自學(xué)考試復(fù)習(xí)題國(guó)際商務(wù)英語(yǔ)

./自學(xué)考試復(fù)習(xí)題國(guó)際商務(wù)英語(yǔ)全真模擬演練〔一I.Translatethefollowingwordsandexpressions:<20%>1.percapitaincome人均收入2.compoundduties混合稅3.countertrade對(duì)銷貿(mào)易,反向貿(mào)易4.goldstandard金本位制5.correspondentbanlck往來(lái)行,關(guān)系行6.taxholiday免稅期7.forcemajeure不可抗力8.economicintegration經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化9.capitalmarket資本市場(chǎng)10.securities有價(jià)證券11.關(guān)稅區(qū)Customsarea12.東道國(guó)hostcountries13.借方debit14.折扣discount15.追溯到betracedbackto16.貿(mào)易慣例tradingpractices17..光票信用證cleancredit18.免責(zé)條款escapeclauses19.初級(jí)產(chǎn)品primarycommodities20.貨物原產(chǎn)地港口portoforigin全真模擬演練〔二Translatethefollowingwordsandexpressions:<20%>1.legalentity法人實(shí)體2.confirmedcredit保兌信用證3.counteroffer還盤(pán)4.goldtranche黃金份額5.termsoftrade貿(mào)易條件6.tariffschedule稅率表,稅則7.partialshipment分批裝運(yùn)8.hyperinflation極度通貨膨脹9.intellectualproperty知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)10.long-termcapital長(zhǎng)期資本11.〔匯率間接標(biāo)價(jià)indirectquote12.中間產(chǎn)品intermediateproduct13.反傾銷anti-dumping14.共同市場(chǎng)commonmarket15.大路貨staplegoods16.絕對(duì)利益absoluteadvantage17.遠(yuǎn)期信用證usancecredit18.價(jià)格條件termsofsale19.受票人drawee20.結(jié)關(guān)customsclearance全真模擬演練〔三I.Translatethefollowingwordsandexpressions:<20%>1.comparativeadvantage比較利益2.negotiabletransportdocument可轉(zhuǎn)讓裝運(yùn)單據(jù)3.netpositions實(shí)際頭寸4.most-favoured-nationtreatment最惠國(guó)待遇5.incomedistribution收入分布6.billofexchange匯票7.openingbank開(kāi)證銀行8.exchangerate匯率9.balanceofpayment國(guó)際收支10.parentMNC跨國(guó)公司母公司11.無(wú)形貿(mào)易invisibletrade12．商品交易會(huì)tradefairs．13.非貿(mào)易結(jié)算non-tradesettlement14.嘜頭shippingmarks15.產(chǎn)品自然領(lǐng)域naturalproductprovinces16.風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移risktransfer17.配額限制quotarestrictions18.客戶流動(dòng)customermobility19.關(guān)稅配額tariffquota20.無(wú)差別待遇原則non-discriminationprinciple全真模擬演練〔四I.Translatethefollowingwordsandexpressions:<20%>1.Irrevocablecredit不可撤銷信用證2.parvalue平價(jià)3.tradepolicy貿(mào)易政策4.graceperiod優(yōu)惠期,寬限期5.equityinvestment股權(quán)投資6.marketfloor交易場(chǎng)地7.shareholders股東8.nationaltreatment國(guó)民待遇9.preferentialcustomstariffs特惠稅10.portfolioinvestment證券投資11.關(guān)稅壁壘tariffbarriers12.詢盤(pán)enquiry13.競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性貶值competitivedevaluation14.提單billoflading15.通知行advisingbank16.簽字signature17.即時(shí)庫(kù)存just-in-timeinventory18.代位追償subrogation19.基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施infrastructure20.規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)economiesofscale全真模擬演練〔五I.Translatethefollowingwordsandexpressions:<20%>1.advaloremduties從價(jià)稅2.centrallyplannedeconomies中央計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)國(guó)家3.tariffrates關(guān)稅稅率4.dirtyfloat骯臟浮動(dòng)5.jointverttne合資企業(yè)6.listedmarket掛牌證券交易市場(chǎng)7.GeneralizedSystemofPreferences普惠制8.transferoftechnology技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓9.freetradearea自由貿(mào)易區(qū)10.endowmentofnature自然的賦予11.締約方contractingparties12.付款交單documentsagainstpayment13.保兌行confirmingbank14.起運(yùn)港portofshipment15.退稅drawback16.寄售consignment17.歐洲支付聯(lián)盟EuropeanPaymentUnion18.財(cái)務(wù)狀況financialstanding19.全球化globalization20.保險(xiǎn)單insurancepolicy全真模擬演練〔六I.Translatethefollowingwordsandexpressions：<20%>1.policyobjectives政策目標(biāo)2.documentcollection跟單托收3.specialdrawingright特別提款權(quán)4.gilt-edgedstocks金邊證券5.rollon-rolloff滾裝滾卸的6.expertise專門(mén)知識(shí)7.creditworthiness資信可靠狀況8.usancedraft.遠(yuǎn)期匯票9.cleandraft光票10.certificateoforigin產(chǎn)地證書(shū)11.關(guān)稅同盟customs.Union12．關(guān)稅減讓themost-favorednationclause13.最惠國(guó)條款themost-favorednationclause14.從量稅specificduties15.貨號(hào)articlenumber16.可撤銷信用證revocahlecredit17.傭金commission18.公共承運(yùn)人commoncarrier19.中間人middJeman20.儲(chǔ)備貨幣reservecurrency全真模擬演練〔七>I.Translatethefollowingwordsandexpressions:<20%>Documentsagainstacceptance承兌交單2.Businessline業(yè)務(wù)范圍3.barter易貨貿(mào)易4.costeconomies節(jié)約成本〔成本節(jié)約5.cleanfloat清潔浮動(dòng)6.investmentreturns投資回報(bào)7.documentarydraft跟單匯票8.standingcommittee常務(wù)委員會(huì)9.institutionalstrength制度〔行政力量10.newinternationaleconomicorder國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)新秩序11.金融市場(chǎng)Financialmarket12.貼現(xiàn)率discountrate13．反補(bǔ)貼措施counter-veilingmeasures14.進(jìn)口關(guān)稅importduties15.循環(huán)貸款證revolvingcredit16.空運(yùn)收據(jù)airwaybill17.所得稅incometax18.差別待遇differential[treatment19.有形貿(mào)易visibletrade20.外匯儲(chǔ)備foreigncurrencyreserves全真模擬演練〔八Translatethefollowingwordsandexpressions:<20%>1.clearingsystem清算系統(tǒng)2.counterpurchase反向購(gòu)買(mǎi),互購(gòu)3.idlefunds游資4.thegreenfieldstrategy綠地戰(zhàn)略5.practitioner開(kāi)業(yè)者6.nationalincome國(guó)民收人7.sovereignstate主權(quán)國(guó)家8.salescontract銷售合同9.beneficiary受益人10.cashinadvance預(yù)付現(xiàn)金11．充分就業(yè)Fullemployment12.非關(guān)稅壁壘Non-tariffbarrier13.海關(guān)發(fā)票custoroinvoice14.制成品finishedproducts15.董事會(huì)boardofdirectors16.自然資源16.naturalresources17.裝船通知17shippingadvice18.面值facevalue19.貨物保險(xiǎn)cargoinsurance20.可保利益insurableinterest考前深度密押<一>I.Translatethefollowingwordsandexpressions:<20%>1.titletothegoods貨物所有權(quán)2.entrepreneur企業(yè)家3.directquote直接標(biāo)價(jià)4.stockexchange證券交易所5.creditorcountry債權(quán)國(guó)6.multi-polarizatio多極化7.XeroxCorporation施樂(lè)公司8.processingtrade加工貿(mào)易9.debtor債務(wù)人10.capitalturnover資金周轉(zhuǎn)11.補(bǔ)償貿(mào)易compensationtrade12.古跡placesofhistoricalinterest13.領(lǐng)事發(fā)票consularinvoice14.期權(quán)options15.生活standardsofliving16.合同正文contractproper17.主要銀行l(wèi)eadingbank18.可轉(zhuǎn)讓信用證transferablecredit19.保險(xiǎn)公司underwriters20.借款權(quán)borrowingpower考前深度密押〔二I.Translatethefollowingwordsandexpressions:<20%>1.middlerate中間價(jià)2.secondarycapitalmarket二級(jí)資本詐場(chǎng)3.tradecreditaccounts貿(mào)易信貸往來(lái)賬戶4.VAT<ValueAddedTax>增值稅5.signatory簽字人,簽字國(guó)6.economiesofscale規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)7.tradeterms貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)8.validityperiod有效期9.firmoffer實(shí)盤(pán)10.protectionism貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義11.運(yùn)輸工具meansoftransport12.自給自足self-sufficient13.雙部長(zhǎng)會(huì)議Dual-MinisterialMeeting14.農(nóng)產(chǎn)品farnnprodu15.進(jìn)口關(guān)稅importduties16.租賃貿(mào)易leasingtrade17.分階段付款periodicpayments18.貨物收據(jù)cargoreceipt19.價(jià)格條款priceterms20.即期信用證sightcredit.2014年4月全國(guó)高等教育自學(xué)考試試題I.TranslatethefoIlowhewortlb,ndexlrQsKD,8fromEnglishintoChinese.<10%>1.Economicglohalization經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化2.politicalentity政治實(shí)體3.freetradearea自由貿(mào)易區(qū)4.banknotes鈔票5.Legalobligationss,法律責(zé)任〔P1536.BOT建設(shè)、經(jīng)營(yíng)、移交7.trademark商標(biāo)8.staplegoods大路貨9.councilofministers部長(zhǎng)理事10.parentcompany母公司11.貨號(hào)articlenumber12.初級(jí)產(chǎn)品primarycommodities13.銷售合同Salescontract14.混合關(guān)稅compoundduties15.貨艙cargocompartment16.匯款Remittance17.紅利bonus18.仲裁arbitration19.遠(yuǎn)期匯票usancedraft‘tenordraft/termdraft20.證券投資portfolioinvestment2014年10月全國(guó)高等教育自學(xué)考試試題L.Transl9CthefollowingwordsandexpressionsfromEnghshintoChinese.<10%>1.Foreigncurrencyreserves外匯儲(chǔ)備2.customsclearance結(jié)關(guān)3.foreignexchangeshortage外匯短缺4.documentarycredit跟單信用證5.utmostgoodfaith最大誠(chéng)信6.Legalentity法人實(shí)體7.hedge套期保值8.escapeclause免責(zé)條款9.EuropeanCommission歐盟委員套10.portfolioinvestment證券投資11.基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施infrastructure12.專業(yè)化specialization13.集裝箱container14.金融市場(chǎng)financialmarket15.商業(yè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)commercialrisk16.貼現(xiàn)率discountrate17.所得稅incometax18.反傾銷anti-dumpins19.產(chǎn)地證書(shū)certincateoforigin20.關(guān)稅待遇tarifftreatment2015年4月全國(guó)高等教育自學(xué)考試試題I.TuuslatethefollowingwordsandexpressionsfromEnglishintoChinese.<10%>1.Primarycommodities初級(jí)產(chǎn)品2.Exchangeratefluctuationl匯率波動(dòng)3.Insurancepolicy保險(xiǎn)單4.Economicconflict經(jīng)濟(jì)摩擦5.Voluntaryexportrestriction自動(dòng)出口限制6.marketfloor交易場(chǎng)地7.counter-vailingmeasures反補(bǔ)貼措施8.consumpreference消費(fèi)偏好9.bulkgoods大宗貨物10.EuropeanParliament歐洲議會(huì)11.預(yù)付現(xiàn)金cashinadvance12.報(bào)價(jià)quotationoffer13.嘜頭shippingmarks14.儲(chǔ)備貨幣resenecurrency15.并購(gòu)Acquisition16.長(zhǎng)期資本Iong-termcapital17.關(guān)稅區(qū)customsarea18.雙邊貿(mào)易DilUera.X84e19.即期匯票sightdraft20.工業(yè)化industrialization全真模擬演練〔一ThetermTriadreferstothethreerichestregionsoftheworld.TheUnitedStates,theEuropeanUnionandJapanthatofferthemostimportantbusinessopportuities.Anyinternationalenter-prisemustbearTriadinmindiftheywanttobesuccessfuJintheincreasingljcompetitivewurldmarket.術(shù)語(yǔ)Triad是指世界上最富有的三大市場(chǎng)：美國(guó),歐盟和日本.這些市場(chǎng)提供著最重要的商業(yè)機(jī)會(huì).任何跨國(guó)企業(yè)要想在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)日益激烈的世界市場(chǎng)上成功,都應(yīng)當(dāng)密切關(guān)注這三大市場(chǎng).Inchoosingatransportationmodeforaparticularproduct,shippersconsiderasmanyassixcriteria:speed,frequency,dependability,capability,availabilityandcost.Thusifashipperseeksspeed,airandtruckaretheprimecontenders.Ifthegoalislowcost,thenwaterandpipelinearetheprimecontenders.Shippersareincreasinglycombiningtwoormoretransporta-tionmodes,thankstocontainerization.Containerizationconsistsofputtingthegoodsinboxesortrailersthatareeasytotransferbetweentwotransportationmodes.Eachcoordinatectmodeoftransportationoffersspecificadvantagestotheshipper.為了給某種產(chǎn)品選定一種運(yùn)輸方式,貨主要考慮六個(gè)問(wèn)題：速度、頻率、可靠性、能力、便利性和成本.這樣,若貨主要求速度,空運(yùn)和汽車(chē)運(yùn)輸是首要選擇.如果目標(biāo)是低成本,那么水運(yùn)和管道運(yùn)輸最好.由于集裝箱化的發(fā)展,貨主越來(lái)越多地將兩種或更多的運(yùn)輸方式結(jié)合在一起；集裝比是指將貨切裝入便于在兩種運(yùn)輸方式間互換的箱子里或拖車(chē)上.每種聯(lián)運(yùn)都為貨主提供了某些便利.52.經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)盟的成員不僅要在稅收、政府開(kāi)支、產(chǎn)業(yè)政策等方面保持一致,而且還要使用統(tǒng)一的貨幣.Themembersdaneconomicunionarerequirednotonlytoharmonizetheirtaxation,govemmentexpendi-ture,industrypolicies,etc.,butalsousethesamecurrency.53.包裝需按運(yùn)輸?shù)囊筮M(jìn)行,在大多數(shù)情況下,賣(mài)方明確地知道把貨物安全地運(yùn)到目的地所需要的特定包裝類型.Packingshouldbemadeaccordingtotherequire-mentoftransportation.Inmostcases,thesellerknowsclearlytheparticulartypeofpackingrequiredIortransportingthegoodssafelytodestination.54.在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了為解決不同情況下付款問(wèn)題的各種各樣的付款方式.Variousmethodsofpaymentna,ebeer婁乙qcdtocopewithdifferentsituationsininternationaltrade.55.保險(xiǎn)是一種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移機(jī)制.通過(guò)保險(xiǎn)個(gè)人或企業(yè)可以將生活中一些不確定因素轉(zhuǎn)移給其他人.Insuranceisarisktransfermechanism,bywhichtheindividualorthebusinessenterprisecanshiftsormeoftheuncertaintyoflifetotheshouldersofothers.56.事實(shí)上,較不發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的目標(biāo)在于建立一種他們所說(shuō)的"國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)新秩序".Infact,thetargetatwhichtheless-developedcoun-iesareaimingiswhattheydescribeas"anewinternationaleconomicorder".全真模擬演練〔二Itshouldbenoted,however,thattheexistenceofaletterofcreditisnotaguaranteeofpaymenttoanyone.ItsexistenceonlyaSSUrespaymenttothebeneficiaryifthetermsandcondi-tionsoftheletterofcreditarefulfilled.Inaddition,aletterofcrecHtdoesnotinsurethattheaterialspurchasedwillbethoseinvoicedorshipped.然而應(yīng)該注意,有了信用證并不能保證對(duì)任何人付款,信用證只保證在其條款得到滿足的情況下對(duì)受益人付款.另外,信用證不擔(dān)保發(fā)票載明的貨物或?qū)嶋H裝運(yùn)的貨物就是所購(gòu)貨物.AllowingforeignbankstoentertheChinesemarketwillexertapositiveinfluenceondomes-ticbanks,makingChinesebanksmorecompetitive,introducingnewtechnologyandinformationandprovidingadditionalfunds.Butintheshortandnot-so-longtermfutureafterforeignbanksentertheChinesemarket,thesebankswillbeablerouselowerpricesandefficientservices,in-cludmgsuchservicesastele-banking,towinoveralargenumberofcustomersfromdomesticbanks,especiallyprizedcustomers.Thiswillresulrinacutintheamountoffundsinthehandstoughestchallengethegovernmentwillfacewillbetoeliminatebaddebts,implemertcautiousandstandardriskmanagementmodels,andtightenupbankadminis-trationsothatdomesticbankscanadapttointernationalcompetition.允許外國(guó)銀行進(jìn)入中國(guó)市場(chǎng)將對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)銀行產(chǎn)生積極影響,使其更具競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力,引進(jìn)新技術(shù)、新信息,并提供更多資金.但是在短期和不太長(zhǎng)的時(shí)期內(nèi),外國(guó)銀行進(jìn)入中國(guó)市場(chǎng)將能利用低廉的價(jià)格和高效的服務(wù),包括遠(yuǎn)程銀行服務(wù),從國(guó)內(nèi)銀行拉走大量客戶,尤其是受重視的客戶.這將導(dǎo)致國(guó)內(nèi)銀行手中掌握的資金減少.政府面臨的最嚴(yán)峻的挑戰(zhàn)是消除壞賬,執(zhí)行謹(jǐn)慎、規(guī)范的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理模式,加強(qiáng)對(duì)銀行的管理,以使國(guó)內(nèi)銀行能適應(yīng)國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng).52.國(guó)際貿(mào)易一般指不同國(guó)家的當(dāng)事人進(jìn)行的交易,它涉及許多因素,因而比國(guó)內(nèi)貿(mào)易復(fù)雜得多.Internationalbusinessreferstotransactionbetweenpartiesfromdifferentcountries.Ninvolvesmorefactorsandthusismorecomplicatedthandomesticbusiness.53.盡管母公司的日常管理工作下放到跨國(guó)企業(yè)的子公司,但重要決策,如有關(guān)公司目標(biāo)和新投資等都由母公司束決定.Althoughtheday-to-dayrunningofcorporateopera-tionsmaybedecentralizedtotheaffiliateMNCs,themajordecisions,sucha3thoseoncorporategoalsandnewinvestmentsaremadebytheparentcompany.54.對(duì)銷貿(mào)易據(jù)稱是發(fā)展中國(guó)家和中央計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)國(guó)家廣泛使用的一種特殊形式的交易.Countertradeisapeculiwformoftransactionallegedlypopularinless-developedcountriesandincentrallyplannedeconomies.55.根據(jù)商品性質(zhì)及各國(guó)具體規(guī)定不同,可能需要各種證書(shū).Variouscertificatesmayberequireddependingonthenatureofthecommodityandthestipulationsofthespecificcountries.56.一旦發(fā)盤(pán)或還盤(pán)被接受,使認(rèn)為是達(dá)成了交易.TransactionisconsideredconcludedoncooKeroracounterofferisaccepted.全真模擬演練〔三Documentarycollectionisameansofpaymentensuringthatthegoodsareonlyhandedovertothebuyerwhentheamountshownonabillofexchangeispaidorwhenthecustomeracceptsthebillasacontracttopaybyaspecifieddate.Theexportersendsthebillofexchangeandtheshippingdocumentstohisbank,whichfor-wardsthemtoabankinthecustomer’scountry.Thisbank,ortheexporter’sagentsinthecountryconcerned,takesthedocumentstothecusomer.Ifitisasightbill,thecustomerpaystheamountdirectly.Ifitisatimebill,hesignsthebill,whichmeanshehas"accepted"itforpaymentwithinacertainspecifiedtime.Inreturnforeitherpaymentoracceptanceofpayment,thecustnerishandedtheshippingdocumentswhichgivetitletothegoods.跟單托收是一種付款方法,當(dāng)匯票所示金額付清后,或客戶承兌匯票作為指定日期付款的契約時(shí),貨物才交給買(mǎi)方.出口商把匯票和貨運(yùn)單據(jù)交給他的銀行,該銀行再將匯票和單據(jù)交給客戶所在國(guó)的銀行.該銀行或出口商在有關(guān)國(guó)家的代理把單據(jù)交給客戶.如果是即期匯票,客戶便直接支付.如果是遠(yuǎn)期匯票,他在匯票上簽字,意思是承兌該匯票,在指定的時(shí)間內(nèi)付款.無(wú)論已付款或承兌付款,此時(shí)客戶便可獲取貨運(yùn)單據(jù),借此擁有貨物.UNCTADistheintergovernmentalbodywithintheUNsystemforcomprehensive‘reviewoftrade,developmentandotherrelatedissues.UNCTADisdesignedtopromotetradeandeconomicdevelopmentofallcountries,particularlythedevelopingcountries.Overthe40-plusyearssinceitsfounding,UNCTADhasplayedanimportantroleinfosteringNorth-Southdialogueandcooperation,promotingtradeandeconomicdevelopmentofthedevelopingcountriesandassistingtheminspeedingupintegrationintothemultilateraltradingeconomy.聯(lián)合國(guó)貿(mào)易與發(fā)展會(huì)議是聯(lián)合國(guó)系統(tǒng)內(nèi)政府間的機(jī)構(gòu),它的設(shè)立是為了全面回顧、發(fā)展貿(mào)易并進(jìn)行其他有關(guān)事項(xiàng).貿(mào)發(fā)會(huì)議旨在促進(jìn)所有國(guó)家,尤其是發(fā)展中國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)和貿(mào)易的發(fā)展.它自成立40多年來(lái),在促進(jìn)南北對(duì)話和合作、促進(jìn)發(fā)展中國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易發(fā)展、幫助這些國(guó)家加快步仿融人多邊貿(mào)易經(jīng)濟(jì)體系上都起到了重要的作用.52.高收入國(guó)家和地區(qū)是高檔消費(fèi)品的主要市場(chǎng),在吸引外資和對(duì)外投資方面都處于有利地位.High-incomecountriesandregionsofferprimemar-ketsforexpensiveconsumergoodsandarebothattractivesourcesanddestinationsofinvestment.53.在復(fù)雜的經(jīng)濟(jì)世界中,沒(méi)有一個(gè)國(guó)家可以完全自給自足.Inthecomplexeconomicworld,nocountrycanbecompletelyself-sufficient.54.在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中進(jìn)出口雙方都面臨風(fēng)險(xiǎn),因?yàn)榭偞嬖趯?duì)方不履約的可能.Ininternationaltrade,boththeexporterandimporterfacerisksasthereisalwaysthepossibilitythattheotherpartymayfailtofulfillthecontract.55.信用證不能給締約雙方提供絕對(duì)的安全.theletterofcreditcannotprovideabsolutesecurityforthecontractingparties.56.合同是在雙方所達(dá)成的協(xié)議的基礎(chǔ)上觸定的,而協(xié)議又是雙方進(jìn)行商務(wù)談判的結(jié)果.Thecontractisbasedonagreement,whichistheresultofbusinessnegotiations.全真模擬演練〔四5o.Acontractisanagreementbywhichtwopartiesmutuallypromisetobuyorsellsomeproducts.Inpractice,someinformalcontractsmaybereachedorally.Thisisunderstandable,butmayleadtounfortunateconsequences.Areasonableexportershouldatleastinsistonstrictobservanceofthelegalrequirementsincaseofordersthatarenotroutinetransactions.Whenthegoodsorderedrepresentaconsiderablevalue,aformalcontractembodyingalltermsoftheagree-mentshouldbepreparedinduplicate;eachcopyshouldbesignedbybothparties,andeachpartyshouldretainacopyofthecontract.一份合同是買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方共同保證買(mǎi)賣(mài)某些產(chǎn)品的協(xié)定.在商業(yè)行為中,有些非正式合同是口頭達(dá)成的.這是可以理解的,但可能釀成嚴(yán)重后果.乚個(gè)明智的出口商至少應(yīng)在遇到非同尋常的訂貨時(shí)堅(jiān)持嚴(yán)格要求按法規(guī)履約.當(dāng)訂購(gòu)貨物金額較大時(shí),應(yīng)準(zhǔn)備體現(xiàn)所有協(xié)議條款的合同一式兩份,在每份合同上雙方均需簽字,然后每方保留一份.51.Thereisageneralmisconceptionthatmarket-seekingFDIindomesticsectorssuchasretailyieldslittledevelopmentimpact.Theoppositeistrue.FDIinretailhasbeenakeydriverofpro-ductivitygrowthinBrazil,Poland,andThailand,resultinginlowerpricesandhigherconsump-lion.Large-scaleforeignretailersarealsoforcingwholesalersandfoodprocessorstoimprove.Andtheyarenowbecomingimportantsourcesofexports:TescoinThailandandWal-MartinBrazilareincreasinglyturningtolocalproductstofeedtheirglobalsupplychains.Retailalsohappenstobeapillarofthetourismindustry.一般有一種誤解,認(rèn)為尋找市場(chǎng)的外國(guó)直接投資進(jìn)入零售業(yè)等國(guó)內(nèi)行業(yè)對(duì)發(fā)展起不了多少推動(dòng)作用.事實(shí)正好相反,巴西、波蘭、泰國(guó)零售業(yè)中的外國(guó)直接投資是促進(jìn)三國(guó)生產(chǎn)發(fā)展的主要因素,使價(jià)格下降,消費(fèi)上升.大型外國(guó)零售商還促使批發(fā)商和食品加工商加快發(fā)展.現(xiàn)在,它們正成為重要的出口來(lái)源.進(jìn)入泰國(guó)的特斯科,進(jìn)人巴西的沃爾瑪正越來(lái)越多地把當(dāng)?shù)禺a(chǎn)品納入他們的全球供應(yīng)鏈.零售業(yè)還正好是旅游業(yè)的支柱.52.技術(shù)、資本和現(xiàn)成的市場(chǎng)是跨國(guó)企業(yè)組織帶給不發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的利益.technology,capUalandreadymarketsaresortofbenefitsMNEsbringtoless-developedhostcountries.53.貿(mào)易可能產(chǎn)生于規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì),即大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)的成本優(yōu)勢(shì).Trademayoccuroutofeconomiesofsthatis,thecostadvantagesoflarge-scaleproduction.54.你不能為鄰居的車(chē)投保,因?yàn)樗绻麚p壞,你不會(huì)受到任何損失.Youcannotmsureyourneighbor’scar,forifitisnagedyouwillnotsufferanyloss.就出口商的利益而言,即期付款交單比遠(yuǎn)期付款交單有利.Sofarastheexporter’sinterestisconcerned,D/PatsightismorefavourablethanD/Paftersight.56.比較利益學(xué)說(shuō)在這個(gè)問(wèn)題上提供了一個(gè)令人滿意的答案.Thetheoryofcomparativeadvantagehasofferedasatisfactoryanswertothisquestion.全真模擬演練〔五Thetransferablecreditisdesignedtomeettherequirementsofinternationaltrade.Itenablesamiddlemanwhoisreceivingpaymentfromabuyerunderadocumentarycredittotransferhisclaimunderthatcredittohisownsupplier.Inthiswayhecancarryouttraanmsssactionswith’onlyalimitedoutlayofhisownfunds.Atransferablecreditmayonlybetransferredonce.lhesecondbeneficiarymaynotfurthertransferitunlessthereisanexpressprovisiontothiseffectintheoriginalcredit.Thislimitontransferabilityisintendedtopreventabuse.可轉(zhuǎn)讓信用證是為適合國(guó)際貿(mào)易的需要而設(shè)計(jì)的.它使在跟單信用證項(xiàng)下從買(mǎi)方收取貨款的中間商能夠把自己信用證項(xiàng)下的權(quán)利轉(zhuǎn)讓給他的供貨商.這樣,他就可以只憑開(kāi)支有限的資金而進(jìn)行交易.可轉(zhuǎn)讓信用證只可轉(zhuǎn)讓一次.除非原信用證有明確規(guī)定,第二受益人不可以再轉(zhuǎn)讓信用證.這種對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)讓作出的限制是為了防止濫用轉(zhuǎn)讓.TheIFCwasestablishedin1956.Itsfunctionistoassisttheeconomicdevelopmentofless-developedcountriesbypromotinggrowthintheprivatesectoroftheireconom,esandhelpingtomobilizedomesticandforeigncapitalforthispurpose.MembershipintheIBRDisaprerequisiteformembershipintheIFC.國(guó)際金融組織成立于1956年,其宗旨是通過(guò)促進(jìn)私營(yíng)企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)并為此目的幫助調(diào)動(dòng)國(guó)內(nèi)外資本,從而援助不發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展.參加國(guó)際金融組織的會(huì)員必須是國(guó)際復(fù)興開(kāi)發(fā)銀行的會(huì)員.APEC建立于在澳大利亞首都召開(kāi)的一次部長(zhǎng)級(jí)會(huì)議,當(dāng)時(shí)有12個(gè)成員國(guó)出席.APECwassetupattheMinisterialMeetinghelddintheAustraliancapitalattendedby12membersofcountries.53.貿(mào)易不是建立在兩個(gè)國(guó)家生產(chǎn)能力的差異上,而是建立在不同的消費(fèi)愛(ài)好上.Illbebasednotondifferencesinthepro-ductioncapabilitiesofthetwocountriesbutondif-con’sumptionpreferences.54.要么因?yàn)樾庞米C金額太大,要么因?yàn)閷?duì)開(kāi)證行不完全信任,出口商有時(shí)可能需要保兌信用證.Eitherbecausethecreditamountistoolarge,orbecausehedoesnotfullytrusttheopeningbank,theexportermaysometimesrequireaconfinrmroedletterofcredit.55.《國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則》的目的在于為外貿(mào)業(yè)務(wù)中使用最普遍的貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)提供一套國(guó)際解釋通則.ThepurposeofIncotermsistoprovideasetofinter-nationalrulesfortheinterpretationofthemostcommonlyusedtradetermsinforeigntrade.56.合同依法實(shí)施,未能履行合同義務(wù)的一方可能受到起訴,并被強(qiáng)制作出賠償.Acontractisenforceablebylaw,andthepartythatfailstofulfillhiscontractualobligationsmaybesuedandforcedtomakecompensation.全真模擬演練〔六Astraightbillofladingismadeoutsothatonlythenamedconsigneeisentitledtotakedeliveryofthegoodsunderthebill.Thisconsigneeisdesignatedbytheshipper.Thecarrierhastohandoverthecargotothenamedconsignee,nottoanythirdpartyinpossessionofthebill.Thiskindofbillofladingisnottransferable.Theshippercan’tpassthebilltoathirdpartybyendorsement.Becauseofthelimitedfunctions,thisbillisinveryrestrictedapplicatiS.Whengoodsareshippedonanon-commercialbasis,suchassamplesorexhibits,orwhenthegoodsareextremelyvaluable,astraightbillofladingisgenerallyissued.記名提單是為了只讓規(guī)定的收貨人提取該提單項(xiàng)下的貨物.收貨人是由托運(yùn)人指定的.承運(yùn)人必須把貨物交給指定的收貨人,而不能交給任何持有該提單的第三方.這種提單是不可轉(zhuǎn)讓的,托運(yùn)人不能通過(guò)背書(shū)將其轉(zhuǎn)給第三方.由于作用受到限制,這種提單使用很有限,一般是?運(yùn)輸樣品、展品之類的非贏利目的的籮物,或特別貴重商品時(shí)使用記名提單.Thepracticaladvantagesexistduetothepeculiarenvironmentwithinwhichcountertradeusuallytakesplace.Theyquitelikelydisappearwhentheenvironmentchanges-asishappeningnowinmanycountries.Restructuringandthedevelopmentofmarketsmaythereforemeanthattheenvironmentwithinwhichcountertradeusuallytakesplaceischangingsoastoreduceitsfrequency.Reducedownershiprestrictionsarelikelytoshifttheorganizationalformstowardjointventuresandwholly-ownedenterprises毛ich,possessproductionfacilities.Improvedknowledge,experience,andlegalenforcementofconraractualobligationswilllikelymeanincreasinguseoflongertermandmoresophisticatedexplicittransactioncontracts.實(shí)際好處的存在是因?yàn)閷?duì)銷貿(mào)易所產(chǎn)生的特殊環(huán)境.當(dāng)這種環(huán)境改變時(shí),這種好處?可能不復(fù)存在——就像目前許多國(guó)家的情況一樣.經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整和市場(chǎng)的發(fā)展也許意味著產(chǎn)生對(duì)銷貿(mào)易的環(huán)境正在變化從而減少了對(duì)銷貿(mào)易產(chǎn)生的頻率.對(duì)所有權(quán)限制的減少有可能將組織形式朝著合資企業(yè)和擁有生產(chǎn)設(shè)施的獨(dú)資企業(yè)方向改變.對(duì)合同責(zé)任認(rèn)識(shí)的提高、經(jīng)驗(yàn)的豐富和依法實(shí)施的改善將有可能意味著越來(lái)越多地使用更長(zhǎng)期、更復(fù)雜詳細(xì)的交易合同.52.在當(dāng)今世界,跨國(guó)企業(yè)是,種可以跨越邊界轉(zhuǎn)移資源的非常重要的途徑.Inourworldtoday,themultinationalenterprisesareveryimportantvehiclesforthetransferofresourcesareveryimportantvehiclesforthetransferofresourcesacrossnationalboundaries.53.絕對(duì)利希理診認(rèn)確二釉商黑熄在首拓輯資源成本低的國(guó)家進(jìn)行生產(chǎn).thetheoryofabsoluteadvantageholdsthatacorn-moditywillbeproducedinthecountrywhereitcostsleastintermsofresources.54.還盤(pán)可以針對(duì)發(fā)盤(pán)中的價(jià)格、付款條件、裝運(yùn)時(shí)間或其他條款提出.Acounter-offermaybemadeinrelationtotheprice,termsofpayment,timeofshipmentorothertermsandconditionsoftheoffer.55.清潔提單指貨物在表面狀況良好的情況下裝船,這意味著提單上未加任何有關(guān)包裝或貨物外表不良的批注.Acleanbillofladingreferstoonethatindicatesthegood8havebeenshippedinapparentgoodorderandcondition.Itmeansthatthedocumentisdevoidofanyqualifyingremarksconcerningthepackingandtheouterappearanceofthegoods.56.國(guó)際股票交易所提供了一種途徑,使人們的存款能夠?yàn)槟切┬枰Y金的人所利用.TheInternationalStockExchangeprovidesaacachcha-nelthroughwhichthesavingscanreachthosewhoneedUnance.全真模擬演練<七>Proposalformsarenotcustonuuyincargoinsurance,butmanyfirmBdousea.transitappli-cationformwhichliststheinformationtheyrequire.Sincethe-fullestinformationreducesthepos-sibilityofanybreachofutmostgoodfaith,itisbettertosupplyfulldetailsthantorestrictoneselftothebareruinimurn.Everymaterialcircumstancemustbedisclosedandwhatis"material"willdependuponthefactsofeveryconsignment.貨物保險(xiǎn)習(xí)慣上雖不使用建議書(shū),但許多公司的礁使舟過(guò)渡性的申請(qǐng)書(shū)列出他們所需的信息.因?yàn)樾畔⒃皆敿?xì)就越有可能減少違反最大減信原則,因此最好是提供充分的信息而不要只局限于提供最低限度的情況.必須公開(kāi)每個(gè)實(shí)質(zhì)性的事項(xiàng)并根據(jù)每一批貨物的情況來(lái)決定"實(shí)質(zhì)性的"事項(xiàng)是什么.Mostmultinationalcorporationsarema&!upofvastnumbersofforeignsubsidiaries,cornpa-niesinwhichover50percentisownedbytheparentcompany.Likeallcorporations,MNCsareorganizedaccordingtothegoalstheysetforthemselves.Theystrivetoretainaccesstotheneces-saryresources:rawmaterial,rnanpower,andcapital.Furthermore,theytrytogrowthroughglobalcooperationbyincreasingtheiraccesstoworldresources.Thisleadsthemtoexpandtheirforeignmarketposition,inotherwords,toincreasetheirmarketshare.MNCsgrewintostrongentitiesbyreinvestingtheirprofitsprudentlysoastofurtherincreaseaccesstoresources.Theyhadtohiremoreandmoretalentedlocalpeopleabroad,andtheyhadtopurchaserawmaterialsinforeigncountries.多數(shù)跨國(guó)公司都是由很多國(guó)外子公司組成的,母公司擁有子公司50%以上的股份.如所有公司一樣,跨國(guó)公司也是按照它們的目標(biāo)來(lái)組織的.它們努力得到必需的資源：原料、勞動(dòng)力和資金,而且它{rf通過(guò)在世界范圍內(nèi)獲得更多資源,通過(guò)全球范圍內(nèi)的合作獲得發(fā)展.這使它們不斷提高自己在國(guó)外市場(chǎng)的地位,即增加它們的市場(chǎng)份額.通過(guò)將利潤(rùn)謹(jǐn)慎地再進(jìn)行投資以獲取更多資源,跨國(guó)公司發(fā)展成強(qiáng)大的實(shí)體.它們不得不雇用更多的當(dāng)?shù)厝瞬挪耐鈬?guó)購(gòu)買(mǎi)原料.52.固定匯率制降低了國(guó)際貿(mào)易中的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),并且是抑制通貨膨脹的重要手段.Thefixedexchangeratesystemreducestheriski-nessofinternationalbusinessandisalsoanimportantmeasuretocurbinflation.53.商業(yè)發(fā)票,一般稱"發(fā)票"-搜赫照抿?qū)ω浳锏馁|(zhì)量和數(shù)量以及單價(jià)和總價(jià)進(jìn)行概括性描述.Thecommercialinvoice,generallycalledtheinvoicemakesageneraldescriptionofthequality,quantity,unitprice,andtotalpriceofthegoods.54.很大一部分政府支出是誦討所得稅-增值稅、企業(yè)稅和其他稅收來(lái)籌集的.Alargeproportionofthegovernmentspendingisraisedthroughincormt’tav-,VAT,corporationtaxandothertaxes.55.反傾銷調(diào)杏顯示,中國(guó)是貿(mào)易保護(hù)措施的最士辱率若.這些貿(mào)易保護(hù)措施目前仍在一些國(guó)家盛行.Asshownintheanti-dumpinginvestigations,Chinaisthelargestvictimoftheprotectionistmeasureswhichareprevalentinsomecountries.56.直接在國(guó)外經(jīng)營(yíng)提高了一個(gè)公司產(chǎn)品的能見(jiàn)度,使當(dāng)?shù)乜蛻魧?duì)他們所購(gòu)買(mǎi)的商品更加放心.Operatingdirectlyabroadenhancesthevisibilityofafirm’sproducts,makinglocalcustomersfeelmoreassuredaboutthethingstheybuy.全真模擬演練〔八Internationalbusinessisbusinessconductedinmorethanonecountry,includingbuyingandsellinggoodsandservices.Otherinternational.Businessactivitiesincludemarketing,manu-ring,mining,andfarming.Insum,internationalbusinessisallthepracticesabusinessinasinglecountrydoes,.butattheinternationallevel.國(guó)際商務(wù)是兩國(guó)或更多國(guó)家間進(jìn)行的商務(wù)活動(dòng),包括買(mǎi)賣(mài)貨物和服務(wù).其他國(guó)際商務(wù)形式還包括營(yíng)銷、制造、采礦和農(nóng)業(yè).總之,國(guó)際商務(wù)包括一個(gè)國(guó)家內(nèi)進(jìn)行的所有的商務(wù)活動(dòng),只不過(guò)這些活動(dòng)是在國(guó)際間進(jìn)行的.51.Utmostgoodfaithisaveryimportantprinciple.Thepeoplewhodecidewhatpremiumisfairforaparticularcoverdosoonthebasisofwrittenstatementsmadeinaproposalform.Ifthisstatementisuntrue,thenthepremiumagreedonwillnotbeafairone.SupposeIsaythatacratecontainscopper,