高考英語閱讀專題之主旨大意題

高考英語閱讀專題之主旨大意題關(guān)于主旨大意題的高考考試說明每篇文章都會(huì)有一個(gè)主旨要義。有時(shí)從文章第一個(gè)段落甚至第一個(gè)句子即可得出文章的主旨要義，從這一段或這個(gè)句子讀者會(huì)知道文章描述的是誰或什么（即文章的主題），亦會(huì)了解到作者希望讀者了解主題方面的哪些內(nèi)容。有時(shí)，作者沒有明示文章的主旨要義，需要讀者從文章的字里行間進(jìn)行歸納和概括。一、主旨大意題的命題形式這類試題包括要求考生選出短文的標(biāo)題(title,headline)、短文或段落的主題(subject)、中心思想(mainidea)、作者的寫作目的(purpose或?yàn)閭鬟f信息、或?yàn)橛鋹傋x者、或?yàn)殛U述某一道理)等。這類題的設(shè)問方式主要有：(1)Thesubjectofthepassage/paragraphis______.(2)Themainideaofthepassage/paragraphis______.(3)Thetextismainlyabout______.(4)Thepassagemainlycenterson______.(5)Thepassagemainlytellsabout______.(6)Whatisthesubjectdiscussedinthetext?(7)Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?(8)Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?(9)Whatdoesthesecondparagraphmainlydiscuss?(10)Whatisthemainpointthewriteristryingtomakeinthelastparagraph?(11)Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?(12)Whichtitlebestgivestheideaofthepassage?(13)Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?(14)Whatmightbethemostsuitabletitleforthepassage?(15)Thebestheadlinesforthisnewspaperarticlewouldbe______(16)Themainpurposeofannouncingtheaboveeventsistogiveinformationabout______.(17)Thewriter'spurposeinwritingthisstoryis______.(18)Whatistheauthor'smainpurpose?(19)Whatdoesthewriterreallywanttotellusinthispassage?(20)Thewriterwrotethestoryinorderto______.(21)Whatistheadvicegiveninthetext/passage/article?二、尋找主題句的方法正確的解答這類題目的關(guān)鍵是準(zhǔn)確地找出文章的主題句。那么，主題句通常在哪里呢？(1)主題句在文首；(2)主題句在文中；(3)主題句在文末；(4)主題句以首尾呼應(yīng)的形式出現(xiàn)在文首和文末。（4）無明顯主題句，需根據(jù)高頻詞或各段落主題句進(jìn)行總結(jié)概括主題句在文首Todaytheproblemofenvironmenthasbecomemoreandmoreserious.Theworldpopulationisrising,soquicklythattheworldhasbecometoocrowded.Weareusingupournaturalresourcestooquicklyandatthesametimewearepollutingourenvironmentwithdangerouschemicals.Themainideaoftheparagraphis________.主題句在文中Somepeoplelikereading,andsomepeoplelikeswimming.Ihavemanyhobbies,suchasreading,skating,andtraveling.Infact,differentpeoplehavedifferenthobbies.MyfriendAnnstudiesveryhard.Soherhobbyisreadingallkindsofbooks.Tonylovesworkingwithherhands,andhishobbyisgardening.Whatdoesthisparagraphmainlytalkabout?主題句在文末Whenyouarepoor,youcanalsosayyouareveryhappy,becauseyouhavesomethingelsethatcan'tbeboughtwithmoney.Whenyoumeetwithdifficulties,youcansayloudlyyouareveryhappy,becauseyouhavemorechancestochallengeyourself.Soyoushouldalwayssayyouarehappy.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?主題句首尾呼應(yīng)Smokingcigarettesisharmfultoyourhealth.Experimentsshowthatcigarettesmokingcancausecancer.Besidesthemostseriousandterribledisease(illness),cancer,cigarettesmokingalsocancauseotherhealthproblems.Forexample,itcangiveonea“smoker’scough”.Finally,studieshaveshownitiseasyforcigarettesmokerstocatchcolds.Whetheryougetanunimportantcoldorterriblekiller,cancer,smokingisharmful.Isitworthit?Whatisthemainidea?Smokingcancausecancer.SmokingisaterriblekillerSmokingisharmfultoourhealth.Anexperimentonsmoking無明顯主題句根據(jù)高頻詞概括Everyone

can

experience

anger

sometimes.

But

not

everyone

can

control

it

properly.To

some

people,

controlling

anger

seems

like

the

hardest

thing

in

the

world

to

do.

Control

these

bytalking

to

yourself

in

your

own

mind,when

you

experience

unwanted

feeling.

By

talking

it

over

in

your

ownhead

you

can

work

out

how

you

will

best

deal

with

the

situation.Anger

control

can

also

be

achieved

bycommunicatingwithotherswith

honesty.You

can

effectively

train

yourself

to

respond

to

situations

without

getting

annoyed

about

things.

It

is

important

to

rememberitispossibleforeveryonetogetangry

and

therefore,controlling

it

is

the

real

challenge.Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage?A.Noteveryonecancontrolanger.B.Howtocontrolanger.C.Communicatingwithothersishelpful.D.Controllingangerischallenging根據(jù)各段主題句概括

Mother’sDaywascoming,amanstoppedataflowershoptoordersomeflowerstobewired(電郵給)tohismotherwholivedtwohundredmilesaway.

MagellanwasfromPortugal,buthesailedfortheKingofSpain.OnSeptember20,1519,heleftSpainwithfiveshipsand240men.AfterpassingthetipofSouthAmerica,theyreachedthePacificOcean,onwhichtheysailedmorethanoneyear.Veryoftentheycouldnotseeapieceoflandformonthsandtheysufferedgreatlyfromthelackoffoodandfreshwater.Manyofthemdiedofhungeranddiseases.Theyevenhadtoliveonsawdust.Finally,inApril1521,MagellangottothePhilippineIslands,wherehewaskilled.HismenfledandcontinuedtheirvoyageacrosstheIndianOcean.ItwaswiththegreatestdifficultythattheypassedtheCapeofGoodHope.BythetimetheyreturnedtoSpainonDecember21,1521,sevenoutofeveryeightmenhaddied.Magellan’svoyageprovedthatmencouldsailaroundtheworldandthatourearthisbutahugeball.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthispassage?A.Magellan’sdeathB.GoingAroundtheWorldC.TheWorldIsRoundD.Magellan’sVoyage9.Thereisasimpleeconomicprincipleusedtodetermineprices.Itiscalledthelawofsupplyanddemand.Supplymeanstheamountof,oraccessto,certaingoods.Demandrepresentsthenumberofpeoplewhowantthosegoods.Iftherearemoregoodsthanwanted,thepriceofthemfalls.Ontheotherhand,ifthedemandforthosegoodsismuchgreaterthanthesupply,thenpricerises.Ofcourse,manufacturersprefertosellmoregoodsatincreasedprices.Whatisthemainidea?A. EconomicPrinciplesB. LawofSupplyandDemandC. MoreGoods,LowerPricesD. FewerGoods,HigherPrices10.Ifyouarerobbed,keepcalm.Ifyoucannotcryforhelporrunaway,givetherobberyourmoney.Trytorememberwhattherobberlookslikeandtellthepolice.

Ifitisraininghardandthereislightning.Don’tstayinhighplacesandkeepawayfromtrees.

Whenthereisafire,getawayasfastasyoucan.Putwetthingsonyourbodyandtryandfindanexit.Donottakethelift!

Ifsomeoneisdrowning(溺水),Ifyoucan’tswim,don’tgetintothewater.Cryoutforhelp.

Rememberthatdangerisneverasfarawayasyouthink.Weshouldtakecareofourselves.Whatisthebesttitle?A.Dangereverywhere.B.Takecareofourselves.C.HowtosaveothersD.Don’tstayunderthetreewhenraining.高考題匯編1.主題句在文首這類文章寫法上的特點(diǎn)是：文章的第一句起著點(diǎn)題的作用，概括了文章的主要內(nèi)容或信息，下文接著對(duì)主題句所涉及的話題進(jìn)行具體的闡述。如：(全國(guó)高考題)AJINTAN,JIANGSU:The20students—18boysand2girls—hadathousandreasonstobeproudofthemselves.Theyhadjustclimbedtheirwaytothetoprung(階梯)outof4millionstudentstakingpartintheFifthNationalHuaLuogengGoldCupMathematicsContest(競(jìng)賽)onTuesdayevening.The20goldmedalwinnersareallprimaryandmiddleschoolstudentsundertheageof14."Manyoftheproblemsareofcollegelevelandthesepupilscanfigurethemout.Itisjustunbelievable!"saidateacherfromGuangdongprovince.NamedafterChina'smostfamousmathematician,HuaLuogeng,theconteststartedin1986,oneyearafterhisdeath.Inlessthan10years,ithasbeenrecognizedbytheStateEducationCommission(國(guó)家教委)asthecountry'sbiggestandbestcontestofitskind.Thisnewsstoryismainlyabout______.A.whentheconteststartedB.howthecontestgotitsnameC.the20pupilswhohavewongoldmedalsinthecontestD.the5thNationalHuaLuogengGoldCupMathematicsContest【分析】這是一篇報(bào)道，文章的第一段只有兩句話：“20個(gè)學(xué)生(2女18男)有充分的理由為自己感到自豪，因?yàn)樗麄儕Z得了第五屆華羅庚杯數(shù)學(xué)競(jìng)賽的金獎(jiǎng)，是4百萬參賽學(xué)生中的佼佼者”，下文接著對(duì)競(jìng)賽的有關(guān)情況進(jìn)行報(bào)道，因此，第一段實(shí)際上就是這篇報(bào)道的主題句。A、B、C分別只包含了報(bào)道的部分信息，顯然不合題意；D選項(xiàng)與主題句的意思完全一致，因此是正確答案。2.主題句在文中這類文章寫法上的特點(diǎn)是：開始部分是引題，接著是點(diǎn)題，最后是對(duì)主題進(jìn)行敘述，主題句常常起著承上啟下的作用。如：(全國(guó)高考題)Fatonhumanbeingsisdistributedindifferentways.Somefatpeoplehavealargestomachandnowaistline—whichmakesthemlookround,ratherlikeapples.Othersarefatterbelowthewaist,whichmakesthemappearpear-shaped.Therearetwotypesoffat:externalfat(fatundertheskin)andinternalfat(fatinsidethebodywall).Doctors,whohavebeenexaminingtherelationshipbetweenhealthandfatness,havefoundthatthe'pears'havelessinternalfat,butthe'apples'havemoreinternalfatthanexternalfat.Thisseemstobewhatcausesthehealthproblems.Thebesttreatmentforfatnessistoreducetheinternalfat.Butunfortunatelyitseemsthatdieting(節(jié)食)simplymakesanapple-shapedpersonintoasmallerappleandapear-shapedpersonintoasmallerpear.Atthemomentthereisnoknownwayofreducingtheinternalratherthanexternalfat.Thetextismainlyabout______.A.fatnessandhealthB.waystoloseweighC.people'sfiguresD.distributionoffat【分析】該文的第一段交代了脂肪在體內(nèi)的分布狀況；第二段交代了脂肪的種類及不同種類的脂肪與健康之間的關(guān)系；第三段講的是減肥應(yīng)該減掉哪一類脂肪以及節(jié)食存在的問題。很明顯，第二段，特別是第二段的第二句，起著承上啟下的作用，是該文的主題句。A選項(xiàng)符合主題句的意思，應(yīng)該是正確答案；B選項(xiàng)與文章的意思無關(guān)；可以排除；C、D選項(xiàng)分別只與文章的部分信息有關(guān)，也可以排除。3.主題句在文末這種寫法的特點(diǎn)是：在敘述完某件事情或某個(gè)話題之后，用一句話交代事情的結(jié)果或?qū)η懊娴臄⑹鲞M(jìn)行歸納。如：(廣東高考題)In1901,H.G.Wells,anEnglishwriter,wroteabookdescribingatriptothemoon.Whentheexplorers(探險(xiǎn)者)landedonthemoon,theydiscoveredthatthemoonwasfullofundergroundcities.Theyexpressedtheirsurprisetothe"moonpeople"theymet.Inturn,the"moonpeople”expressedtheirsurprise."Why,"theyasked,"areyoutravelingtoouterspacewhenyoudon'tevenuseyourinnerspace?"H.G.Wellscouldonlyimaginetraveltothemoon.In1969,humanbeingsreallydidlandonthemoon.Peopletodayknowthattherearenoundergroundcitiesonthemoon.However,thequestionthatthe"moonpeople"askedisstillaninterestingone.Agrowingnumberofscientistsareseriouslythinkingaboutit.Undergroundsystemsarealreadyinplace.Manycitieshaveundergroundcarparks.Insomecities,suchasTokyo,SeoulandMontreal,therearelargeundergroundshoppingareas.The'Chunnel",atunnel(隧道)connectingEnglandandFrance,isnowcomplete.Butwhataboutundergroundcities?Japan'sTaiseiCorporationisdesigninganetworkofundergroundsystem,called"AliceCities."Thedesignersimagineusingsurfacespaceforpublicparksandusingundergroundspaceforflats,offices,shopping,andsoon.Asolardome(太陽能穹頂)wouldcoverthewholecity.Supportersofundergrounddevelopmentsaythatbuildingdownratherthanbuildingupisagoodwaytousetheearth'sspace.Thesurface,theysay,canbeusedforfarms,parks,gardens,andwilderness.H.G.Wells'"moonpeople"wouldagree.Wouldyou?Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.AliceCities—citiesofthefutureB.SpacetravelwithH.G.WellsC.EnjoylivingundergroundD.Buildingdown,notup【分析】文章以月球人的問題Whyareyoutravelingtoouterspacewhenyoudon'tevenuseyourinnerspace?引起話題，接著講敘了人類目前對(duì)地下空間的利用現(xiàn)狀，結(jié)尾以地下空間開發(fā)的支持者的話點(diǎn)題buildingdownratherthanbuildingupisagoodwaytousetheearth’sspace。A選項(xiàng)只是本文話題的部分意思，不是主要話題；B選項(xiàng)與文章的意思無關(guān)；文章主要是講地下空間的開發(fā)利用，而不是講如何享受地下生活，因此C選項(xiàng)與文章的主題也無關(guān)；D選項(xiàng)符合文章的主要內(nèi)容，與主題句的意思一致，因此，是該題的正確答案。4.主題句以首尾呼應(yīng)的形式出現(xiàn)在文首和文末這種寫法的特點(diǎn)是：文章一開始就點(diǎn)題，接著舉例，最后回歸主題。如：(全國(guó)高考題)ShuPulonghashelpedatleast1000peoplebittenbysnakes."Itwasseeingpeoplewithsnakebitesthatledmetothiscareer,"hesaid.In1963,afterhisarmyservice,ShuenteredamedicalschoolandlaterbecameadoctorofChinesemedicine.Aspartofhisstudieshehadtoworkinthemountains.Thereheoftenheardofpeoplewhohadtheirarmsandlegscutoffafterasnakebiteinordertosavetheirlives."IwasgreatlyupsetbythestoryofanoldfarmerImet.Itwasaveryhotafternoon.Theoldmanwaspullinggrassinhisfieldswhenhefeltapaininhislefthand.Heatoncerealizedhehadbeenbittenbyapoisonoussnake.Innotimehewrappedaclothtightlyaroundhisarmtostopthepoisonspreadingtohisheart.Rushinghomeheshouted'Bringmetheknife!'Minuteslaterthemanlosthisarmforever.""ThesadstorytouchedmesomuchthatIdecidedtodevotemyselftohelpingpeoplebittenbysnakes,"Shusaid.Thebestheadlineforthisnewspaperarticleis______.A.AstonishingMedicineB.FarmerLosesArmsC.DangerousBitesD.SnakeDoctor【分析】文章的第一段就兩句話，第一句點(diǎn)題，第二交代了ShuPulong成為蛇醫(yī)的原因；第二、第三段舉例說明ShuPulong如何了解到農(nóng)民被蛇咬的情況；第四段回歸主題，強(qiáng)調(diào)是由于第二、第三段中所交代的事例促使ShuPulong決心成為蛇醫(yī)。題目的A選項(xiàng)與文章中的信息無關(guān)；B、C兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)只涉及到文章所舉的例子的某個(gè)方面；D選項(xiàng)能涵蓋首位兩個(gè)自然段，即主題句，的信息，因此是正確答案。5.無明顯主題句有的文章沒有明顯的主題句，如果在閱讀這類文章的時(shí)候碰到判斷文章的主題、話題、中心思想之類的題目，我們的注意力主要放在兩個(gè)方面：1.文章的主要內(nèi)容；2.選項(xiàng)之間的區(qū)別。也就是說能涵蓋文章的全部或主要內(nèi)容的選項(xiàng)才是正確答案。如：(全國(guó)高考題)JamesClevelandOwenswasthesonofafarmerandthegrandsonofblackslaves.HisfamilymovedtoClevelandwhenhewas9.There,aschoolteacheraskedtheyouthhisname."J.C.",hereplied.Shethoughthehadsaid"Jesse",andhehadanewname.Owensranhisfirstraceatage13.Afterhighschool,hewenttoOhioStateUniversity.Hehadtoworkparttimesoastopayforhiseducation.Asasecond-yearstudent,intheBigTengamesin1935,hesetevenmorerecordsthanhewouldintheOlympicGamesayearlater.AweekbeforetheBigTenmeet,Owensaccidentallyfelldownaflightofstairs.Hisbackhurtsomuchthathecouldnotexerciseallweek,andhehadtobehelpedinandoutofthecarthatdrovehimtothemeet.Herefusedtolistentothesuggestionsthathegiveupandsaidhewouldtry,eventbyevent.Hedidtry,andtheresultsareintherecordbook.ThestagewassetforOwens'victoryattheOlympicGamesinBerlinthenextyear,andhissuccesswouldcometoberegardedasnotonlyathletic(體育的)butalsopolitical.HitlerdidnotcongratulateanyoftheAfrican-Americanwinners."Itwasallrightwithme,"hesaidyearslater."Ididn'tgotoBerlintoshakehandswithhim,anyway."HavingreturnedfromBerlin.Hereceivednotelephonecallfromthepresidentofhisowncountry,either.Infact,hewasnothonoredbytheUnitedStatesuntil1976,fouryearsbeforehisdeath.Owens'Olympicvictoriesmadelittledifferencetohim.Heearnedhislivingbylookingafteraschoolplayground,andacceptedmoneytoraceagainstcars,trucks,motorcycles,anddogs."Sure,itbothered(煩擾)me,"hesaidlater."Butatleastitwasanhonestliving.Ihadtoeat."Intime,however,hisgoldmedals(獎(jiǎng)牌)changedhislife."Theyhavekeptmealiveovertheyears,"heoncesaid."Timehasstoodstillforme.Thatgoldenmomentdieshard."Whichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthetext?A.JesseOwens,aGreatAmericanAthleteB.GoldenMoment—aLife-timeStruggleC.MakingaLivingasaSportsmanD.HowtoBeaSuccessfulAthlete?【分析】這篇文章簡(jiǎn)明扼要地介紹了奧林匹克金牌得主，美國(guó)黑人運(yùn)動(dòng)員JamesClevelandOwens輝煌而又坎坷的人生，但文章側(cè)重介紹的是他人生的坎坷，而不是他人生的輝煌。B選項(xiàng)側(cè)重的是他人生的輝煌，而不是他人生的坎坷，不能涵蓋文章的主要意思，因而不合題意；C、D選項(xiàng)與文章的內(nèi)容無關(guān)，也不合題意；JamesClevelandOwens在獲得奧林匹克金牌后雖然沒有立即得到美國(guó)社會(huì)的重視，但獲得金牌奠定了他作為一名偉大的運(yùn)動(dòng)員在美國(guó)田徑運(yùn)動(dòng)史上的重要地位卻是不爭(zhēng)的事實(shí)，A選項(xiàng)既表達(dá)了文章的這一主要意思，也能涵蓋他人生輝煌及坎坷的不同側(cè)面，比較全面地反映了文章的主要內(nèi)容，因而符合題意，是正確答案。以上從五個(gè)方面介紹了判斷文章主題的主要方法，但要真正掌握并熟練運(yùn)用這些方法也不是能一蹴而就的事情，還需要在大量的閱讀實(shí)踐中不斷思考，總結(jié)，得出自己的體會(huì)。各段主題句(江西D)Moderninventionshavespeededuppeople’slivesamazingly.Motor-carscoverahundredmilesinlittlemorethananhour,aircraftcrosstheworldaday,whilecomputersoperateatlightningspeed.Indeed,thisloveofspeedseemsnever-ending.Everyyearmotor-carsareproducedwhichgoevenfasterandeachnewcomputerboasts（吹噓）ofsavingprecioussecondsinhandlingtasks.Allthissavestime,butataprice.Whenweloseorgainhalfadayinspeedingacrosstheworldinanairplane,ourbodiestellusso.Wegettheuncomfortablefeelingknownasjet-lag;ourbodiesfeelthattheyhavebeenleftbehindinanothertimezone.Again,spendingtoolongatcomputersresultsinpainfulwristsandfingers.Mobilephonesalsohavetheirdangers,accordingtosomescientists;toomuchusemaytransmitharmfulradiationintoourbrains,aconsequencewedonotliketothinkabout.However,whatdowedowiththetimewehavesaved?Certainlynotrelax,orsoitseems.Wearesoaccustomedtoconstantactivitythatwefinditdifficulttositanddonothing,orevenjustonethingatatime.Perhapsthedaysarelonggonewhenwemightlistenquietlytoastoryontheradio,lettingimaginationstakeusintoanotherworld.Therewasatimewhensomepeople’slivesweredevotedsimplytothecultivationofthelandorthecareofcattle.Nomulti-taskingthere;theirliveswentonatamuchgentlerpace,andinafamiliarpattern.Thereismuchthatwemightenvyaboutawayoflifelikethis.Yetbeforewedoso,wemustthinkofthehardtasksourancestorsfaced:theyfarmedwithbarehands,oftenlivedclosetohunger,andhadtofashiontoolsfromwoodandstone.Modemmachineryhasfreedpeoplefromthatprimitiveexistence.71.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?A.Thepresentandpasttimes.B.Machineryandhumanbeings.C.Imaginationsandinventions.D.Modemtechnologyanditsinfluence.關(guān)鍵詞的重復(fù)（tunnels）Aneweight-kilometreroadisunderconstructionthatlinkstheportareawiththemotorwaysystem.

Itisexpectedtocarry20,000trucksandcarsaday,whichgreatlyreducestheovercrowdedtrafficin

thecenterofthecity.Aspartoftheproject,twofour-kilometreroadtunnelsarebeingbuiltbelowthe

centralareaofthecity,