現(xiàn)代科技一-2021年高考英語閱讀理解話題分類訓(xùn)練

(1)2021屆廣東省八區(qū)第一學(xué)期高三調(diào)研考試之C

Asspringarrives,farmersaroundtheworldaremakingdecisionsaboutwhatcropstoplantandhowto

managethem.IntheU.S.,farmerstypicallyhavebigdatatohelpmakethesedecisions.Thesedatahavea

clearupside.Theymakefarmsmoreproductive.IntheU.S.,thepastfiveyearshaveseenaseriesofgood

harvestsforbothcomandsoybean.Abigpartisgeneratedbyeffectivelyusingdatatoproducemorefoodfrom

thesameamountofland,seedandfertilizer.

Inthepoorerpartsoftheworld,however,thepictureismuchdifferent.Manyfarmersareguidedonlyby

theirhistorywiththelandandtheircommunity'straditions.Theirskillsandknowledgeareimpressive,butthey

sufferfromapovertyofdata.Theyrelyontechnicaladvisorsforadvicefromgovernmentsandacademic

centerswhooftenhaveverylittleknowledgeofthelocalarea.Forseedsandfertilizersandothermaterials

usedinthefield,theyrelyoncompaniesthatlackdataonhowtheirproductswillperforminthelocal

conditions.

About10yearsago,EastAfricanofficialsandtheirdevelopmentpartnersstartedtoexplorewhysofew

smallholderdairyfarmersmadeprofitsfromgrowingdemandfromurbanconsumers.Surveysoffarmersinthe

regionsuggestedpooraccesstoveterinary(禽畜的)careandbreedingassistance.Anefforttoprovidethese

serviceshashelpedfarmersgetmoremilk.

Datawouldmatterlittleiffarmingwaseasyandthepathstoproductivitywereobvious.Butinreality,

agricultureisacomplexmixofmanyfactors,includingclimate,biology,chemistry,physics,economicsand

culture—allofwhichvaryfromregiontoregion.Inthissituation,gooddataisnecessary.

8.HowhasbigdatabenefitedAmerican'sfarmers?

A.Byinformingthefarmerstoplantcropsearlier.B.Byhelpingmakefarmsmoreproductive.

C.Byincreasingtheamountoflandforfarming.D.Byproducingmoreseedsandfertilizer.

9.Whatdofarmersinpoorcountriesneedtoimprovetheirfarming?

A.Farmingskills.B.Technicalguidance.

C.Bigdata.D.Farmingmaterials

10.WhydoesthewritermentionthecaseofEastAfrica?

A.ToshowthatEastAfricareliesheavilyondiaryfarming.

B.Toillustratecooperationbetweencountrieswasagreatsuccess.

C.Toserveasanexampleofhowdatahelpsfarmersinpoorareas.

D.ToprovethatcitypeopleinEastAfricadidn'tlikedrinkingmilk.

11.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?

A.Manychangeablefactorshaveinfluenceonfarming.

B.EastAfricandairyfarmerswereexperiencedinraisingcows.

C.TheAmericanfarmerscan'tdecidewhattheywillplant.

D.Thetechnicaladvisorsinpoorareasknowthelocalareaswell.

【答案】8.B9.C10.C11.A

【解析】

這是一篇說明文。在美國，農(nóng)民通常有大數(shù)據(jù)幫助他們做出這些決定。這些數(shù)據(jù)有明顯的優(yōu)勢。它們提高

了美國農(nóng)業(yè)的生產(chǎn)力。但是在世界上較貧窮的地區(qū)，農(nóng)民卻缺乏大數(shù)據(jù)的支持來改善他們的農(nóng)業(yè)。文章以

東非為例，說明了數(shù)據(jù)可以有效幫助貧困地區(qū)的農(nóng)民。

【8題詳解】

細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中IntheU.S.,farmerstypicallyhavebigdatatohelpmakethesedecisions.Thesedata

haveaclearupside.Theymakefarmsmoreproductive.可知在美國，農(nóng)民通常有大數(shù)據(jù)幫助他們做出這些決

定。這些數(shù)據(jù)有明顯的優(yōu)勢。它們提高了農(nóng)業(yè)的生產(chǎn)力。由此可知，大數(shù)據(jù)是通過幫助提高農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)力來

使美國農(nóng)民受益的。故選B。

【9題詳解】

細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段Inthepoorerpartsoftheworld,however,thepictureismuchdifferent.Manyfarmers

areguidedonlybytheirhistorywiththelandandtheircommunity'straditions.Theirskillsandknowledgeare

impressive,buttheysufferfromapovertyofdata.Theyrelyontechnicaladvisorsforadvicefromgovernments

andacademiccenterswhooftenhaveverylittleknowledgeofthelocalarea.Forseedsandfertilizersandother

materialsusedinthefield,theyrelyoncompaniesthatlackdataonhowtheirproductswillperforminthelocal

conditions.可知然而，在世界上較貧窮的地區(qū)，情況卻大不相同。許多農(nóng)民僅以他們與土地的歷史和社區(qū)的

傳統(tǒng)為指導(dǎo)。他們的技能和知識給人留下深刻印象，但他們卻苦于缺乏數(shù)據(jù)。他們依靠政府和學(xué)術(shù)中心的

技術(shù)顧問提供建議，而這些顧問往往對當?shù)厍闆r了解甚少。對于種子、化肥和其他在田間使用的材料，他

們依賴的是缺乏數(shù)據(jù)的公司，這些公司不知道他們的產(chǎn)品在當?shù)貤l件下的表現(xiàn)如何。由此可知，貧窮國家

的農(nóng)民需要大數(shù)據(jù)來改善他們的農(nóng)業(yè)。故選C。

【10題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中About10yearsago,EastAfricanofficialsandtheirdevelopmentpartnersstartedto

explorewhysofewsmallholderdairyfarmersmadeprofitsfromgrowingdemandfromurbanconsumers.Surveys

offarmersintheregionsuggestedpooraccesstoveterinary（禽畜的）careandbreedingassistance.Aneffortto

providetheseserviceshashelpedfarmersgetmoremilk.可知大約10年前，東非官員及其發(fā)展伙伴開始探討為

什么很少有小農(nóng)戶從城市消費者日益增長的需求中獲利。對該地區(qū)農(nóng)民的調(diào)查表明，他們很難獲得獸醫(yī)護

理和繁殖援助。提供這些服務(wù)的努力幫助農(nóng)民獲得了更多的牛奶。由此可推知，作者提到東非的情況，是

為了舉例說明數(shù)據(jù)是如何幫助貧困地區(qū)農(nóng)民的。故選Co

【11題詳解】

細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中Butinreality,agricultureisacomplexmixofmanyfactors,includingclimate,

biology,chemistry,physics,economicsandculture——allofwhichvaryfromregiontoregion.可知但實際上，農(nóng)業(yè)

是許多因素的復(fù)雜組合，包括氣候、生物、化學(xué)、物理、經(jīng)濟和文化——所有這些因素都因地區(qū)而異。由

此可知，許多可變因素對農(nóng)業(yè)有影響。故選A。

（2）長郡中學(xué)2021屆高三開學(xué)摸底考試之D篇

Atrackedrobotapproachesapileofbrushwoodblockingitspath.ThisisRolan,shortforRobotManipulator

（操控者），whoispractisingforwhatisitsgraduationceremony,whenitwillshowoffitsskills.Afterapause,it

reachesoutanarm,takesholdofabranch,liftsitupanddragsitclear.

Thoughthisisasmallactionforahumanbeing,itisabreakthroughforrobots,accordingtoStuartYoungof

theArmyResearchLaboratory,whoisinchargeoftheRoManproject.Asisknown,robotseasilybecomeconfused

bysomethingunexpected,someunfamiliarandnonewithconvenienthandles.Takingitapartisfarbeyondthe

powerofanyindustrialrobot.Dr.Youngsaysthat,asfarasheknows,RoManisthefirstmachineableto

manipulateunfamiliarobjectsinanunknownenvironment.

Justasahumanbeingwould,ithastolearnabouttheworldthroughobservationandexperimentbefore

manipulatingit.Soitistrainedonnumeroustreebranchesuntilitisabletorecognizeunfamiliaronesforwhatthey

areandknowstograspthetrunk,ratherthantheleavesorthebranches.Havinggraspedanobject,RoManassesses

itsweightanddecideswhethertotrytoliftitordragit.

Dr.Younghopestotakethisfurtherbydealingwithpilesofburningtyres.HealsowantsRoMantobeableto

useitsbodyweightinthewayahumanbeingmighttopushopenatightdoorortomoveheavyfurnitureby

bracingagainstawall.OneproblemwithRoManisthatitisstillimpracticallyslow.Itoftentakes10-15secondsto

decidewhattodo.RoManwillalsoneedtolearntodealwithawiderrangeofobjects.

However,thedevice'sfuturecouldbebright.Beyondmilitaryapplications,itsfollowinggenerationsmight

workinwarehouses,pickfruit,clearlitterortidypeople'shomes.Theymightevencollectrocksfromthesurface

ofMars.

12.WhydoesRoMantakeapausebeforetakingaction?

A.Thebranchistooheavyforit.

B.Itisreflectingonitsnextmove.

C.Ittakestimetoshowoffitsskills.

D.Itistotallyconfusedbythemess.

13.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"it"refertoinParagraph3?

A.Everythingexistingaround.

B.Observationbeforemanipulating.

C.Thesimilaritytoahumanbeing.

D.RoMan'sabilityacquiredbytraining.

14.WhatisParagraph4mainlyabout?

A.Theauthor'swishforRoMan.B.ThepowerofRoMan'sweight.

C.Dr.Young'sregretforRoMan.D.RoMan'sroomforimprovement.

15.Inwhichsectionofanewspapermaythistextappear?

A.Sports&Entertainment.B.Health&Medicine.

C.Education&Career.D.Science&Technology.

【答案】12.B13.A14.D15.D

【解析】

本文是一篇科技說明文。機器人又有新突破，可以分析、拆除路上的障礙物，雖然還有很大優(yōu)化的余地，

但前景可觀。

【12題詳解】

細節(jié)理解題。由第一段Afterpause,itreachesoutanarm,takesholdofbranch,liftsitupanddragsitclear.暫停

后，它伸出一只胳膊,抓住樹枝，把它舉起來,把它拖走。和第四段OneproblemwithRoManisthatitis

stillimpracticallyslow.Itoftentakes10-15secondstodecidewhattodo.RoMan的一個問題是它仍然慢得不切

實際。通常需要10-15秒來決定該做什么可知，RoMan暫停片刻是在思考決定下一步怎么辦。故選B。

[13題詳解】

詞義猜測題。由第三段Justashumanbeingwould,ithastolearnabouttheworldthroughobservationand

experimentbeforemanipulatingit.可知RoMan和人一?樣，要先通過觀察來了解世界（周圍環(huán)境），才能控制

"it",所以it指本句中的world,本語境中指的是周圍環(huán)境，比如各種路障等。故選A。

[14題詳解】

主旨大意題。第四段Dr.Younghopestotakethisfurtherbydealingwithpilesofburningtyres.Healsowants

RoMantobeabletouseitsbodyweightinthewayahumanbeingmighttopushopenatightdoorortomove

heavyfurniturebybracingagainstawall.OneproblemwithRoManisthatitisstillimpracticallyslow.Itoften

takes10-15secondstodecidewhattodo.RoManwillalsoneedtolearntodealwithawiderrangeofobjects.楊博

士希望通過處理一堆堆燃燒的輪胎來進一步解決這個問題。他還希望RoMan能夠像人類一樣利用自己的

體重來推開一扇緊閉的門，或者靠墻來移動沉重的家具。RoMan的一個問題是它仍然慢得不切實際。通常

需要10-15秒來決定該做什么。羅曼還需要學(xué)會處理更廣泛的對象。分別從Dr.Young對RoMan的優(yōu)化設(shè)

想和RoMan的不足待優(yōu)化之處兩個方面談到了RoMan的改良空間。故選D。

【15題詳解】

推理判斷題。本文講機器人又有新突破，可以分析、拆除路上的障礙物，雖然還有很大優(yōu)化的余地，但前

景可觀。是一篇科技說明文。應(yīng)選自報刊的科技版塊。故選D。

（3）河北省“五個一”名校聯(lián)盟2021屆高三聯(lián)考之D篇

Robotsareoftencastinpopularsciencefictionasthebadcharactersthattakeovertheworldandenslave

mankind.Butwiththebeginningofsomeseriousdiseases,robotsareincreasinglybeingemployedashelpers,

takingonoftendull,difficultanddangeroustasksandthusreducinghumans'exposuretosometerrifyingvirus.

IntheUnitedStates,twoofthemainwaysinwhichrobotictechnologyisbeingusedinthehospitalsareto

disinfect（消毒）hospitalroomsandactasatelemedicineportal,allowingdoctorsandhealthcareworkersto

communicateviavideoconferencedirectlywithpatientswithoutunnecessarilyexposingthemselvestothosehighly

infectiousvirus.

InBoston,doctors,researchersandroboticsengineershaveteameduptobringafriendly,dog-like,four-

leggedrobotnamedSpotintoBrighamandWomen1sHospital,allowingdoctorstocommunicatewithpatientsvia

telemedicine.

InMarch,atthestartofthepandemic,aleaguefromhospital,theMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyand

Spot'smanufacturer-BostonDynamnics,begantestingtherobot'sdesigntoenableSpottocommunicatewith

patients,thusreducingtheexposureoffrontlinehealthcareworkerstothevirus.Intheplaceofahead,Spothasan

iPadaffixedtoastand,allowingdoctorstoconducttelemedicineserviceswiththeirpatients.

“Mostpeopleactuallyreallylikeit,“saysDr.PeterChai,anemergencymedicinephysicianwhoservesasthe

hospitafschiefresearcherontherobotproject.

Researchersareworkingtoincreasetherobot'sdiagnosticabilities,enablingittomeasurethepatients

temperatureandhisorherrespiratoryrate（呼吸率）.

Chaipredictsthathospitalswillcontinuetofindmorewaystouserobots,andtiewonderswhetherrobotscan

deliversuppliestoroomsorseepatientswithotherinfectiousdiseases

12.Whatwordscanbestdescribethejobsrobotsareemployedtodo?

A.Normalandeasy.B.Excitinganddangerous.

C.Dirtyandcomplex.D.Frighteninganddifficult.

13.WhyarerobotsbeingusedinAmericanhospitals?

A.lbsavemoney.B.Toreplacedoctors.

C.Toprotectdoctorsfrominfectingvirus.D.Todeliversuppliestopatientsanddoctors.

14.WhatdoweknowaboutSpot?

A.Itisafriendlydog.

B.Itcandeliversuppliestohospitalrooms.

C.Itcanhelpadjustthepatient'stemperature.

D.Itallowsdoctorstoconducttelemedicineservices.

15.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.SpottheRobotDog

B.TrainRobotDoctors

C.RobotsBeingUsedinHospital

D.RobotsinPopularScienceFiction

【答案】12.D13.C14.D15.C

【解析】

本文是說明文。文章通過例子介紹了機器人被用于醫(yī)院，減少了醫(yī)務(wù)人員接觸可怕病毒的機會，通過機器

人頭部裝置讓醫(yī)生和醫(yī)護人員通過視頻與患者溝通，對病人進行遠程醫(yī)療服務(wù)。

[12題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中的Butwiththebeginningofsomeseriousdiseases,robotsareincreasinglybeing

employedashelpers,takingonoftendull,difficultanddangeroustasksandthusreducinghumans'exposureto

someterrifyingvirus.可知隨著一些嚴重疾病的開始，機器人越來越多地被用作助手，承擔(dān)枯燥、困難和危

險的任務(wù)，從而減少了人類接觸某些可怕病毒的機會。即機器人從事的是枯燥、困難和危險的任務(wù)，故選

[13題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中的reducinghumans'exposuretosometerrifyingvirus.和第二段中的actasa

telemedicineportal,allowingdoctorsandhealthcareworkerstocommunicateviavideoconferencedirectlywith

patientswithoutunnecessarilyexposingthemselvestothosehighlyinfectiousvirus.可知機器人被用于美國醫(yī)

院，是為了減少醫(yī)務(wù)人員接觸某些可怕病毒的機會，通過機器人讓醫(yī)生和醫(yī)護人員通過視頻與患者溝通，

來防止醫(yī)生感染病毒。故選C。

【14題詳解】

細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段InBoston,doctors,researchersandroboticsengineershaveteameduptobringa

friendly,dog-like,four-leggedrobotnamedSpotintoBrighamandWomen'sHospital,allowingdoctorsto

communicatewithpatientsviatelemedicine.和第四段Intheplaceofahead,SpothasaniPadaffixedtoastand,

allowingdoctorstoconducttelemedicineserviceswiththeirpatients.可知Spot使醫(yī)生通過遠程醫(yī)療與患者溝通

變?yōu)榭赡埽ㄟ^Spot頭部的iPad,醫(yī)生對病人進行遠程醫(yī)療服務(wù)。故選D。

[15題詳解】

主旨大意題。文章通過例子介紹了機器人被用于醫(yī)院，減少了醫(yī)務(wù)人員接觸可怕病毒的機會，通過機器人

頭部裝置讓醫(yī)生和醫(yī)護人員通過視頻與患者溝通，對病人進行遠程醫(yī)療服務(wù)。RobotsBeingUsedin

Hospital概括了文章內(nèi)容，適合作為標題。故選C。

（4）2021屆廣東省六校第一次聯(lián)考之E篇

Wildlifetrackingisnothingnew,butit'scertainlynotwithoutlimitations.Whenpursuinganimals,particularly

birds,insomeplaceslikeroughmountainsandvastoceans,thetraditionalmethod,VHFtrackingwhichusesGPS

tags（跟蹤器）,oftenendsupwiththesignalofanimalslost.

AnewlydevelopedsetofUAVs（無人機）withradiotagsaimstosolvethisproblem."Theswiftparrotwasthe

originalinspirationforthedevelopmentofthesystem.Theswiftparrotsaremigratory（季節(jié)遷徙的）birds.Before

reachingtheirdestination,they'llflyacrossvastareasofland.Besides,duringtheirflying,theytendtochoosea

randomplacefortemporaryfoodandrest.Andtheyusedifferentareasastheirdestinationseachyeardependingon

wheretheirfoodisavailable.Sotheirdestinationseachyearcanalsoberandom.Therandomnnesscanmakeit

hardforustojudgeinadvancewherethey'llexactlygoandmoredifficulttotrackthem,"explainsSaunders.

"Soit*snecessarytousetagstotrackthem.ButGPStagsarenotcongruentwithswiftparrotssincethese

creaturesaretoosmall,whichmakesithardtoattachthelargeGPStagstothem.Besides,GPSsignalscanbepoor

inremoteandroughareas.Thereforewehadtofindanewwaytosearchlargepiecesoflandmoreeffectively.We

hadanideatoattachsmallerradiotagstothemanduseparticularUAVstotrackthoseradiotagstostudytheir

movements.0

TheseUAVsonlyneedtoflybesidetheparrotstotracktheirwhereaboutswhileothersystemsneedtofly

directlyoverheadforavisualsighting.Saunderssays,"Oursystemlistensfortagsignals,andworksmost

effectivelyatadistancesoitcanidentifywheretheanimalsareandhelpusobservethemwithoutinfluencingtheir

flyingroutes."

AsfortheimprovementofUAVs,nowthescientistswanttodevelopaversionthathasstrongerliftingability

andfliesfartherwithoutbeingchargedinthemidway.Andthenitcantrackanimalsinmoreremoteandrough

surroundingsthatwerepreviouslyinaccessible,andshedlightonspeciesthathavebeenunabletobetrackeduntil

now.

17.Whatisthemajorproblemoftraditionalwildlifetracking?

A.Failingtoreachruralareas.B.Failingtofollowroutinemethods.

C.LosingtrackofGPStagssometimes.D.Losingtrackoftheanimalssometimes.

18.WhatcanbelearnedaboutswiftparrotsaccordingtoParagraph2?

A.UAVsaremodeledaftertheirshape.B.UAVscanbeattachedtotheirbodies.

C.Theirmigratoryroutecanbehardtopredict.D.Theirflyingcangetinterruptedbyhumans.

19.WhatmaybethestrengthofUAVsdesignedbytheresearchers?

A.Theycanflyquitehighinthesky.B.Theyhelpcatchandattacktheirtargets.

C.Theyhelptrackbirdswithoutdisturbingthem.D.Theycanrecordthesoundssentbyvariousbirds.

20.HowwillthescientistsprobablyimprovetheirUAVs?

A.Bygettingridofradiotags.B.Byreducingtheirproductioncost.

C.Byincreasingtheirweightandsize.D.Byimprovingtheirenergystorageandengines.

【答案】17.D18.C19.C20.D

【解析】

這是一篇說明文。主要說明r一套新開發(fā)的帶有無線電跟蹤器的無人機可以有助于科學(xué)家們追蹤野生動

物。