高考閱讀技巧猜測(cè)詞義

PAGEPAGE6高考閱讀技巧：猜測(cè)詞義〖第一招〗利用上下文語(yǔ)境線索上下文線索猜測(cè)詞義任何一篇文章中的句子在內(nèi)容上都不是絕對(duì)孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有關(guān)。利用上下文提供的情景和線索，進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的綜合分析而推測(cè)詞義，是閱讀過(guò)程中的一大關(guān)鍵，也是高考的熱點(diǎn)。如：Ifhethinkshecaninvitemeout,heisallwet.Idon’tliketobewithhim.A.drunk B.sweating C.happy D.mistaken根據(jù)Idon’tliketobewithhim我們感受到說(shuō)話人的語(yǔ)氣。我不愿意跟他在一起，那么，他要邀請(qǐng)我出去是不可能的他就大錯(cuò)特錯(cuò)了。因此答案D。練習(xí)：（1）Adeafanddumpguywentintoahardwarestoretoaskforsomenails.（2）TheclimateofthewestcoastisthemostmoderateinCanada,summersarecoolandfairlydryandwintersaremild,cloudyandwet.Eveninmid-winter,thetemperatureisusuallyabovefreezing.（3）Allthehousesinthecitycollapsedduringtheearthquake.（4）Forpeoplewholivewithinastone’sthrowfromtheofficetobelatetoworkisunforgivable.（5）Theconflagrationwassofiercethatwithjustafewsecondonecouldseetoweringflameswherethehousehadstoodandthesmokewhichfilledtheskycouldbeseenformilesandmiles.(6).Charlotte’stalewasinspiredbythegirls’coincollection.“We’vecollectedforeigncoinsforyears-sinceourfamilieswentonholidaytoTenerife,”sheexplains.“ThatwasbeforetheEuro,soweputpesetasin.”Theunderlinedwore“pesetas”inParagraph2isakindof_______.A.storyB.collectionC.inspirationD.foreigncoin(7).In1963aschoolboycalledAndrewWilesreadinginhisschoollibrarycameacrosstheworld’sgreatestmathematical17thcentury,thetheoremhadbaffledandbeatenthefinestmathematicalminds,includingaFrenchwomanscientistwhomadeamajoradvanceinworkingouttheproblem,andwhohadtodresslikeamaninordertobeabletostudyattheEcolePolytechnique.Whichofthefollowingbestexplainsthemeaningoftheword“baffle”asitisusedinthetext?k.s.5.u.c.o.mA.Toencouragepeopletoraisequestions.B.Tocausedifficultyinunderstanding.C.Toprovideapersonwithanexplanation.D.Tolimitpeople’simagination.(8).Todaywhenmanytendtoworrymoreabouttheirownhappiness,Houng’sdeedsremindusofwhatweusuallyneglect:loveandcareforothers.Withoutthese,noneofuscouldsurvive.Houngturneddowndonationsfromothers.Hesaidhefeltencouragedbykindoffers,buthecoulddependonhisownwork.[2006浙江紹興市高三4月教學(xué)質(zhì)量檢測(cè)卷]42.Theunderlinedword“donation”inParagraph3probablymeans______.A.invitationtogiveaspeechB.something,especiallygiventohelpothersC.questionsaskedbyinterviewersD.chancestobeahero〖第二招〗利用定義和解釋性線索根據(jù)定義或解釋猜測(cè)詞義閱讀文章中的有些生詞尤其是新聞報(bào)導(dǎo)及科普類文章中的生詞，往往在其后有對(duì)該詞進(jìn)行解釋說(shuō)明性的短語(yǔ)或句子，如tobe,thatis,mean,standfor,namely,toreferto,tomean,inotherwords等，有時(shí)也以同位語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)從句的形式出現(xiàn)，或用破折號(hào)、括號(hào)來(lái)表示。如：Someshipscarriedcargosuchascoal,oilandmilitarysupplies(軍用物資),whileotherscarriedonlypassengers.分析：suchas后所列舉物品均為“貨物”，由此推斷cargo的意思相同，和后面的passengers形成對(duì)比。練習(xí)(1)Yet,shopkeepersmayhavetospendextrahourstodealwithproblems,suchasshoplifter,whoalwaystakeawaythingsfromtheshopwithoutpayingforthem.（2）Thebestfootball,basketballandtennisplayerscanbecomeprofessionalthatmeanstheywillhaveacareerinsportsandwillgetmoneywhentheyplay.（3）Kleptomaniaisanillnessofthemindthatgivesapersonthedesiretosteal.（4）Theword“l(fā)efty”meansapersonwhouseshisorherlefthandforwriting,eatingandotherjobs.（5）Doctorsrecommendedthateveryoneexerciseeveryday,particularthosewhospendmanyhoursdoingsedentaryactivitieslikereading,typingorsewing.（6）ApersonwhohastheSARS（非典型肺炎）mayhavesymptomslikecoughingandahigh學(xué)大綱》已經(jīng)明確地將構(gòu)詞法列在語(yǔ)法附表中，因此利用所學(xué)構(gòu)詞法生成的詞不應(yīng)被認(rèn)定為生詞。1.Exhibitionofficialssaidthatapersonbittenbyoneofthesesnakeswouldneedatleast80mlofananti-poisonmedicinetobesaved.2.AlthoughsimplifiedChinesecharacterswereacceptedforusemanyyearsago,itseemsthatmoreandmorepeoplelikeChinesecharactersinthecomplexform.〖第八招〗注意熟詞生義英語(yǔ)中大量的詞匯具有多義性，其含義并非完全等同于詞典所標(biāo)注的漢語(yǔ)意思，具體的詞義需要在一定的上下文中體現(xiàn)出來(lái)。閱讀理解中的熟悉詞生義比生詞本身的障礙要大得多。原因有三：其一，高考對(duì)生詞的數(shù)量有量的規(guī)定，不得超過(guò)3%；其二，熟悉詞生義很容易引起考生的誤解；其三，熟悉詞生義的數(shù)量沒(méi)有限制。如果這種現(xiàn)象在一篇文章中出現(xiàn)得多，那就更難理解了。w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m下題中劃線的詞可換為：1.NewYork,10November,5:27p.m.,yesterday.Biggestpowerfailureinthecity’shistory.A.enoughB.notpassingC.lackofD.lack2.AbiketourandracewillbeheldinAugust26and27.At5:30a.m.,theriderswillleaveTian’anMensquareandridethefirst35kilometersasatraininglge.Thenthenext55kilometersfromYanjiaotoJixian,willbethefirstcompetitivepartforthetour.A.raceB.practiceC.partofthetrainingD.partofthetour〖第九招〗根據(jù)常識(shí)或經(jīng)驗(yàn)猜測(cè)詞義在閱讀中碰到生詞時(shí)，我們有時(shí)可以運(yùn)用邏輯推理能力、自身的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)及生活常識(shí)去推斷生詞的含義。當(dāng)然也要結(jié)合語(yǔ)境。1.RainforestsliketheAmazonareimportantformoppingupCO2fromtheatmosphereandhelpingtoslowglobalwarming.Theunderlinedphrase“moppingup”inthesecondparagraphmeans_______.A.cleaningupB.takinginC.wipingoutD.givingup2.Shewalkedquietlytothesmallroombytheliftandtookamop.Shepushedpastthedeskandasthenurselookedup.Mumnoddedandsaid,“Verydirtyfloor.”〖第十招〗利用詞性轉(zhuǎn)化1.Themostimportantreasonforsuchavisitistorealizehowourancestorsbattlednaturewiththebasictoolstheyhad.2.TheagingofthepopulationwillaffectAmericansocietyinmanyways-education,medicine,andbusiness.Theunderlinedwork“aging”means______.A.countingthenumberofyearssomeonelivesB.thenumbersofyearssomeonelivesC.becomingolderD.makingsomeonelookingolder實(shí)戰(zhàn)練習(xí)1…Lionsareopportunists.Theyprefertoeatwithouthavingtodotoomuchwork.…Ifanotheranimalhasmadeakill,theywilldriveitoffandtakethekillforthemselves.64.Bydescribinglionsas“opportunist”inthefirstparagraph,theauthormeanstosaythatlions____.A.arecruelanimalsB.arecleveranimalsC.liketotakeadvantageofotheranimalsD.liketotakeeverychancetoeat2Analyzingthelawofthetalionaneyeforaneye,atoothforatoothWilliamIanMillerpresentsanoriginalthinkingovertheconceptof“payback.”73.Theword“talion”inintroducingthebookEyeforanEyeisprobablyaconceptof______.A.medicineB.tradeC.avengingD.striving3Somechildrenarenatural-bornbosses.Theyhaveastrongneedtomakedecisions,managetheirenvironment,andleadratherthanfollow.…“Examinetheextendedfamily,andyou’llprobablyfindabossygrandparent,aunt,uncleorcousinineverygeneration.It’saninheritabletrait,”saidRussellBarkley,aprofessor…44.Theunderlinedphrase“inheritabletrait”inParagraph2means_____.A.inbornnatureB.developedcharacterC.acceptedtheoryD.particularenvironment4…Whenshewasstillinherearly30s,publishingessaysinsuchimportantmagazinesaspartisanReview,sheappearedasthesymbolofAmericanculturallife,tryinghardtofolloweverynewdevelopment,Sontagwalkedatthelatestedgesofworldculture.71.TheunderlinedsentenceinParagragh1meansSontag_____.A.wasasymbolofAmericanculturallifeB.developedworldliterature,filmandartC.publishedmanyessaysaboutworldcultureD.keptpacewiththenewestdevelopmentofworldculture答案第一招：答案：（1）五金店（2）溫和的（3）坍塌（4）一步之遙（5）大火災(zāi)6分析：本題正確答案為D。由原文中的Euro（歐元，歐洲統(tǒng)一貨幣）可推知該詞是一種在歐元發(fā)行前使用的錢(qián)幣。7.分析：本題正確答案為B。從短文中對(duì)Fermat’sLastTheorem一書(shū)的介紹中有thetheoremhadbaffledandbeatenthefinestmathematicalminds一句，句中兩個(gè)并列的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞baffled和beaten,意義相同，加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣，從beat的本意就可以猜測(cè)出baffled為“使（某人）困惑，難倒”。8分析：由本段可以看出：洪家里很窮，但他拒絕別人對(duì)他的“donation”，他說(shuō)他很感謝人們好心的饋贈(zèng)，但他能夠靠打工的錢(qián)來(lái)養(yǎng)活自己和妹妹，由此可以判斷出donation和后文的offer，是近義詞，也是饋贈(zèng)之意。因此選B。第二招答案：(1)商店里偷東西的人（2）職業(yè)的（3）盜竊癖（4）左撇子“的”（5）久坐的（6）癥狀7分析：根據(jù)句意，maladiesoftheinstitutionalized應(yīng)和后面的解釋意思相同，綜合后面的內(nèi)容可得知其意為：“（老年）綜合癥”。8.分析：suchas后所列舉物品均屬“貨物”，由此推斷cargo的意思與之相同，和后句中的passengers形成對(duì)比。第三招：1.分析：本題正確答案為D。從后面的原因forIamapracticalperson可知，說(shuō)話的人說(shuō)自己是一個(gè)講究實(shí)際的人，因此，他或她讓對(duì)方不要說(shuō)空話。2.分析：melted“溶化”。既然停電，必然造成冰激凌和冷凍食品的“溶化”。3.分析：collapsed“癱倒”。經(jīng)過(guò)一番艱難脫險(xiǎn)之后，他們呼吸短促，咳嗽不斷，最終“癱倒”在草坪上。第四招1.分析：由前句中perfectinformation到后面imperfectinformation這一組對(duì)比關(guān)系的詞，我們可以推斷應(yīng)為“對(duì)比、相反”的意思。如答案2。不同意3。不英俊4.分析：本題正確答案為D。從上句的對(duì)比可知，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力不是swalloweddown,而是慢慢培養(yǎng)的。5.分析：由前句中perfectinformation到后imperfectinformation這一組對(duì)比關(guān)系的詞，我們不難推斷應(yīng)表示“對(duì)比、相反”的意思，因此答案應(yīng)選D。第五招1分析：從后面的同謂語(yǔ)anendangeredwildcat可知“ocelot”是一種野生貓。2.分析：句中mansion應(yīng)和church,battlesite,theatreandot