African Civilizations and the spread of Islam非洲文明和教的傳播

AfricanCivilizationsandthespreadofIslamMaliThiskingdomisanexcellentexampleofthespreadofIslam(oldkingdomofGhana)1200MansaMusamadethehajjin1324RichfromcontrollingcaravantraderoutesBelowtheSahara,Africawasneverfullyisolated.Therewereperiodsofintermittentcontacts800-1500contactsincreasedduetoagrowinginternationaltradenetworkIslamspreadintoMaliandwasadoptedbytheroyals.ThecivilizationretaineditsindividualitythoughAfricaneverunited,manydifferenttypesofstatesAfricanSocietiesAfricasovastanddiverseneitheruniversalstatesorreligionscharacterizeithistoryStatelessSocieties:thesearesocietiesthatorganizeauthorityaroundkinshiporotherobligations.Sometimesthesestatelesssocietieswerequitelargewhileothersweresmall.Noneedtotaxpeopleifyoudon’thavealargegovernment.Authorityonlyaffectedsmallpartsofpeopleslives.Secretsocieties:westAfrica,groupcontrolledcustomsandbeliefsandwereabletolimittheauthorityofrulers.Maintainedstabilitywithinthecommunity.Problems:outsidepressure,mobilizingtroops,organizingbuildingprojects,andlongtermstabilitytosupporttradeCommonElementsinAfricanSocietiesLanguage,thought,andreligionBantu-speakingpeople-commonalitiesbetweenthevariouslanguagesAnimisticbeliefs(dance&drumming)Believedinevil-priestsledreligiousceremoniesBeliefincosmology-viewofhowtheuniverseworked(ethics)BelievedinacreatordeityandpowerofancestorsImportanceoffamilyorclantiesEconomics:N.Africa(activeinMediterraneantrade),Sub-SaharanAfrica(varied)30-60millionpeoplelivedinAfricaby1500IslamCitiesandterritoriesinN.Africahadbeenanimportantpartoftheclassicalworld:CarthageandEgypt640-700followersofMuhammadsweptacrossN.Africa670Muslimsruled(Tunisia)Ifriqiya711BerbersintoSpain.Stoppedin732byCharlesMartelinPoitiers(battleofTours)ManyN.AfricansconvertedtoIslamb/cofmessageofequality&ummaAbbasidunifiedterritoryforawhileAlmoravids:(11thcentury)reformmovementinIslamgrewamongBerbers.TheylaunchedajihadorholywartopurifyandspreadIslam.TheymovedsouthtotheAfricankingdomsandalsonorthintoSpainAlmohadis:(1130)reformistgroupChristianKingdoms:NubiaandEthiopiaDevelopedinAfricaalongtheNilepriortotheRomansmakingittheirofficialreligionEgypt(Coptic-languageofancientEgypt)connecttoByzantineempireCoptsabletomaintainreligioninEgyptafterArabsconqueredb/ctheyweredhimmiMuslimtriedtopenetrateNubia/Kushandweremetwithresistance.RemainedanindependentChristianstateuntilthe13thcenturyTheywerecutofffromByzantiumduetoArabconquerors13-14thcenturiesdynastyinEthiopiatraceditrootsbacktoSolomonandSheba.Continuedbeingisolated.Grasslands3importantcoastsofcontact:Atlantic,IndianOcean,andsavannaSahel-areabetweenthewesternforestsandthenortherndesert.Hereiswherethemerchantscametotrade.CamelsbroughtfromAsiacouldn’tsurvivethehumidregionsoftheforests.Sothegrasslandsiswheremerchantscametotrade.Therefore,citieswereestablished.Inthe3rdcenturyGhanadeveloped.Bythe10thcenturyitwasinitshayday!RuleshadalsoconvertedtoIslamHowever,theydeclinedduetoattacksbytheAlmoravidarmies1076MaliwouldreplaceitSudanicStatesThereweremanykingdomsactiveinAfricaSudanicstatesoftenhadapatriarchorcouncilofeldersofafamilythatruledTerriortialcoreofsimilarpeopleswithconqueredextensionthatpaidtaxesortributeGhana,Mali,andSonghaypowerfulexamplesRulesconsideredscaredIslamacceptedandpeoplemixedIslamwiththeircultureMaliandSundiataMalinkepeoplebrokeawayfromGhanainthe13thcenturytocreateMaliIslamicAgriculturalandmerchantstateJuula-MalinkemerchantsMalinkeexpansionunderSundiata(Sunjata).HebecametheMansaoremperorDividedthekingdomintosocialorder,createdpoliticalinstitutions,andstationedgarrisons.Madetradesafe.Sundiatadiedin1260MansaKankanMusa–latersuccessor(hajj1324)CitiesandVillagesinSudanMixofIslamicandSudaneseExamples:JenneandTimbuktuTownwerecommercialwithspecialistsandforeignresidents.Scholarsandtheologiansattracted.StrongmilitarytoprotectmerchantsLibrariesanduniversitiesdeveloped.Bookstradeverylucrativehere!Formostpeoplelifewascenteredaroundvillagelifeandagriculture.80%ofvillagerslivedbyfarming.Farmsweresmallduetolackoftools.Alargefarmwasonlyabout10acres.Polygamypracticedhere…why?Rice,millet,sorghums,wheat,fruits,andveggiesSorghum-grainorlivestockfoodMilletWheatSonghayKingdomFormedasMaliwasdecliningwithinpartofMali.PeopleofSonghaywerefromthemiddleareaintheNigerValley.Madeupoffarmers,herders,andfishermanBythe7thcenturystartedtoformaindependentterritoryBy1010capitalestablishedatGaoalongtheNigerRiver.RulerswereMuslims.By1370’sSonghayreestablisheditselfasanindependentkingdomagainfromMaliUnderSunniAli(1464-1492)Songhaybecameanempire!SonghaySunniAliwasagreatmilitarycommanderwhoextendedtheempireandtookoverJenneandTimbuktu.SetupprovincialadministrationstodeliverhisruleMuslimscholarsnothisbiggestfans.Theyquestionedhisauthority!Rulerwhosucceededhimtookonthemilitarytitleaskia.MuhammadtheGreatextendedtheSonghayboundariessothatbythemid-16thcenturySonghaydominatedtheSudan!OverallproblembetweenMuslimscholarsandAfricanconvertsb/ctheymixedIslamwiththeirlocalpaganbeliefs.Menandwomenmixedfreelyandwomenwentunveiled.Remainedthedominatepoweruntil1591whenaMuslimarmyfromMoroccoattacked.Theyhadmuskets!RiseoftheHausastatesinN.NigeriaSudanicStates:politicsandsociallifeStatestructureallowedformanydiversepeopletocoexistUniversalfaith-IslamwhichalsoprovidedcommonlawsRulers-emirorcaliph(toreinforceauthority)MixedpaganandMuslimbeliefsWomenenjoyedmorefreedom,noveils,freeinmarkets,somegroupstracedlinagethroughmother(matrilineal).Slavery:existedbeforeMuslimscame,buttheydevelopeditonalargerscale.Muslimsviewedslaveryasastageinconversion.Slaves:domesticservants,soldiers,administrators,eunuchs,concubines.Focusonchildandfemaleslaves.TradecaravanstransportedmanyslavesacrosstheSaharatoportsintheIndianOcean.Tradeextendedforover700years.ThinkbacktoNubia!SwahiliCoast-EastAfricaIslamspreadalongEasterncoastandmerchantactivityspreadandMuslimportswhereestablishedalongtheIndianOceanBantu-speakingpeoplemigratedherealongwithrefugeesfromOmanBy13thcenturyAfricantradingportsdevelopedalongthecoast.ThesetownssharedcommonBantu-basedandArabic-influencedSwahili(meaningcoastal)languageandothertraits.RuledbyseparateMuslimrulingfamiliesTradeinivory,gold,slaves,iron,andexoticanimalsforsilksandporcelainKilwamostpowerfuloftheseportcitiesSomeChinesesentgooddirectlytotheseports.Aslateas1417and1431largestatesponsoredexpeditionssailingfromChinatoAfricaoccurred.Swahili,LandofZenjPortcitiesdevelopedintocity-stateswiththeirownlocalgovernments.Rulersinterestedincontrollingslavetradeandnotmakingterritorialconquests.PalaceinKilwaCulturalhybrid-BetweenArabicandAfricanSwahili–bantuandArabicwords-Manyin-landAfricansnotMuslim-1500PortugueseForestandPlainsofAfrica1000societiesincentralAfricaagriculturallybasedwithherdingoccasionallyOrganizedintovillages,however,stateswerestartingtoformPreliteratesociety(nowrittenlanguage)transmittedknowledgeviaoraltraditionsGapbetweentheNok(500-200BCEand)culturesthatbeginarenewedinterestinarts1000CEYoruba-speakingpeoplesofNigeria.ThecityofIle-Ifeamazingartworkofrulersby1200CEYorubastatewereagriculturallybasedwitIle-IfethoughttobetheculturalcenterYorubaoriginsunknown,buttheyspokeanon-BantulanguageofthewestAfricanKwafamilysimilartheirneighborstheHausapeopleYorubahadregionalkingsthatweredivine,butnotabsolute.Ruledwithprinces,councils,andevenOgboni(secretsocietyofreligiousandpoliticalleaders)Ile-Ife,Oyo,andBeninYorubaCentralAfricanKingdomsBantu-speakingpeoplesreachthesouthernpartofAfricabythe13thcentury.BeyondthereachofIslamAfricankingdomsformby1000withkings.InKatanga-modifiedoldersystemwherenowtherulerandhisrelativeswerethoughttohaveaspecialpowerandtheyensuredthefertilityofthepeopleandcrops.Theyweretheonlyonesfittorule.Abureaucracygrewoutofheredity.KongoandMweneMutapa13thcenturyKongodeveloped.agriculturallybased,specializationlikeblacksmithing,womendidallfarmworkwhilemenclearedforests,builthouses,andtraded.MbanzaKongocapitalby16thhad100,000inhabitants.Manikongo=king(mani=blacksmith)Kongokingwashereditaryyetlocalchieftainswerenotandthekingcouldcontrolthem.GreatZimbabwe-Shona-speakingpeoplearoundthe9thcenturybuiltroyalcourtsofstone(zimbabwe)largeststructuretheGreatZimbabwe.By15thcenturycentralizedrulefromGreatZimbabweoccurredunderthek