莎士比亞簡(jiǎn)介

莎士比亞的代表作有四大悲?。骸豆防滋亍罚ㄓⅲ篐amlet）、《奧賽羅》（英：Othello）、《李爾王》（英：KingLear）、《麥克白》（英：MacBeth）。著名喜?。骸吨傧囊怪畨?mèng)》《威尼斯商人》《第十二夜》《皆大歡喜》（《Asyoulikeit》）。歷史劇：《亨利四世》《亨利五世》《查理二世》等。還寫過(guò)154首十四行詩(shī)，二首長(zhǎng)詩(shī)。本?瓊森稱他為“時(shí)代的靈魂”，馬克思稱他和古希臘的埃斯庫(kù)羅斯為“人類最偉大的戲劇天才”。雖然莎士比亞只用英文寫作，但他卻是世界著名作家。他的大部分作品都已被譯成多種文字，其劇作也在許多國(guó)家上演。1616年5月3日病逝。莎士比亞和意大利著名數(shù)學(xué)家、物理學(xué)家、天文學(xué)家和哲學(xué)家、近代實(shí)驗(yàn)科學(xué)的先驅(qū)者伽利略同一年岀生。被人們尊稱為“莎翁”。偉大的英國(guó)文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期劇作家、詩(shī)人威廉?莎士比亞于1564年4月23日生于英國(guó)中部瓦維克郡埃文河畔斯特拉特福的一位富裕的市民家庭。其父約翰?莎士比亞是經(jīng)營(yíng)羊毛、皮堇制造及谷物生意的雜貨商，1565年任鎮(zhèn)民政官，3年后被選為鎮(zhèn)長(zhǎng)。他少年時(shí)代曾在當(dāng)?shù)氐囊凰饕淌诶∥牡摹拔膶W(xué)學(xué)校”學(xué)習(xí)，掌握了寫作的基本技巧與較豐富的知識(shí)，但因他的父親破產(chǎn)，未能畢業(yè)就走上獨(dú)自謀生之路。他當(dāng)過(guò)肉店學(xué)徒，也曾在鄉(xiāng)村學(xué)校教過(guò)書，還干過(guò)其他各種職業(yè)，這使他增長(zhǎng)了許多 社會(huì)閱歷。歷史學(xué)家喬治?斯蒂文森說(shuō)，后人從這些文字資料中大概勾勒出莎士比亞的生活軌跡：20歲后到倫敦，先在劇院當(dāng)馬夫.雜役，后入劇團(tuán)，做過(guò)演員.導(dǎo)演.編劇，并成為劇院股東；1588年前后開始寫作，先是改編前人的劇本，不久即開始獨(dú)立創(chuàng)作。當(dāng)時(shí)的劇壇為牛津、劍橋背景的“大學(xué)才子”們所把持，一個(gè)成名的劇作家曾以輕蔑的語(yǔ)氣寫文章嘲笑莎士比亞這樣一個(gè)“粗俗的平民”、“暴發(fā)戶式的烏鴉”竟敢同“高尚的天才”一比高低！但莎士比亞后來(lái)卻贏得了包括大學(xué)生團(tuán)體在內(nèi)的廣大觀眾的擁護(hù)和愛戴，學(xué)生們?cè)趯W(xué)校業(yè)余演出過(guò)莎士比亞的一些劇本，如《哈姆雷特》 、《錯(cuò)誤的喜劇》。1597年重返家鄉(xiāng)購(gòu)置房產(chǎn)，度過(guò)人生最后時(shí)光。他雖受過(guò)良好的基本教育，但是未上過(guò)大學(xué)。1598年大學(xué)人士F.米爾斯已在其《智慧的寶庫(kù)》中，列舉莎士比亞 35歲以前的劇作，稱贊他的喜劇、悲劇都“無(wú)與倫比”，能和古代第一流戲劇詩(shī)人們并稱。但他生前沒(méi)出版過(guò)自己的劇作。寫作的成功，使莎士比亞贏得了騷桑普頓勛爵的眷顧，勛爵成了他的保護(hù)人。莎士比亞在90年代初曾把他寫的兩首長(zhǎng)詩(shī)《維納斯與阿都尼》、《魯克麗絲受辱記》獻(xiàn)給勛爵，也曾為勛爵寫過(guò)一些十四行詩(shī)。借助勛爵的關(guān)系，莎士比亞走進(jìn)了貴族的文化莎龍，使他對(duì)上流社會(huì)有了觀察和了解的機(jī)會(huì)，擴(kuò)大了他的生活視野，為他日后的創(chuàng)作提供了豐富的源泉。從 1594年起，他所屬的劇團(tuán)受到王宮大臣的庇護(hù)，稱為“宮內(nèi)大臣劇團(tuán)”。1596年，他以他父親的名義申請(qǐng)到“紳士”稱號(hào)和擁有紋章的權(quán)利，又先后3次購(gòu)置了可觀的房地產(chǎn)。1603年，詹姆士一世繼位，他的劇團(tuán)改稱“國(guó)王供奉劇團(tuán)”，他和團(tuán)中演員被任命為御前侍從，因此劇團(tuán)除了經(jīng)常的巡回演出外，也常常在宮廷中演出，莎士比亞創(chuàng)作的劇本進(jìn)而蜚聲社會(huì)各界。 莎士比亞在倫敦住了二十多年，而在此期間他的妻子仍一直呆在斯特拉福。他在接近天命之年時(shí)隱退回歸故里斯特拉福（1612年左右）。1616年4月23日莎士比亞在其五十二歲生日前后不幸去世，葬于圣三一教堂。死前留有遺囑。

莎士比亞是著名的同性戀者，他的十四行詩(shī)全部都是寫給他的同性愛人的?據(jù)英媒體報(bào)道，最近一位英國(guó)收藏家重新確認(rèn)了一幅家藏油畫的畫中人身份，原來(lái)這名美艷“女子”不是別人，正是莎翁傳說(shuō)中的同性戀情侶一一南安普頓伯爵三世亨利?里奧謝思利發(fā)現(xiàn)這幅“驚世”油畫的科布家族家藏甚豐，繼承了全部藝術(shù)品收藏的阿萊克?科布在接受記者采訪時(shí)表示，自己從兒時(shí)起一直以為畫中人是位名叫諾頓的貴婦，因?yàn)樵谶@幅油畫的背面赫然寫著諾頓夫人的字樣。但幾年前，一位偶然來(lái)訪的藝術(shù)收藏家告訴科布，他認(rèn)為畫中人并非女性，而是易容扮作女性的須眉。一席話驚醒夢(mèng)中人，科布開始重新審視其真實(shí)身份，直到今年年初才終于揭開謎底。這幅油畫的歷史可以追溯到16世紀(jì)末，畫中的南安普頓伯爵涂脂抹粉，嘴唇上抹著唇膏，左耳還戴著精致的耳環(huán)，手撫披散到胸前的長(zhǎng)發(fā)，看上去一派女人風(fēng)情。英國(guó)歷史文物權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu) “全國(guó)托管協(xié)會(huì)”已確認(rèn)油畫為真跡，此畫完成于1590年至1593年，當(dāng)時(shí)莎士比亞正住在南安普頓伯爵三世的府上。盡管一代文豪莎翁娶了安娜 ?哈撒韋，但他的真正性取向一直是文學(xué)批評(píng)家爭(zhēng)議不絕的話題。南安普頓伯爵為同性戀的傳說(shuō)由來(lái)已久，他與莎翁的關(guān)系更是撲朔迷離。伯爵曾招待莎翁入住自己的寓所，莎翁著名的《十四行詩(shī)集》又是獻(xiàn)給一位俊俏不凡、 “美若女子”的年輕男子。（學(xué)生以為：十四行詩(shī)集前面十幾首都是推崇傳宗接代的，不能理解成寫給其男友的?）不少史學(xué)家早已考據(jù)，莎翁詩(shī)中的傾慕之情大有可能是投向這位易容扮女人的英俊男友。1616年莎士比亞在其五十二歲生日前后不幸去世，葬于圣三一教堂，他去世的那天，與他出生的那天同月同日。死前留有遺囑。他的兩個(gè)據(jù)說(shuō)比較可靠的肖像是教堂中的半身塑像和德羅肖特畫像，手跡則有 6份簽名和《托馬斯?莫爾爵士》一劇中三頁(yè)手稿。莎士比亞在所有的文學(xué)人物中首屈一指，這看來(lái)是無(wú)容置辯的。相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)，今天很少有人談喬叟、維吉爾、甚至荷馬的作品，但是要上演一部莎士比亞的戲劇，肯定會(huì)有很多觀眾。莎士比亞創(chuàng)造詞匯的天才是無(wú)與倫比的，他的話常被引用——甚至包括從未看過(guò)或讀過(guò)他的戲劇的人。況且他的名氣也并非曇花一現(xiàn)。近四百年來(lái)他的作品一直給讀者和評(píng)論家?guī)?lái)了許多歡樂(lè)。由于莎士比亞的作品已經(jīng)接受住了時(shí)間的考驗(yàn)，因此在將來(lái)的許許多多世紀(jì)里也將會(huì)受到普遍歡迎，這一推測(cè)看來(lái)不無(wú)道理。在評(píng)價(jià)莎士比亞的影響時(shí)，我們應(yīng)該這樣考慮，如果沒(méi)有他，就根本不會(huì)有他的作品。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，莎士比亞用詞高達(dá)兩萬(wàn)格以上。它廣泛采用民間語(yǔ)言（如民謠、俚語(yǔ)、古諺語(yǔ)和滑稽幽默的散文等），注意吸收外來(lái)詞匯，還大量運(yùn)用比喻、隱喻、雙關(guān)語(yǔ)，可謂集當(dāng)時(shí)英語(yǔ)之大成。莎劇中許多語(yǔ)句已成為現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中的成語(yǔ)、典故和格言。相對(duì)而言，他早期的劇作喜歡用華麗鏗鏘的詞句；后來(lái)的成熟作品則顯得更得心應(yīng)手，既能用豐富多樣的語(yǔ)言貼切而生動(dòng)的表現(xiàn)不同人物的特色， 也能用樸素自然的詞句傳達(dá)扣人心弦的感情和思想。雖然莎士比亞用英文寫作，但是他是一位真正聞名世界的人物。雖然英語(yǔ)不完全是一種世界語(yǔ)言，但是它比任何其它語(yǔ)言都更接近世界語(yǔ)言。而且莎士比亞的作品被

譯成許多種文學(xué)，許多國(guó)家都讀他的著作，上演他的戲劇。當(dāng)然有些受歡迎的作家的作品也會(huì)受到文學(xué)評(píng)論家的輕視， 但是莎士比亞就不同了，文學(xué)學(xué)者都不遺余力地贊揚(yáng)他的作品。世世代代的戲劇家都研究他的作品，企圖獲得他的文學(xué)氣質(zhì)。正是因?yàn)樯勘葋唽?duì)其他作家有巨大的影響和不斷受到大眾的賞識(shí)，才使他在本書中獲得相當(dāng)高的名次。某版本的莎翁戲劇集中的序言，有一段這樣的話：他通過(guò)具有強(qiáng)大藝術(shù)力量的形象，從他的那些典型的、同時(shí)又具有鮮明個(gè)性的主人公的復(fù)雜的關(guān)系中，從他們的行動(dòng)和矛盾中去揭示出他們的性格。戲劇中放射出的強(qiáng)烈的人文主義思想光芒，以及卓越而大膽的藝術(shù)技巧，其意義早已超出了他的時(shí)代和國(guó)家的范圍。對(duì)文學(xué)界造成如此大的影響，難怪他的朋友、著名的戲劇家本?瓊斯說(shuō)：“他不只屬于一個(gè)時(shí)代而屬于全世紀(jì)。”WilliamShakespearewasborntoJohnShakespeareandmotherMaryArdensometimeinlateApril1564inStratford-upon-Avon.Thereisnorecordofhisbirth,buthisbaptismwasrecordedbythechurch,thushisbirthdayisassumedtobethe23ofApril.HisfatherwasaprominentandprosperousaldermaninthetownofStratford-upon-Avon,andwaslatergrantedacoatofarmsbytheCollegeofHeralds.AllthatisknownofShakespeare'syouthisthathepresumablyattendedtheStratfordGrammarSchool,anddidnotproceedtoOxfordorCambridge.ThenextrecordwehaveofhimishismarriagetoAnneHathawayin1582.Thenextyearsheboreadaughterforhim,Susanna,followedbythetwinsJudithandHamnettwoyearslater.SevenyearslaterShakespeareisrecognizedasanactor,poetandplaywright,whenarivalplaywright,RobertGreene,referstohimas"anupstartcrow"inAGroatsworthofWit.Afewyearslaterhejoinedupwithoneofthemostsuccessfulactingtroupe'sinLondon:TheLordChamberlain'sMen.When,in1599,thetroupelosttheleaseofthetheatrewheretheyperformed,(appropriatelycalledTheTheatre)theywerewealthyenoughtobuildtheirowntheatreacrosstheThames,southofLondon,whichtheycalled"TheGlobe."ThenewtheatreopenedinJulyof1599,builtfromthetimbersofTheTheatre,withthemotto"Totusmundusagithistrionem"(Awholeworldofplayers)WhenJamesIcametothethrone(1603)thetroupewasdesignatedbythenewkingastheKing'sMen(orKing'sCompany).TheLettersPatentofthecompanyspecificallychargedShakespeareandeightothers"freelytouseandexercisetheartandfacultyofplayingComedies,Tragedies,Histories,Inerludes,Morals,Pastorals,stageplays...aswellforrecreationofourlovingsubjectsasforoursolaceandpleasure."ShakespeareentertainedthekingandthepeopleforanothertenyearsuntilJune19,1613,whenacanonfiredfromtheroofofthetheatreforagalaperformanceofHenryVIIIsetfiretothethatchroofandburnedthetheatretotheground.Theaudienceignoredthesmokefromtheroofatfirst,beingtoabsorbedintheplay,untiltheflamescaughtthewallsandthefabricofthecurtains.Amazinglytherewerenocasualties,andthenextspringthecompanyhadthetheatre"newbuildedinafarfairermannerthanbefore."AlthoughShakespeareinvestedintherebuilding,heretiredfromthestagetotheGreatHouseofNewPlaceinStatfordthathehadpurchasedin1597,andsomeconsiderablelandholdings,wherehecontinuedtowriteuntilhisdeathin1616onthedayofhis52ndbirthday.InhistimeWilliamwrote13Comedies,13HistoricalPlays,6Tragedies,4Tragicomedies,aswellasmanysonnets(154),whichweremostlydedicatedtohispatron,HenryWriothsley,TheEarlofSouthampton.1556-AnneHathawayisborn.1564-WilliamShakespeareisborninApril(probablythe23rd)inStratford-On-Avon(94milesfromLondon.)1582-MarriesAnneHathawayonNovember27.1583-SusannaShakespeareisborn.1585-ThetwinsJudithandHamnetShakespeareareborn.1592-AfterleavingStratfordforLondon,Williamwasrecognizedasasuccessfulactor,aswellasaleadingpoet.Hewasamemberof'TheChamberlain'sMen'.1596-Hamnetdiesattheageofeleven.Shakespearebecomesa"gentleman"whentheCollegeofHeraldsgrantshisfatheracoatofarms.1597-Heboughtalargehousecalled"TheGreatHouseofNewPlace".1599-The'GlobeTheater'isbuiltfromthepiecesof'TheTheater'inJuly.1603-'TheLordChamberlain'sMen'became'TheKing'sMen'onMay19.1613-The'GlobeTheatre'burnsduringaperformanceofHenryVIIwhenacanonfiredontheroofsetsfiretothestrawthatch.Thetheatreisrebuilt,butShakespeareretires.1616-April23,inStratfordonhis52ndbirthdayhedied.Comedies"ComedyofErrors"1592"TheTamingoftheShrew"1592-94"Love'sLabor'sLost"1594-95"TwoGentlemenofVerona"1594-95"AMidsummerNight'sDream"1595-96"TheMerchantofVenice"1596-97"MuchAdoAboutNothing"1598-99"AsYouLikeIt"1599-1600"TwelfthNight"1599-1600"MerryWivesofWindsor"1601-02"TroilusandCressida"1601-02"All'sWellThatEndsWell"1602-03"MeasureforMeasure"1604-05Historical"HenryVI"partsI,II,III1590-92"RichardIII"1590-92"KingJohn"1594-96"RichardII"1597-(?)"KingHenryIV"partI,partII1597-98"HenryV(1599)"1598-99"JuliusCaesar"1599-1600"HenryVIII"1613-(?)"AntonyandCleopatra"1606-07"Coriolanus"1607-08Tragedies"TitusAndronicus"1593-94"RomeoandJuliet"1594-95"Hamlet"1600-01"Othello"1604-05"TheTragedyofKingLear"1605-06"Macbeth"1605-06Tragicomedies"TimonofAthens"1607-(?)"Cymbeline"1609-10"TheWinter'sTale"1610-11"Tempest"1611-12WilliamShakespeare(baptised26April1564;died23April1616)匝1]wasanEnglishpoetandplaywright,widelyregardedasthegreatestwriterintheEnglishlanguageandtheworld'spre-eminentdramatist.^HeisoftencalledEngland'snationalpoetandthe"BardofAvon".[2][nb2]Hissurvivingworks,includingsomecollaborations,consistofabout38plays,[nb73]154sonnets,twolongnarrativepoems,andseveralotherpoems.Hisplayshavebeentranslatedintoeverymajorlivinglanguageandareperformedmoreoftenthanthoseofanyotherplaywright.f3!ShakespearewasbornandraisedinStratford-upon-Avon.Attheageof18,hemarriedAnneHathaway,withwhomhehadthreechildren:Susanna,andtwinsHamnetandJudith.Between1585and1592,hebeganasuccessfulcareerinLondonasanactor,writer,andpartownerofaplayingcompanycalledtheLordChamberlain'sMen,laterknownastheKing'sMen.HeappearstohaveretiredtoStratfordaround1613,wherehediedthreeyearslater.FewrecordsofShakespeare'sprivatelifesurvive,andtherehasbeenconsiderablespeculationaboutsuchmattersashisphysicalappearance,sexuality,religiousbeliefs,andwhethertheworksattributedtohimwerewrittenbyothers冋Shakespeareproducedmostofhisknownworkbetween1589and1613.[5][nb4]Hisearlyplaysweremainlycomediesandhistories,genresheraisedtothepeakofsophisticationandartistrybytheendofthe16thcentury.Hethenwrotemainlytragediesuntilabout1608,includingHamlet,KingLear,andMacbeth,consideredsomeofthefinestworksintheEnglishlanguage.Inhislastphase,hewrotetragicomedies,alsoknownasromances,andcollaboratedwithotherplaywrights.Manyofhisplayswerepublishedineditionsofvaryingqualityandaccuracyduringhislifetime.In1623,twoofhisformertheatricalcolleaguespublishedtheFirstFolio,acollectededitionofhisdramaticworksthatincludedallbuttwooftheplaysnowrecognisedasShakespeare's.

Shakespearewasarespectedpoetandplaywrightinhisownday,buthisreputationdidnotrisetoitspresentheightsuntilthe19thcentury.TheRomantics,inparticular,acclaimedShakespeare'sgenius,andtheVictoriansworshippedShakespearewithareverencethatGeorgeBernardShawcalled"bardolatry".[6]nthe20thcentury,hisworkwasrepeatedlyadoptedandrediscoveredbynewmovementsinscholarshipandperformance.Hisplaysremainhighlypopulartodayandareconstantlystudied,performedandreinterpretedindiverseculturalandpoliticalcontextsthroughouttheworld.EarlylifeJohnShakespeare'sHouseinStratford-Upon-Avon,nowthehomeoftheShakespeareBirthplaceTrust.WilliamShakespeare(alsospelledShaxpere,Shakspere,Shak-speare,andShake-speare)[c]wasthesonofJohnShakespeare,asuccessfulgloverandaldermanoriginallyfromSnitterfield,andMaryArden,thedaughterofanaffluentlandowningfarmer.[6]HewasborninStratford-upon-Avonandbaptisedon26April1564.Hisunknownbirthdayistraditionallyobservedon23April,StGeorge'sDay.[7]Thisdate,whichcanbetracedbacktoaneighteenth-centuryscholar'smistake,hasprovedappealingbecauseShakespearediedon23April1616.[8]Hewasthethirdchildofeightandtheeldestsurvivingson.[9]ShakespeareprobablyattendedKing'sNewSchoolinStratford,[10]afreeschoolcharteredin1553,[11]aboutaquarterofamilefromhishome.Althoughthegrammarschoolsvariedinquality,thecurriculumwaslaiddownbylaw,[12]andtheschoolwouldhaveprovidedanintensiveeducationinLatingrammarandtheclassics.[13]However,noattendancerecordsfortheperiodsurvivetoprovethatShakespearewaseducatedattheschool.[14]Attheageof18,Shakespearemarriedthe26-year-oldAnneHathaway.TheconsistorycourtoftheDioceseofWorcesterissuedamarriagelicenceon27November1582.TwoofHathaway'sneighbourspostedbondsthenextdayassuretythattherewerenoimpedimentstothemarriage.[15]Thecouplemayhavearrangedtheceremonyinsomehaste,sincetheWorcesterchancellorallowedthemarriagebannstobereadonceinsteadoftheusualthreetimes.[16]Anne'spregnancycouldhavebeenthereasonforanyhurry.Sixmonthsafterthemarriage,shegavebirthtoadaughter,Susanna,whowasbaptisedon26May1583.[17]Twins,sonHamnetanddaughterJudith,followedalmosttwoyearslaterandwerebaptisedon2February1585.[18]Hamnetdiedofunknowncausesattheageof11andwasburiedon11August1596.[19]Afterthebirthofthetwins,therearefewhistoricaltracesofShakespeareuntilheismentionedaspartoftheLondontheatrescenein1592.Owingtothisgapintherecords,scholarsrefertotheyearsbetween1585and1592asShakespeare's"lostyears".[20]Biographersattemptingtoaccountforthisperiodhavereportedmanyapocryphalstories.NicholasRowe,Shakespeare'sfirstbiographer,recountedaStratfordlegendthatShakespearefledthetownforLondontoescapeprosecutionfordeerpoaching.[21]Anothereighteenth-centurystoryhasShakespearestartinghistheatricalcareermindingthehorsesoftheatrepatronsinLondon.[22]JohnAubreyreportedthatShakespearehadbeenacountryschoolmaster.[23]Sometwentieth-centuryscholarshavesuggestedthatShakespearemayhavebeenemployedasaschoolmasterbyAlexanderHoghtonofLancashire,aCatholiclandownerwhonamedacertain"WilliamShakeshafte"inhiswill.[24]Noevidencesubstantiatessuchstoriesotherthanhearsaycollectedafterhisdeath.[25]Londonandtheatricalcareer

ItisnotknownexactlywhenShakespearebeganwriting,butcontemporaryallusionsandrecordsofperformancesshowthatseveralofhisplayswereontheLondonstageby1592.[26]HewaswellenoughknowninLondonbythentobeattackedinprintbytheplaywrightRobertGreene:...thereisanupstartCrow,beautifiedwithourfeathers,thatwithhisTyger'shartwraptinaPlayershyde,supposesheisaswellabletobombastoutablankverseasthebestofyou:andbeinganabsoluteJohannesfactotum,isinhisownconceittheonlyShake-sceneinacountry.[27]Scholarsdifferontheexactmeaningofthesewords.[28]MostagreethatGreeneisaccusingShakespeareofreachingabovehisstationintryingtomatchuniversity-educatedwriters,suchasChristopherMarlowe,ThomasNasheandGreenehimself.[29]Thephrase"Oh,tiger'sheartwrappedinawoman'shide"referstoalinefromHenryVI,part3.Alongwiththepun"Shake-scene",itidentifiesShakespeareasGreene'starget.[30]"Alltheworld'sastage,andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers:theyhavetheirexitsandtheirentrances;andonemaninhistimeplaysmanyparts..."AsYouLikeIt,ActII,Scene7,139-42.[31]Greene'sattackisthefirstrecordedmentionofShakespeare'scareerinthetheatre.Biographerssuggestthathiscareermayhavebegunanytimefromthemid-1580stojustbeforeGreene'sremarks.[32]From1594,Shakespeare'splayswereperformedonlybytheLordChamberlain'sMen,acompanyownedbyagroupofplayers,includingShakespeare,thatsoonbecametheleadingplayingcompanyinLondon.[33]Shakespearewouldhavepaid￡50forhisshare,orhemayhaveagreedtoprovideplaystothatvalue.[34]AfterthedeathofQueenElizabethin1603,theLordChamberlain'sMenattractedthepatronageofthenewking,JamesI,andthecompanychangeditsnametotheKing'sMen.[35]In1599,apartnershipofcompanymembersbuilttheirowntheatreonthesouthbankoftheThames,whichtheycalledtheGlobe.In1608,thepartnershipalsotookovertheBlackfriarsindoortheatre.Shakespeare'sspendingshowsthatthecompanyhadmadehimawealthyman.[36]In1597,heboughtthesecond-largesthouseinStratford,NewPlace,andin1605,heinvestedinashareoftheparishtithesinStratford.[37]SomeofShakespeare'splayswerepublishedinquartoeditionsfrom1594.By1598,hisnamehadbecomeasellingpointandbegantoappearonthetitlepages.[38]Shakespearecontinuedtoactinhisownandotherplaysafterhissuccessasaplaywright.The1616editionofBenJonson'sWorksnameshimonthecastlistsforEveryManinHisHumour(1598)andSejanus,HisFall(1603).[39]Theabsenceofhisnamefromthe1605castlistforJonson'sVolponeistakenbysomescholarsasasignthathisactingcareerwasslowingdown.[40]TheFirstFolioof1623listsShakespeareasoneof"thePrincipalActorsinallthesePlays",butwecannotknowforcertainwhatrolesheplayed.[41]In1610,JohnDaviesofHerefordwrotethat"goodWill"played"kingly"roles.[42]In1709,RowepasseddownatraditionthatShakespeareplayedtheghostofHamlet'sfather.[43]LatertraditionsholdthathealsoplayedAdaminAsYouLikeItandtheChorusinHenryV,[44]thoughscholarsdoubtthesourcesoftheinformation.[45]ShakespearedividedhistimebetweenLondonandStratfordduringhiscareer.In1596,theyearbeforeheboughtNewPlaceashisfamilyhomeinStratford,ShakespearewaslivingintheparishofSt.Helen's,Bishopsgate,northoftheRiverThames.[46]HemovedacrosstherivertoSouthwarkby1599,theyearhiscompanyconstructedtheGlobeTheatrethere.[47]By1604,hehadmovednorthoftheriveragain,toanareanorthofStPaul'sCathedralwithmanyfinehouses.ThereherentedroomsfromaFrench

HuguenotcalledChristopherMountjoy,amakerofladies'wigsandotherheadgear.[48]In1612,hewascalledasawitnessinacourtcaseconcerningthemarriagesettlementofMountjoy'sdaughter,Mary.[49]InMarch1613,heboughtthegatehouseoftheBlackfriarspriory;