大學(xué)英語(四)習(xí)題集2015秋(含答案)

大學(xué)英語（四）習(xí)題集（2015秋）I.VocabularyandStructureDirections:Ineachofthefollowingsentences,thereare4choicesmarkedA),B),C),andD).ChoosetheONEanswerthatbestcompleteseachsentence.Attheborder(邊界)youwillbeaskedaboutyour_________andhowlongyouplantostay.A.automobile B.event C.host D.destination2.Everyeffortwasmadetosettlethe_________,butwithoutsuccess.A.dispute B.factor C.civilization D.evolution3.Thepurposeofhisspeechwasto________theproblemofenvironmentalprotection.A.drawattentionto B.putdown C.dependon D.haveaneffecton4.Itsuddenly________methatIhadcaughtawrongtrain.A.calledon B.calloff C.turnedto D.dawnedon 5.Moneywas_________andheneededajobbadly.A.swift B.tight C.intense D.fatal6.Ialetterwhenshe_______.A.write,callsB.wrote,calledC.waswriting,callsD.waswriting,called7.-Haveyou________beentoourtownbefore?-No,it’sthefirsttimeI________here.A.even,comeB.even,havecomeC.ever,comeD.ever,havecome8.I________togooutoftheclassroombymymathteacher.A.makeB.madeC.wasmadeD.ammaking9.Ifhe________advice,hewouldn’thavelosthisjob.A.followedB.shouldfollowC.hadfollowedD.wouldfollow10.Mysuggestionisthatyou________muchmeat.A.wouldn’tB.shallnottakeC.nothaveD.won’thave11.Turningdowntheinvitation______theonlypossiblechoicewehadatthemoment.A.isB.wasC.areD.were12.Amy’swordshurtSally.Perhapsshe______soopen.A.wouldnothavebeenB.shouldnothavebeenC.wouldnotbeD.shouldnotbe13.Iwasdrivingdownatwo-lanehighway_____carapproachedfromtheoppositedirection.A.whenB.asC.soD.that14.OnlearningEnglish,_______youmustrealizeisthatthereisnoshortcutbuthardwork.A.oneB.thatC.whatD.anything15.________isgettingharderforagraduatetofindajobwithagoodsalary.A.ThatB.WhatC.ThisD.It16.Jonwas________topresenthisID,otherwisehewasnotpermittedtoenter.A.askingB.forceC.askedD.forced17.Hewas________bythepolice,becausehewaschargedwithmurder.A.arrestedB.answeredC.treatD.talked18.Pleasedon’tsitinfrontofdeskforalongtime.Youneedtostandupand________yourbody.A.twistB.tortureC.stretchD.bent19.My_______includeansweringthephoneanddealingwithcustomerenquiries.A.requiresB.responsibilitiesC.reasonsD.recalls20.I’mtryingto________myworksothatIcanhaveacoupleofdaysoffnextweek..A.arrangeB.findC.lookforD.care21.Americanseat________vegetablesperpersontodayastheydidin1910.A.morethantwice B.astwiceasmanyC.twiceasmanyas D.morethantwiceasmany22._________usuallygotochurcheverySaturday.A.TheBrown B.ABrown C.Browns D.TheBrowns23.Idon’tknowwhyshe’slookingatme_____sheknewme.I’veneverseenherbeforeinmylife.A.asif B.although C.evenif D.as24.He________alotinhischildhood.A.suffersB.sufferedC.issufferingD.wassuffering25.-Doyouknowourtownatall?-No,thisisthefirsttimeI________here.A.wasB.havebeenC.cameD.amcoming26.It________fortwohoursnow.A.rainsB.israiningC.wasrainingD.hasbeenraining27.Sincethematterwasextremely______,wedealtwithitimmediately.A.negativeB.urgentC.efficientD.instant28.Theyaretryingvariousmeansto______theirnewproduct.A.decorateB.possessC.defineD.promote29.Ifyoudowellinthefinalexams,Iwill____youwithatriptoHongKong.A.valueB.praiseC.rewardD.cherish30Thehopes,goals,fearsanddesires_____widelybetweenmenandwomen,betweentherichandthepoor.A.varyB.rangeC.extendD.contain31.Theboydoesn’tknowwhatto_____incollege;hehasnotyetmadeuphismindabouthisfuture.A.makeoutB.takeupC.keepupD.workout32.Icouldn’thelp_______concernedaboutthedisappointmentinBecky’seyes.A.beB.isC.amD.beingWearesubjectedtoaconstantstreamofpersuasion,dayin,anddayout,athomeandinschool,ontheradioandontelevision.Itcomesfromparentsandteachers,frompreachersandpoliticians,formeditorsandcommentators,butmostofall,ofcourse,fromadvertisers.Mostofthispersuasionisexpressedinemotivelanguageandisintendedtoappealtoourfeelingsratherthantobeweightedupbyourpowersofreasoning.Weshouldlookatthemotivesbehindallthispersuasion.Whydotheywanttopersuadeus?Whatdotheywantustodo?Wearenotthinkingveryclearlyunlesswetrytoseethroughtheveilofwordsandrealizesomethingofthespeakers’purpose.Anappealtomotionisinitselfneithergoodnorbad.Ouremotionsexistandtheyarepartofourpersonality.Onsomeoccasionspeopleappealtoouremotionsonthehighestlevelsandfromthebestofmotives.AcaseinpointisChurchill’swartimespeeches:whateverpeoplethoughtofChurchillasapolitician,theywereunitedbehindhimwhenhespokeasanationalleaderinthosedarkdaystheirfeelingsrespondedtohiscallforresolutionandunity.Itisacharacteristicofsocialgroupsthatthemembershaveafeelingofpersonalattachmenttothegrouptothefamilyinearliestchildhoodandextendinglatertotheschool,theteam,thechurch,thenation,inpatternsthatvaryfromtimetotime.Henceaspeakerfromourgroupwillfindinusfeelingstowhichhecanreadilyandgenuinelyappeal,whetherourreactionisfavorableornot.Weareatleastopentotheappealandweappreciatethecontentinwhichitismade.66.Thepassagediscussestheemotivelanguage,whosemajorfunctionsareto______.showone’sfeelingsandappealtotheseofothersmakeotherstrustusandrespondtoourfeelingextendourpowersofreasoningandcarryoutapurposeadvertiseandproducethewantedsocialeffects67.Thesourcefromwhichemotivelanguageflowsuponusinitsgreatestamountis_____.thereligiouscirclestheacademiclecturethemassmediatheadvertisingbusiness68.Thethirdparagraphofthispassagesuggeststhatwe__________.havetocarefullyuseouremotivelanguageneedtojudgewhetherapersuasionismadeforgoodorbadshouldkeepacoolheadwhensubjectedtodifferentkindsofpersuasionsshouldavoidbeingeasilyseenthroughbyandappealformothers69.Churchillismentionedinthepassageas_______.agoodexampleofthewayofweightinguppersuasionbyreasoningafamousleaderwhobroughtoutpeople’sbestfeelingsapositiveexampleofappealingtopeople’semotionaknownpoliticianwhowasgoodatlecturing70.Fromthepassagewecangetthatapersuasivespeakermust________.findoutwhatgrouphisaudienceisattachedtodifferentiatehisspeechpatternsfromtimetotimebeawareofthewayofadaptinghisspeakingwaytotheneedsoftheaudienceknowwhetherthelistenersarefavorabletohisopinionornotPassage3Thefirstdayofuniversityourprofessorintroducedanewstudentwhoappearstobeverydifferentfromtherestofus.ThatisRose,aneighty-seven-year-oldladywhoalwaysworeabigsmileonherface.“Whyareyouincollegeatthisage?”Iasked.Iwascuriouswhatmayhavemotivatedhertobetakingonthischallengeatherage.“IalwaysdreamedofhavingacollegeeducationandnowI’mgettingone!”shetoldme.Overtheyear,Rosebecameacampusiconandsheeasilymadefriendswherevershewent.Shelovedtodressupandsheenjoyedbeingthecenterofattentionfromtheotherstudents.Shewaslivingitup!Attheendofthesemester,weinvitedRosetospeakatourfootballbanquet.Shewasintroducedandsteppeduptothestage.Asshebegantodeliverherpreparedspeech,shedroppedherspeechcardsonthefloor.Frustratedandalittleembarrassedsheleanedintothespeakerandsimplysaid,“I’msorryI’mabitnervous.IgaveupbeerforLentandthiswhiskeyiskillingme!”AswelaughedRoseclearedherthroatandbegan,“Wedonotstoplaughingbecauseweareold;wegrowoldbecausewestopplaying.Thereareonlyfoursecretstostayingyoung,beinghappy,andachievingsuccess.Youhavetolaughandfindhumoreveryday.You’vegottohaveadream.Whenyouloseyourdreams,youdie.Wehavesomanypeoplewalkingaroundwhoaredeadanddon’tevenknowit!Havenoregrets.Theelderlyusuallydon’thaveregretsforwhatwedid,butratherforthingswedidn’tdo.Theonlypeoplewhofeardeatharethosewithregrets.Finally,thereisahugedifferencebetweengrowingoldandgrowingup.Ifyouarenineteenyearsoldandlieinbedforonefullyearanddon’tdooneproductivething,youwillturntwenty.Thisisgrowingold,bydoingnothingtoyourlife.Theideaofgrowingupistoalwaysfindopportunitytochange.”Attheyear’sendRosefinishedthecollegedegreeshehadbegunallthoseyearsago.OneweekaftergraduationRosediedpeacefullyinhersleep.Overtwothousandcollegestudentsattendedherfuneral.Whenyoufinishreadingthis,pleasesendthispeacefuladvicetoyourfriendsandfamily:Remember,wecannotavoidgrowingold,butwecanchooseourownwaystogrowup.37A.Becauseshealwayswantedtohaveacollegedegree.B.Becauseshethoughtcollegewasfunandshecouldmakemanyfriends.C.Becauseshehasnevergonetoacollege.D.Becausesheenjoyedbeingthecenterofattentionfromtheotherstudents.72.Accordingtopara.3,howdidRoselivehercollegelife?A.Shealwaysdressedupandneverattendanyclass.B.Shewasquietanddidn’twanttomakeanyfriends.C.Shewaseasygoingandmadelotsoffriends.D.Shewasn’tmakingthebestoutofhercollegelife.73.Howdidshereactwhenshedroppedherspeechnoteatthefootballbanquet?A.Shegotverynervousandstoppedspeaking.B.Shewasdrunkwithtoomuchwhiskey.C.Shehadtogiveupbeerforthismistake.D.Shecontinuedherspeechwithajoke.74.WhatdoesRosemeanby“somanypeoplewalkingaroundwhoaredeadanddon’tevenknowit”?A.Theyarekilledbythemwalkingaround.B.Theyare“dead”becausetheydon’thaveanydreams.C.Theyare“dead”becausearetheyarenotsatisfiedwiththeirlife.D.Theyare“dead”becausetheydon’tknowanything.75.AccordingtoRose,whichoneofthefollowingiscorrectaboutthedifferencebetween“growingold”and“growingup”?A.Bothmeantheagingprocesswhereachildbecomesagrown-up.B.Bothmeanlotsofchanges.C.“Growingold”issad,but“growingup”ishappy.D.“Growingold”isnatural,but“growingup”issomethingwecancontrol.Passage4Lovebirds.That’swhatallourfriendscalleduswhenwefirstmarried.IguessDonandIdeservedit.Moneywastight.Sometimeswe’dhavetosaveupdaysjustforanicecreamcone.Still,ourtinyapartmentseemedlikeparadise.Lovedoesthat,youknow.Themoreweheardtheterm“l(fā)ovebirds”,themorewethoughtaboutbirds.Onedaywestartedsavingupforacoupleoflovebirdsofourown.Weknewwecouldn’taffordtobuybothbirdsandanicecage,soinhissparemoments,Donmadethecagehimself.Weputourcageinfrontofashadedwindow.Thenwewaiteduntilourlittlesavingwasfullofbillsandsparechange.Withthatmoneywe“adopted”apairofcanariesfromourlocalpetstore,amaleandafemale,andnamedthemSunshineandSnowball.Timepassed,andwhenouryounglovebirdsfinallyseemedmatureenoughtostartafamilyoftheirown,wewentaheadandpreparedanestareaandlotsofnestingmaterialforthem.Snowballwasaveryexactingwifeindesigninganddecoratingtheirnestjustso,whileSunshine,filledwithlove,bentoverbackwardtoputeverythingjustwheresheordered.Thenonedayaneggappeared.Howtheysang!Andafewweekslaterwhenatinychickhatched,theirhappinessseemedtoknownobounds.Idon’tknowhowithappened,butthatbabybirdwasbrightorange.SorightoffwenamedhimPunkinhead.Thesunnydayspassed.Howproudallofuswerewhenourbabybirdranoutofthenestontoarealgrown-upperch!Thenoneday,Punkinheadsuddenlyfellheaddowntothebottomofthecage.Thetinyorangebirdjustlaythere,bothparentsandIrushedtohisrescue.Buthewasdead.Justlikethat.Whetherhe’dhadaheartattackbeforehefellorbrokehisneckinthefall,I’llneverknow.ButPunkinheadwasgone.ThemotherbirdrefusedtoleteitherSunshineormegetnearthatlittlebody.InsteadofthejoyfulmelodiesiusuallyheardfromSnowball,nowshegaveonlythemostheartbreakingcriesandmoans.Herheart,joyandwillseemedcompletelymeltedbyhersorrow.PoorSunshinedidn’tknowwhattodo.HekepttryingtopushSnowballawayfromhersadsituation,butsherefusedtomove.Instead,overandovershekepttryingtowakeupherbelovedchild.FinallySunshineseemedtoworkoutaplan.Heconvincedhertoflyupandeatsomeseedseverysooften,whilehestooddutyinherplace.Theneachtimesheleft,he’dquietlyplaceonepieceofstrawoverPunkinhead’sbody.Justone.Butinafewdays,piecebypiece,itwascompletelycoveredover.AtfirstSnowballseemedpanicwhenshelookedaround,butshedidn’ttrytouncoverthechick.Instead,sheflewuptohernormalplaceandstayedthere.Theniwasabletoquietlyreachinandremovethelittlebody.Afterthat,SunshinespentallhistimecomfortingSnowball.Eventuallyshestartedmakingnormalsounds,andthenoneday,hersorrowfinallymeltedandshesangagain.Idon’tknowifSnowballeverrealizedthequietlaborofloveandhealingSunshinehaddoneforher.Buttheyremaineddevotedforaslongastheybothlived.Lovedoesthat,youknow.76.Thetitleofthepassageis“WhenSnowballMelted”.Whatdoesthetitlemean?A.theincreasingtemperaturemadethesnowballmelt.B.thebirdcalledSnowballwastoosadforherkid’sdeathsoshebecameweakerandweaker.C.thegriefbornbythebirdcalledSnowballforthedeathofherkidwasdissolvedbyherhusband’slove.D.thebirdcalledSnowballwaslovedbyherhusbandsoitseemedlikeasnowballwasmelted.77.Whydid“ourtinyapartmentseemedlikeparadise”eventhoughwewerepoor?A.Becauseweloveourtinyapartment.B.Becausethetinyapartmenthousedacoupleinlove.C.Becausewekepttwobirdsinloveinthetinyapartment.D.Becauseourtinyapartmentwascleanandcozy.78.Inparagraph4,whydoestheauthoruse“‘a(chǎn)dopted’apairofcanariesfromourlocalpetstore”insteadoftheword“buy”?A.“Adopted”isusedheretoshowthatthebirdsaredesertedbythestoresothecoupleadoptedthem.B.“Adopted”isusedheretoshowthecouple’sloveforthebirds,whiletheword“buy”seemedtobecoldandemotionless.C.“Adopted”isusedheretoshowthatnobodywantedthebirdssothecoupleweretheonlyonewhoboughtthem.D.thereisnospecialreasonwhy“adopted”isusedhere.79.WhatisthecauseofPunkinhead’sdeath?A.He’dhadaheartattackbeforehefell.B.Hebrokehisneckinthefall.C.Hewasattackedbyacat.D.thecauseofPunkinhead’sdeathisunknown.80.WhichofthefollowingthingswereNOTwhatSunshinedidtocomfortSnowballafterthedeathoftheirkid?A.HekepttryingtopushSnowballawayfromhersadsituation.B.Heflewuptohernormalplaceandstayedthere.C.Heconvincedhertoflyupandeatsomeseedseverysooften,whilehestooddutyinherplace.D.eachtimesheleft,he’dquietlyplaceonepieceofstrawoverPunkinhead’sbody.Passage5Anumberofauthersandartistshaveagreedthattheirsuccessfulworkswereinspiredbydreams.OneoftheBeatles’mostpopularsongscameinthisway.Theentiretuneofthesong“Yesterday”cametotheBeatlemember,PaulMcCartney,in1965whenhewasasleep.Afterawake,heimmediatelyplayedthemelodyonakeyboardandrecordedit.Atfirsthewasconcernedthathehadsimplyrecalledsomethinghe’salreadyheard,butwhenheaskedaroundnobodyrecognizedit.Then,lyricswereneeded.Initially,theonlywordsthatcrossMcCartney’smindforthisdreamtmelodywere“Sceambledeggs,ohmybabyhowIloveyourlegs”.Somehowthatdidn’tseemright.McCarrneywentonholidaytoPortugalandcamebackwithanewsetofwordsthatweretobecomeworldfamous.Thiswas1965,PaulMcCartneywas22andtheBeatleshadalreadybecomeanincrediblephenomenon,thoughtheirfamewouldincrease.Crowdedfans,screaminggirlsandhugerecordsaleswerepartsofthesemen’sdailylife.Buttheirfamewasnotrecognizedbyeveryoneinthecountry,particularlywiththeupperclass.In1963whentheBeatlesfirstmetMarleneDietrich,thefamousGerman-bornAmericanactresswhoperformedinfilmslikeTheBlueAngelandShanghaiExpress,Dietrichsimplysaid,“Whatarethose?Theylooklikemonkeyswithallthathair.Howterrible!”ItwasexplainedtoDietrichthattheBeatleswereanewhitandadoredbytheyouthaudience.Itwasalsosuggestedtoherthatitwouldcreatastirifsheweretobephotographedwiththem.Dietrichwasreluctant,butallowedamessagetobesenttotheFabFourthatshewouldlikemeetthem.Theresultingphotowaspublishedallovertheworld:theLegendandthesoon-to-become-legends.Andthetelecastoftheshowwasseenbyanestimated26,000,000viewers,whichhelpedcausedachangeinMarleneDietrich’sattitude.Sheannouncedtoherdaughterandanyoneelsewhowouldlisten:“Iaskedthemforautographsformygrandchildren—andtheysaidalltheywantedwasapicturetakenwithme!SoofcourseIsaidyes.Theyweregeniuses!”81.Whatisthedilemmathat_____.A.peopletalkaloudaboutthemwhiletravelingontrainsB.peopledon’tknowwhatisprivateandwhatispublicC.peopletalkaloudaboutthemwhilewalkingthroughparksD.peoplechatontheircellphonesinpublicplaces82Howmanypeoplehaveusedtheircellphonesforanemergencysituation,accordingtothesurvey?A.74%B.41%C.84%D.22%83.Howdopeoplereacttorudercellphoneusers?A.Theyareirritated.B.TheystareandmakecriticismC.Theyfeelannoyed.D.Alltheabove.84.Whoaremorelikelytobedishonestaboutwheretheyarewhensuingacellphone?A.Olderusers.B.YoungerusersC.Maleusers.D.Femaleusers.85.Besidesbeingatoolofcommunication,thecellphoneisbecoming_____A.aradiotolistentoB.amobiletoyC.awallpaperD.anexpressionoffashionPassage6SincethebeginningoftheInternetera,ithasbeenwidelyacceptedthatwhenyoujoinanonlinecompany,whateverdatayouputintoitbelongstoyou.Thatmeansyoucansignupforonekindofemail,importyourcontactsintothatsystem,andifyoulaterdecidetoswitchtosomeotheremailservice,youcanexportallyourcontactsfromthefirstserviceintothenewone.YoucanuseMicrosoft’sHotmail,thenmovetoYahooMai,thentoGoogle’sGmail.Oryoucanhaveaccountsonthreeservicesandkeepallyourcontactsineachone.That’sthewaythingswere—untilFacebookappeared.FacebooktookadifferentapproachUntilrecently,everythingyouputintoFacebookcouldnotbeexportedanywhere.Ineffect,youdidn’townyourdata.Facebookdid.Ofcoursethisisrubbish.TherealityisthatFacebookwantstomakeitdifficult,ifnotimpossible,foryoutoleave.NowthatpolicyhassparkedafightbetweenGoogleandFacebook.Googleisangrybecauseitsuserscan,andoftendo,exporttheirGmailcontactinformationintoFacebook.Butthosepeoplecan’tbringFacebookinformationbackintoGmail.EarlierthismonthGoogledeclareditwouldblockexportsofitsdatatoFacebook.Inashamelessmove,FacebookbrokethroughGoogle’sroadblocksoitsuserscouldkeeppullingdatafromGoogle.Googlesaiditwas“disappointed”withFacebook’sbehavior.ItalsocreatedawarningscreentotellGmailusersthatiftheyexporttheirinformationtoFacebooktheywon’tgetitback.Basically,Facebook’spositionwithmajorITcompaniesisthis:ifyouwantaccesstoalltheinformationwe’vecollected,strikeadealwithus.MicrosoftandYahoohavedonethat,andnow,likemagic,theycanexportFacebookcontactinformationintotheirsystems,whileGooglestillcan’t.RemembertheearlydaysoftheNet,wheneverythingwasgoingtobeopenandflee?Thatwasgreatuntilpeoplerealizedthattheiruserdatacouldbeturnedintogold.Nowtherearebillionsinvolved,andnobodyisplayingniceanymore.86.BeforeFacebookappeared,people_______.A.hadalimitednumberofaccountsB.enjoyedacompletelyfreeserviceC.hadlimitedaccesstotheircontactsD.enjoyedfullownershipoftheirdata87.ItseemsthatFacebook’sapproachmakesthewriterrather_______.A.annoyedB.assuredC.puzzledD.pleased88.GoogleisangrywithFacebookduetothelatter’srefusalto_______.A.letitsusersuseGmailB.offertechnicalsupportC.shareuserinformationD.protectuserinformation89.ThepassageindicatesthatMicrosoftandYahoohave______.A.agreedtosidewithGoogleB.acceptedFacebook’stermsC.takentheirownapproachesD.struckadealwitheachother90.Accordingtothewriter,thecurrentstateoftheNetis_______.A.misleadingB.frustratingC.promisingD.SatisfyingPassage7Menusuallywanttohavetheirownway.Theywanttothinkandacttheylike.Noone,however,canhavehisownwayallthetime.Amancannotliveinsocietywithoutconsideringtheinterestsofothersaswellashisowninterests.“Society”meansagroupofpeoplewiththesamewayoflife.Peopleinsocietymaymaketheirowndecisions,butthesedecisionsoughtnottobeunjust(不公平的)orharmfultoothers.Oneman’sdecisionsmaysoeasilyharmanotherperson.Forexample,amotoristmaybeinahurrytogettoafriend’shouse.Hesetsout,drivingatfullspeedlikeacompetitorinamotorrace.Thereareothervehiclesandalsopedestriansontheroad.Suddenlythereisacrash.Therearescreamsandconfusion.Onecarelessmotoristhasstruckanothercar.Thecollision(碰撞)hasinjuredtwoofthepassengersandkilledthethird.Toomanyroadaccidentshappenthroughthethoughtlessnessofselfishdrivers.Wehavegovernments,thepoliceandthelawcourtstopreventortopunishsuchcriminalacts.Butinaddition,allmenoughttoobservecertainrulesofconduct.Everymanoughttobehavewithconsiderationforothermen.Heoughtnottosteal,cheat,ordestroythepropertyofothers.Thereisnoplaceofthissortofbehaviorinacivilizedsociety.92.Amancannothavehisownwayallthetimebecause________.A.hemayhavenointerestinotherpeopleB.hehastosharethesameinterestswithothersC.hisdecisionsarealwaysunjustD.heseldommakescorrectdecisions.93.Itisimpliedthattherewillbefewerroadaccidentsif________. A.themotoristsarenotalwaysinahurry B.thepassengersarenotconfusedbytheaccidents C.therearefewercarsorwalkersinthestreet D.thedriversaremoreconsiderateofotherpeople94.Accordingtothepassage,peopleinacivilizedsocietyshouldusually_________. A.behonesttoeachother B.punishcriminalacts C.becautiousindoingeverything D.behaveinaresponsibleway95.Wecandrawtheconclusionthat________. A.manshouldnotgiveuphisowninterestsB.manshouldbestricterwithhimselfC.thecriminalsshouldbemoreseverelypunishedD.thegovernmentshouldcontributemoreefforts96Thepurposeofthispassageisto________. A.tellpeoplehowtobehaveinsociety B.illustratetheimportanceoflaws C.teachpeoplehowtopreventcriminalactsD.persuadepeoplenottomaketheirowndecisionsPassage8Mostofthepeoplewhoappearmostoftenandmostgloriouslyinthehistorybooksaregreatconquerorsandgeneralsandsoldiers,whereasthepeoplewhoreallyhelpedcivilizationforwardareoftennevermentionedatall.Wedonotknowwhofirstsetabrokenleg,orlaunchedaseaworthyboat,orcalculatedthelengthoftheyear,ormanuredafield;butweknowallaboutthekillersanddestroyers.Peoplethinkagreatdealofthem,somuchsothatonallthehighestpillarsinthegreatcitiesoftheworldyouwillfindthefigureofaconquerororageneralorasoldier.AndIthinkmostpeoplebelievethatthegreatestcountriesarethosethathavebeateninbattlethegreatestnumberofothercountriesandruledoverthemasconquerors.Itisjustpossibletheyare,buttheyarenotthemostcivilized.Animalsfight;sodosavages;hencetobegoodatfightingistobegoodinthewayinwhichananimalorasavageisgood,butitisnottobecivilized.Evenbeinggoodatgettingotherpeopletofightforyouandtellingthemhowtodoitmostefficiently—this,afterall,iswhatconquerorsandgeneralshavedone—isnotbeingcivilized.

Peoplefighttosettlequarrels.Fightingmeanskilling,andcivilizedpeoplesoughttobeabletofindsomewayofsettlingtheirdisputesotherthanbyseeingwhichsidecankilloffgreaternumberoftheotherside,andthensayingthatthatsidewhichhaskilledmosthaswon.Anditnotonlyhaswon,but,becauseithaswon,hasbeenintheright.Forthatiswhatgoingtowarmeans;itmeanssayingthatmightisright.Thisiswhatthestoryofmankindhasonthewholebeenlike.Evenourownagehasfoughtthetwogreatestwarsinhistory,inwhichmillionsofpeoplewerekilledormutilated(disabled).Andwhiletodayitistruethatpeopledonotfightandkilleachotherinthestreets—while,thatistosay,wehavegottothestageofkeepingtherulesandbehavingproperlytoeachotherindailylife—nationsandcountrieshavenotlearnttodothisyet,andstillbehavelikesavages.96.Intheopeningsentence,theauthorindicatesthat____.A.mosthistorybookswerecomprisedbyconquerors,generalsandsoldiers.B.hardlyanyonewhogaveimpetustocivilizationismentionedinhistorybooks.C.historywritingsaremoreaboutconquerorsthanactualcreatorsofcivilization.D.conquerors,generalsandsoldiersshouldbeleastmentionedinhistorybooks.97

Intheauthor’sopinion,thecountriesthatconqueredalargenumberofot