：suggest,finish,avoid,stop,can'thelp,mind,admit,enjoy,leave

off,require,postpone,putoftdelay,practise,fancy,excuse,pardon,advise,consider,deny,

endure,escape,miss

5)既可用動名詞，也可用不定式作賓語的動詞：love,like,hate,disl汰e,begin,start,continue,intend,

attempt,can*tbear;propose,want,need,remember,forget,regret,neglect,try,deserve,can*t

afford等.

有時兩種結(jié)構(gòu)之間意義差別不大，有時卻有不同的意思.在remember,regret,want,try等詞后差別是比

較明顯的.

Irememberseeingheroncesomewhere.

Imustremembertotakemynotebookswithme.

Iregretnothavingacceptedyouradvice.

IregrettosayIhaven*tgivenyouenoughhelp.

Shedoesnxtwant(need)tocome.

Thehousewants(needs)cleaning.

Wemusttrytogeteverythingdoneintime.

Let,strydoingtheworksomeotherway.

6）懸垂修飾：分詞作狀語時，表示的必須是主語的一個動作或狀態(tài).

Walkingthroughthepark,wesawalotofflowers,（walking>we的動作，正確）

Walkingthroughthepark,theflowerslookedverybeautiful.（錯誤）

Standingonthetower,wecouldseethewholecity.（正確）

Standingonthetower,thewholevillagecouldbeseen.（錯誤）

3.分詞

1）意義：過去分詞通常來自及物動詞，帶有被動意義和完成意義；而現(xiàn)在分詞有的來自及物動詞，有的

來自不及物動詞，通常帶有主動意義和未完成意義.

frozenfoodafreezingwind

aboredtravelleraboringjourney

alostcausealosingbattle

aconqueredarmyaconqueringarmy

afinishedarticlethelastfinishingtouch

thespokenwordaspeakingbird

aclosedshoptheclosinghour

arecordedtalkarecordingmachine

來自不及物動詞的過去分詞很少能單獨用作前置修飾語，能作這樣用的僅限于下面幾個詞，僅表示完成意

義，不表示被動意義.

therisensun,fallenleaves,faded/witheredflowers,returnedstudents,retiredworkers,

departedfriends,escapedprisoners,thevanishedjewels,newly-arrivedvisitors

用作后置修飾語的過去分詞一般都帶有修飾語或其他成分，在意義上相當于關(guān)系分句.

Mostofthepeopleinvitedtothereceptionwereoldfriends.

2）句法作用

a）作定語:distinguishedguest貴賓,unknownheroes無名英雄,armedforces武裝部隊,canned

food罐頭食品,boiledwater開水,steamedbread饅頭,strickenarea災(zāi)區(qū)

分詞還可構(gòu)成合成詞作定語：simply?furnishedroom陳設(shè)簡單的房間，clear-cutanswer明確的答復(fù),

highly-developedindustry高度發(fā)展的工業(yè),heartfeltthanks衷心的感謝，hand-madegoods手工制

品，man-madesatellite人造衛(wèi)星

b）作補足語：可以帶過去分詞作賓語補足語的動詞有：

see,hear,feel,find,think等表示感覺和心理狀態(tài)的動詞.

Isawthestudentsassembledinthehall.

Wefoundhergreatlychanged.

make,get,have,keep等表示“致使"意義的動詞：

Ihavemyhaircuteverytendays.

Shegotherbadtoothpulledout.

Pleasekeepusinformedofthelatestdevelopments.

like,want,wish,order等表示希望，要求，命令等意義的動詞：

Idon'twantanyofyou(tobe)involvedinthescandal.

Hewon,tlikesuchquestions(tobe)discussedatthemeeting.

c)過去分詞短語常用作狀語，修飾謂語，很多都說明動作發(fā)生的背景或情況.

Guidedbytheseprinciples,theywentonwiththework,

Delightedwithherwork,theymadeherthegeneralmanager.

過去分詞短語也可作狀語表示原因，相當于一個表示原因的狀語從句.

Influencedbyhisexample,theyperformedcountlessgooddeeds.

有時也可說明動作發(fā)生的時間，相當于一個表示時間的狀語從句.

Thismethod,triedinareasnearShanghai,resultedinamarkedriseintotalproduction.

間或也可表示一個假設(shè)的情況，相當于一個條件從句.

Givencloseranalysis,wecanseethisistotallywrong.

偶爾也可用來代替一個"讓步”狀語從句.

Picked20yearsayear;itgrowstiredonlyafter40or50years.

d）獨立結(jié)構(gòu)：在用分詞短語作狀語時，它邏輯上的主語一般必須與句子的主語一.致.但有時它也可以有

自己獨立的邏輯上的主語，這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱為獨立結(jié)構(gòu)，T殳表示一種伴隨的動作或情況.

Herushedintotheroom,hisfacecoveredwithsweat.

有時可以表示時間：

Latethatautumn,hisworkfinished,hepreparedtoreturntohisinstitute.

表示原因：

Hereyesdimmedwithtears,shedidnotseehimenter.

條件：

Allthingsconsidered,herpaperisofgreatervaluethanyours.

m虛擬語氣

1.that從居中：

1)wish,wouldrather(sooner),hadbetter:

IwishIwereasstrongasyou.

IwishIhadpaidmoreattentiontoourpronunciation.

IwishIrememberedtheaddress.

Iwouldrathertheycametomorrow(youhadgonetheretoo).

Ihadrather(that)youtoldhimthanIdid.

2)suggest,order,demand,propose,command,request,desire,insist等動詞后的賓語從句：

Thecommanderorderedthatallcivilians(should)beevacuated.

Heaskedthathebegivenanopportunitytotry.

Sheurgedthathewriteandacceptthepost.

3)itisdesired,itissuggested,itisrequested,itwasordered,itwasproposed,itisnecessary,it

isimportant,ithasbeendecided等結(jié)構(gòu)后的主語從句中.

Itwasarrangedthattheyleavethefollowingweek

Itwillbebetterthatwemeetsomeothertime.

4)suggestion,motion,proposal,order,recommendations,plan,idea等后面的表語從句和同位語

從句：

Hissolerequirementis(was)thatthysystembeadjusted.

2.在某些句型中

1)itistimethat

Itistimethatwewent(或shouldgo)tobed.

Itishightimewe(should)putanendtothiscontroversy.

2)asif(though)弓|起的從句：

Theytalked(aretalking)asiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears.

Itseemsasifitwas(were)springtoday.

Heacts(acted)asif(though)hewere(was)anexpert.

3)以lest,forfearthat和incase引起的從句(這時謂語多用should+動詞原形)：

Hetookhisraincoatwithhimlestitshouldrain.

Heputhiscoatoverthechildforfearthat(或lest)heshouldcatchcold.

FIIkeepaseatforyouincaseyoushouldneedit.

4)以whatever,whoever,nomatterwhat這類代詞或詞組引起的從句(這時，謂語多用may加動詞原

形構(gòu)成)：

Whateverdefectshemayhave,heisanhonestman.

Comewhatmay,wewillgoahead.不管發(fā)生什么情況，我們都要干下去.

Iacceptthatheisoldandfrail;bethatasitmay,he'sstillagoodpolitician.

我承認他年老體衰，然而盡管如此，它仍是優(yōu)秀的政治家.

3.條件句

1）虛擬條件句主要有下面兩類:

a）表示現(xiàn)在及將來情況（表示純?nèi)患僭O(shè)或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的可能性不大的情況）：

謂語主要形式如下（be多用were這個形式）：

從句主句

過去式would+動詞原形

IfIwereyou,Iwouldn,tloseheart.

Howniceitwouldbeifyoucouldstayabitlonger.

b）表示過去情況的虛擬條件句（與事實完全相反的假設(shè)情況），謂語主要形式如下：

從句主句

had+過去分詞wouldhave+過去分詞

Shewouldhavecomeifwehadinvitedher.

IfIhadn'ttakenyouradvice,Iwouldhavemadeabadmistake,

Youwouldn,thavecaughtcoldifyouhadputonmoreclothes.

2）有時候，條件從句表示的動作和主句表示的動作，發(fā)生的時間是不一致的（如一個是過去發(fā)生的，一個

是現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的）.這時，動詞的形式要根據(jù)表示的時間來調(diào)整.這種句子可以稱為錯綜時間條件句.

Ifhehadreceivedsixmorevotes,hewouldbeourchairmannow.

Ifwehadn'tgoteverythingreadybynow,weshouldbehavingaterribletimetomorrow.

3)有時假設(shè)的情況并不以條件從句表示，而是通過一個介詞短語來表示.

Withoutmusic,theworldwouldbeadullplace.

Wecouldhavedonebetterundermorefavorableconditions.

Thatwouldhavebeenconsideredmiraculousinthepast.

Butforthestorm,weshouldhavearrivedearlier.

4)如果條件句從句中包含有were,had,should或could,有時可把if省略掉，并把were,had,

should或could放在主語前面.

Hadwemadeadequatepreparation,wemighthavesucceeded.

Shouldtherebeaflood,whatshouldwedo?

Wereitnotfortheirassistance,wewouldbeinseriousdifficulty.

IV介詞

1.合成介詞和復(fù)雜介詞

1)合成介詞：inside,into,onto,outof,outside,throughout,uponwithin,without

2)復(fù)雜介詞：accordingto,alongwith,apartfrom,asfor,asto,becauseof,bymeansofinfront

ofinspiteofinsteadof,inaccordancewith,onaccountof,onbehalfofowingto,dueto,

togetherwith,upto,withregardto,priorto等

2.介詞在句末:

Thisiswhatheisinterestedin.

Doeseveryonehasaseattositon?

3.名詞加介詞(n+prep)

1)某些名詞之后要求用某些介詞:solutionto,faithin,glanceat,needfor

2)某些名詞之前要求用某些介詞：onone,sguard,atone'srequest,inallprobability,tomy

delight

4.動詞加介詞

1)Vi+prep:prevailon,appealto,fallinto,applyfor,touchupon

2)Vt+O+prep:layemphasison,takeadvantageof等

3)Vi+adv+prep:

Idon'twishtobreakinonyourthoughts.

Thefamilycameupagainstfreshproblems.

You/renottellingmethewholestory.You'reholdingoutonme.

Shegotoffwithhimsoonaftershebegantoworkattheinstitution.

4)Vt+O+adv+prep:

Youshouldn1ttakeyourresentmentoutonme.

Weshouldn,tputtheshortagedowntobadplanning.

5.形容詞加介詞

about—anxious,careful,careless,certain,considerate,enthusiastic,guilty,happy,mad,

particular;sad,sure,timid,unhappy,etc

at—awkward,bad,clever,disappointed,disgusted,good,marvellous,quick,skilful,skilled,

useless,weak,etc

for—convenient,eligible,grateful,homesick,hungry,necessary,noted,perfect,responsible,etc

from—evidentexempt,inseparable,safe,tired,etc

in—deficient,expert,liberal,quick,rich,successful,weak,etc

of—apprehensive,characteristic,critical,destructive,envious,hard,inconsiderate,impatient,

dependent,jealous,positive,scared,sensible,short,sick,suspicious,typical,worthy,etc

on—dependent,keen,intent,etc

to—acceptable,accessible,agreeable,alive,attentive,blind,comparable,courteous,deaf

destructive,essential,favourable,hostile,indifferent,married,obedient,parallel,preferable,

related,responsible,sensitive,suitable,unjust,etc

with—awkward,bored,careful,disappointed,generous,identical,ill,impatient,popular,sick,

wrong,etc

V連詞

1.并列連詞

1)表示意義的引申：and,both...and,notonly...but(also),aswellas,and...aswell,neither...nor

2)表示選擇or,either...or

3)表示轉(zhuǎn)折:but,while,whereas,yet,however/nevertheless(也可認為是副詞)

4)表示因果:for,so,therefore,hence

2.從屬連詞

1)表示時間:when,while,as,after,before,since,until(till),assoonas,once

2)表示原因：because,as,since,nowthat,seeingthat

3)表示條件:ifunless,incase,provided(that),suppose,aslongas,oncondition(that),

4)表示其他關(guān)系:(al)though,than,as/so...as,lest,inorderthat,so...that

VI定語從句

1.限制和非限制性定語從句：限制性定語從句是名詞詞組不可缺少的一個組成部分，去掉了會造成病句

或意義不明確；非限制性定語從句屬于補充說明性質(zhì)，去掉了不會影響主要意義，通常用逗號與它的先行

詞分開.

Theboyswhowantedtoplayfootballweredisappointedwhenitrained.

Theboys,whowantedtoplayfootball,weredisappointedwhenitrained.

如果定語從句的先行詞是專有名詞，或是帶有形容詞性物主代詞(my,his,etc)或形容詞性指示

代詞(this,that,etc)作限定詞，其后的定語從句通常都是非限制性的：

MarySmith,whoisinthecorner,wantstomeetyou.

Hermother,whohadlongsufferedformarthritis,diedlastnight.

Allthesebooks,whichhavebeendonatedbyvisitingprofessors,aretobeusedbythe

postgraduates.

在非限制性定語從句中只能用who/whom指人用which指物，通常不用that替代

Myfather,whohadbeenonavisittoAmerica,returnedyesterday.

Allthebooks,whichhadpicturesinthem,weresenttothelittlegirl.

2.定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞

1)that,who,whom:非限制性定語從句，如果修飾人，一般用who；有時用that(作主語時用who較

多).如果關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語，就應(yīng)當用賓格whom或that,但在大多數(shù)情況下都可以省略掉，在

口語中可用who代替whom.

Hereistheman(whom)you*vebeenlookingfor.

Heisaman(that)youcansafelydependon.

Thepeople(who/that)youweretalkingtowereSwedes.

TherearesomepeopleherewhoIwantyoutomeet.

但在介詞后只能用whom:

ThisisthemantowhomIreferred.

但在口語中一般都把介詞放到句子后面去，這時可用that,但省略時更多一些.

Haveyoumetthepersonaboutwhomhewasspeaking?

Haveyoumettheperson(that)hewasspeakingabout

ThegirltowhomIspokeismycousin.

Thegirl(who/that)Ispoketoismycousin.

2)限制性定語從句如果修飾〃物〃，用關(guān)系代詞that的時候較多，也有時用which..當這個代詞在從句

中是用作賓語時，在絕大多數(shù)情況下都是省略的，特別是口語中(尤其是當被修飾的詞是all,everything等

詞時)：

Haveyoueverythingyouneed?

(Isthere)anythingIcandoforyou?

Allyouhavetodoistopressthebutton.

在介詞后只能用which,在口語中一般都把介詞放到從句后部去，這時可以用that,但省略的時候更多一

些：

Thetoolwithwhichheisworkingiscalledawrench.

Thetool(that)heisworkingwithiscalledawrench.

Thisisthequestionaboutwhichwe'vehadsomuchdiscussion.

Thisisthequestion(that)we'vehadsomuchdiscussionabout.

定語從句一般是修飾名詞或代詞的，但間或也可以修飾整個句子a),或是句子的一部分b),引導(dǎo)詞用

which:

a)Theyhaveinvitedmetovisittheircountry,whichisverykindofthem.

Theactivitywaspostponed,whichwasexactlywhatwewanted

b)Whendeeplyabsorbedinwork,whichheoftenwas,hewouldforgetallabouteatingand

sleeping.

Shewasverypatienttowardsthechildren,whichherhusbandseldomwas.

3)whose:在表示"…的"這個概念時，可用所有格whose;whose用于指物，有時可與ofwhich

交替使用，通常的詞序是名詞詞組+Ofwhich:

Isthereanyoneinyourclasswhosefamilyisinthenortheast?

Wehadameetingwhosepurposewascompletelyunclear,(...thepurposeofwhichwas...)

He*swrittenabookthenameofwhichrvecompletelyforgotten,(...whosenameFve...)

ofwhich前的名詞詞組也可以由some,any,none,all,both,several,enough,many,most,few以及基

數(shù)詞擔(dān)任；這些詞也能用在ofwhom之前.

Thebuses,mostofwhichwerealreadyfull,weresurroundedbyanangrycrowd.

It'safamilyofeightchildren,allofwhomarestudyingmusic.

4)關(guān)系副詞when,where,why:它們的含義相當于atwhich,