汽車發(fā)動機構(gòu)造及原理第2版-課件 第14章 汽車專業(yè)英語

1第14章汽車專業(yè)英語第一節(jié)AutomobileOverview汽車概述第二節(jié)AutomobileEngines發(fā)動機第三節(jié)Newenergypowersystem新能源動力系統(tǒng)第四節(jié)Engineterminology汽車發(fā)動機專業(yè)詞匯縮寫2第一節(jié)AutomobileOverview汽車概述1.1StructureofanAutomobile汽車構(gòu)造Automobile,bynameauto,alsocalledmotorcarorcar,ausuallyfour-wheeledvehicledesignedprimarilyforpassengertransportationandcommonlypropelledbyaninternal-combustionengineusingavolatilefuel.Themajorstructureofanautomobilearetheengine,chassis,bodyandtheelectricalsystem.Thiswillbefoundineveryformofmotorvehicle.返回31．Engine發(fā)動機

Theengine-the“heart”oftheautomobile-operatesoninternalcombustion,meaningthefuelusedforitspowerisburnedinsideoftheengine.Thefour-strokeengineisthemostcommontypeofautomobileengine.Theengineiscomprisedofpistons,cylinders,tubestodeliverfueltothecylinders,andothercomponents.Eachsystemisnecessaryformakingtheautomobilerunandreducingnoiseandpollution.返回

1.1StructureofanAutomobile汽車構(gòu)造4下一頁2．Chassis底盤Thechassisistheframeworktowhichthevariouspartsoftheautomobilearemounted.Thechassismustbestrongenoughtobeartheweightofthecar,yetsomewhatflexibleinordertosustaintheshocksandtensioncausedbyturningandroadconditions.Attachedtothechassisarethewheelsandsteeringassembly,thebrakes,thesuspension,andthebody.

1.1StructureofanAutomobile汽車構(gòu)造5下一頁3.Body車身Thebodyofacarisusuallycomposedofsteeloraluminum,althoughfiberglassandplasticarealsoused.Whilethebodyformsthepassengercompartment,offersstoragespace,andhousestheautomobile'ssystems,ithasotherimportantfunctionsaswell.Inmostinstances,itssolidstructureprotectspassengersfromtheforceofanaccident.Otherpartsofthecar,suchasthefrontandhood,aredesignedtocrumpleeasily,therebyabsorbingmuchoftheimpactofacrash.

1.1StructureofanAutomobile汽車構(gòu)造64.Electricalsystem電氣系統(tǒng)Electricityisusedformanypartsofthecar,fromtheHeadlightstotheradio,butitschieffunctionistoprovidetheelectricalsparkneededtoignitethefuelinthecylinders.Theelectricalsystemiscomprisedofabattery,startermotor,alternator,distributor,ignitioncoil,andignitionswitch.

1.1StructureofanAutomobile汽車構(gòu)造71.PressShop沖壓車間It’sherethatsteelisshapedandmouldedtoformthepanelsthatwillbecomeabarebodyshell.Thefirststepintheproductionprocessistopreparetherawsteelthatwillbeusedtomakeourvehicles.Sheetsteelarrivesinrollsbeforeitischoppedandformedtomaketheindividualcomponentsthatwillbeweldedtogethertomakeeachcar.1.2CarProduction汽車生產(chǎn)82.WeldShop焊接車間IntheWeldingShop,pressedpanelsareweldedtogethertocreateabodyshell.Eachbodyshellisgivenanidentitytagthatwillremainwithitrightthewaythroughtheproductionprocess.Createdbytheproductionsystem,thistagdeterminesthecar’scolour,enginespecification,trimetc.Initssimplestform,theWeldShopcanbedividedintotwo-theweldingstationsstaffedbyskilledpeople,andthosepoweredbymachines.Bothstationsbringtogetherthousandsofindividualsteelcomponentstocreateanewbodyshell.1.2CarProduction汽車生產(chǎn)93.PaintShop涂裝車間Coatingisasystematicengineering,whichincludesthreebasicprocessesofsurfacetreatment,coatingprocessanddryingbeforecoating,aswellasareasonablecoatingsystem.Maintainingaspotlesslyclean,dust-freeenvironmentiscriticaltothequalityandconsistencyofeachcar’spaintjob.Now,inordertomakethequalitystandardforline-off,therearefourlayersinpaintingincluding:ED,Sealer&PVC,PrimerandTopcoat.1.2CarProduction汽車生產(chǎn)104.AssemblyShop裝配車間AssoonasthebodyshellarrivesintheAssemblyShopthedoorsareremovedandsenttoanotherlinetohavetheirtrim,glass,speakersandmirrorsinstalled.Thebody,meanwhile,hascoverslaidinstrategiclocationstoprotectthepaintworkandcomponentsfrompotentialdamage.Becauseassemblyissocomplex,thewholetaskisdividedintoseveralparts:thetrimline,thepowertrainlineandthefinalline.1.2CarProduction汽車生產(chǎn)115.Inspection檢查Itwasthefinalstepintheproductionprocessbeforedeliverytodealers.Inordertoensurethehighestqualityproducts,allvehiclesmustgothroughthefinalcheckwhereitsengineisaudited,itslightsandhornchecked,itstiresbalanced,anditschargingsystemexamined.1.2CarProduction汽車生產(chǎn)12第二節(jié)AutomobileEngines發(fā)動機2.1TheFour-strokeCycle四沖程發(fā)動機工作原理Thepurposeofagasolinecarengineistoconvertgasolineintomotionsothatyourcarcanmove.Currentlytheeasiestwaytocreatemotionfromgasolineistoburnthegasolineinsideanengine.Therefore,acarengineisaninternalcombustionengine--combustiontakesplaceinternally.返回131．TheFour-strokeCycle四沖程發(fā)動機工作原理

Almostallcarscurrentlyusewhatiscalledafour-strokecombustioncycletoconvertgasolineintomotion.Thefour-strokeapproachisalsoknownastheOttocycle,inhonorofNikolausOtto,whoinventeditin1867.Thefourstrokesare:intakestroke,compressionstroke,powerstroke,andexhauststroke.返回

2.1TheFour-strokeCycle發(fā)動機工作原理14下一頁1．TheCrankMechanism曲柄連桿機構(gòu)TheCranktrainisattheheartofthereciprocatingpistonengine,anditspurposeistotranslatethelinearmotionofthepistonsintorotarymotionforthepurposeofextractingusefulwork.

2.2TwoMechanisms兩大機構(gòu)152.TheValveMechanism配氣機構(gòu)Thevalvetrainconsistsofvalves,rockerarms,pushr1ods,lifters,andthecamshaft.Thevalvetrain'sonlyjobisthatofatrafficcop.Itletsairandfuelinandoutoftheengineatthepropertime.下一頁

2.2TwoMechanisms兩大機構(gòu)161.TheFuelsupplysystem燃料供給系統(tǒng)Thefuelpumpdrawsthegasolinefromthegastankmountedattherearofthecar.Thegasolineisdrawnintoacarburetoronsomecars,whileitisfuel-injectedonothers.Bothdevicesmixthegasolinewithairandspraythismixtureasafinemistintothecylinders.Otherpartsofthefuelsupplysystemincludetheaircleanerandtheintakemanifold.

2.3FiveSystems五大系統(tǒng)172.TheLubricationsystem潤滑系統(tǒng)Thepurposeofthelubricationsystemistocirculateoilthroughtheengine.Anenginemusthaveagoodlubricationsystem.Withoutit,thefrictionheatfromthecontactofmovingpartswouldwearthepartsandcausepowerloss.

2.3FiveSystems五大系統(tǒng)183.TheCoolingSystem冷卻系統(tǒng)Theprimaryjobofthecoolingsystemistokeeptheenginefromoverheatingbytransferringthisheattotheair.Anotherimportantjobofthecoolingsystemistoallowtheenginetoheatupasquicklyaspossible,andthentokeeptheengineataconstanttemperature.

2.3FiveSystems五大系統(tǒng)194.TheIgnitionSystem點火系統(tǒng)Theignitionsystemhastwotaskstoperform.First,itmustcreateavoltagehighenough(20,000+)toarcacrossthegapofasparkplug,thuscreatingasparkstrongenoughtoignitetheairandfuelmixtureforcombustion.Second,itmustcontrolthetimingofthatthesparksoitoccursattheexactrighttimeandsendittothecorrectcylinder.

2.3FiveSystems五大系統(tǒng)205.TheStartingSystem啟動系統(tǒng)Startingtheengineispossiblythemostimportantfunctionofthevehicle'selectricalsystem.Thestartingsystemperformsthisfunctionbychangingelectricalenergyfromthebatterytomechanicalenergyinthestartingmotor.

2.3FiveSystems五大系統(tǒng)21第三節(jié)Newenergypowersystem新能源動力系統(tǒng)Electricvehiclesarebroadlycategorizedintofourgroupsbasedontheelectricdesignoftheirpowertrains,namelybatteryelectricvehicles(BEV),plug-inhybridelectricvehicles(PHEV),hybridelectricvehicles(HEV),andfuel-cellelectricvehicles(FCEV).OnlyBEVsandPHEVsareplug-capable,andarereferredtoasplug-inelectricvehicles(PEV).返回22BatteryElectricVehicles純電動汽車BEVBEVsalsoknownaspureelectricvehicles,fullelectricvehiclesorelectricvehicles(EV),arepoweredbyanelectricmotoranddonotemployaninternalcombustionengine.ThebatteryprovidedelectricenergytothemotorandusedastheenergystorageunitofaBEVischargedprimarilybythepowergridandpartiallyviaregenerativebraking.Batteryelectricvehiclesdonothavetailpipeemissions;therefore,theyarealsocalledzero-emissionvehicles.Inordertofacilitatereasonabledrivingranges,theBEVstypicallyhavethelargestbatterypackscomparedtoothermodels.Thesizeofthesebatterypacksusuallyvariesbetween20kW·hto85kW·hwithall-electric-range(AER)of80-300miles.Currently,avarietyofcommercialbatteryelectricvehiclesareavailableinthemarket.返回

3.1BatteryElectricVehicles純電動汽車BEV23下一頁HybridElectricVehicles混合動力汽車HEVHEVsareprimarilypoweredbyinternalcombustionengines,whichuseconventionalfuelssuchasgasolineanddiesel.Thesevehiclesarealsoequippedwithbatterypacks,whicharechargedbyregenerativebrakingsystemsandaremainlyusedtoenhancethefuelefficiencyofthevehicle.ThefirstgenerationofHEVswaspresentedtothemarketin1997,whenToyotaintroducedthePriusmodel,andtwoyearslaterHondaintroducedtheInsightmodel.Asofmid-2015morethan10millionHEVsweredeployedworldwide.

3.2HybridElectricVehicles混合動力汽車HEV24Plug-inhybridElectricVehicles插電混合動力汽車PHEVPHEVsemploybothanelectricmotorandaninternalcombustionengine(ICE),whichcanusegasolineordiesel.Typically,PHEVbatteriesaresmallerthanthoseofBEVs,becausetherequireddrivingrangeismostlysupportedbyinternalcombustionenginesandtheircombineddrivingrangeishigherthanthatofBEVs.Asaresult,themainadvantageofPHEVsisemployingbothenginestypes,whichhelpstheconsumersovercomerangeanxiety.InPHEVs,theelectricmotorisusedmostlyinurbanenvironmentswheredrivinginvolvesfrequentstops.Ontheotherhand,aninternalcombustionengineisusedwhenthebatteryisdepleted,duringintensivecoolingorheating,orduringrapidacceleration.下一頁

3.3Plug-inhybridElectricVehicles

插電混合動力汽車PHEV25Fuel-CellElectricVehicles燃料電池電動汽車FCEVFCEVsusefuelcells,typicallyhydrogen,topowertheironboardelectricmotorsorchargetheirstorageunits.ThepropulsionsysteminFCEVsismoreefficientthanthoseintheconventionalICEVs,andtheydonotemitanypollutants.FCEVscanbefueledwithin10minutesandtheyc