紐馬克語義翻譯與交際翻譯

Communicative&SemanticTranslation——PeterNewmarkMainContentBackgroundCommunicative&SemanticTranslationCommentsBackgroundPre-linguisticsperiodoftranslationOppositiontothemonistictheoryLinguisticsbasesPre-linguisticsperiodoftranslationConflictbetweenfreeandliteraltranslation;

Noattempttodistinguishtypesorqualityoftexts;Strongontheory,butshortonmethodandpracticalexamples;Unawareofeachother’swork.Themonistictheoryoftranslation“Thetwoconcepts(CT&ST)wereformulatedinoppositiontothemonistictheorythattranslationisbasicallyameansofcommunicationoramannerofaddressingoneormorepersonsinthespeakerspresence;thattranslationislikelanguage,ispurelyasocialphenomenon.”(Newmark,2001:62)e.g.Nida:Translatingiscommunicating.

Linguisticsbases

“Translationtheoryderivesfromcomparativelinguistics,andwithlinguistics,itismainlyanaspectofsemantics;allquestionsofsemanticrelatetotranslationtheory”Vygotsky：Innerspeechisnottheinterioraspectofexternalspeech,—itisafunctioninitself.Itistoalargeextentthinkinginpuringmeanings.

“Thinkingprecedesspeechandwriting.”CommunicativeandSemantictranslationDefinitionComparisonofCT&STSimilaritiesbetweenCT&STDefinitionofCTandSTCommunicativetranslationattemptstoproduceonitsreadersaneffectascloseaspossibletothatobtainedonthereadersoftheoriginal.Semantictranslationattemptstorender,ascloselyasthesemanticandsyntacticstructuresofthesecondlanguageallow,theexactcontextualmeaningoftheoriginal.SemanticTranslationVS.LiteralTranslationLiteraltranslation:theprimarysensesofthelexicalwordsoftheoriginalaretranslatedasthoughoutofcontext,butthesyntacticstructuresofthetargetlanguagearerespected.ThebasicdifferenceisthatSTrespectscontext,butliteraltranslationdoesnot.Flat“V”diagramSourceLanguageBiasTargetLanguageBiasLiteralFree

FaithfulIdiomatic

Semantic/CommunicativeConclusion:STcombinestheadvantagesofword-for-word,literal,faithfultranslation;whileCTcombinestheadvantagesofadaption,freeandidiomatictranslation.Itcanbecountedasthemostdesiredtranslationmethod.ComparisonofCT&STTransmitter/addresseefocusRelationtoSTUseofformofSLFormofTLAppropriatenessTransmitter/addresseefocus

ST:Focusonthethoughtprocessesofthetransmitterasanindividual;shouldonlyhelpTTreaderwithconnotationsiftheyareacrucialpartofmessage;CT:Subjective,TTreaderfocused,orientedtowardsanspecificlanguageandculture.RelationtoSourceTextST:Always‘inferior’toST;lossofmeaning.CT:Maybe‘better’thantheST;‘gain’offorceandclarityeveniflossofsemanticcontent.UseofformofSL

ST:IfSTlanguagenormsdeviate,thenthismustbereplicatedinTT;loyaltytoSTauthor.CT:RespectfortheformoftheSL,butoverriding‘loyalty’toTLnorms.FormofTargetLanguageST:morecomplex,moreawkward,moredetailed,moreconcentrated,ittendstoovertranslateCT:smoother,simpler,clearer,moredirect,moreconventional,conformingtoaparticularregisteroflanguage,tendingtoundertranslateAppropriatenessST:forseriousliterature,autobiography,‘personaleffusion’,anyimportantpolitical(orother)statement.CT:forthevastmajorityoftexts,e.g.non-literarywriting,technicalandinformativetexts,publicity,standardizedtypes,popularfiction.TextTypesExpressivetextsInformativetextsVocativetextsWetpaint!A：濕油漆?。⊿T）

B：油漆未干，請(qǐng)勿觸摸！（CT）《西游記》A：JourneytotheWest（ST）

B：PilgrimagetotheWest（CT）“謀事在人，成事在天”

A:Manproposes,Heavendisposes.(ST)B:Manproposes,Goddisposes.(CT)

這是七月下旬，合中國(guó)舊歷的三伏，一年最熱的時(shí)候。(Ch’ienChung-shu,2010:1)ItwastowardtheendofJuly,equivalenttothe“san-fu”periodofthelunarcalendar—thehottestdaysoftheyear.(KellyandMao,2003:1)ThroughtheLooking-Glass

《愛麗絲鏡中奇遇記》“Feather,Isay!”“Whydoyousay‘Feather’sooften?”Aliceaskedatlast,rathervexed.“I’mnotabird!”“Youare,”saidthesheep:“youarealittlegoose”CT:“撇槳呀，我說！”阿麗思有點(diǎn)兒覺得她頻氣了，她就說，“你干嘛老說‘別講’??？我也沒講啊！”“什么沒槳！”那綿羊說，“你手里搖的是什么，你簡(jiǎn)直是個(gè)笨豬?！?趙元任)ST:“我說，羽毛！”“為什么你老是說‘羽毛’？”愛麗絲覺得煩了，終于問道，“我又不是禽鳥！”“你是禽鳥，”綿羊說，“你是只小鵝?！?王永年)父親是前清舉人，在本鄉(xiāng)江南一個(gè)小縣里做大紳士。Hisfatherhadpassedthesecond-degreeexaminationunderManchuruleandwasaprominentsquireinhisnativedistrictsouthoftheYangtze.(KellyandMao,2003:8)[Note:ThetraditionalChinesecivilexaminationsystemofferedthreeacademicdegrees,whichwereconductedatthreedifferentlevels-thecountry(orprefecture),theprovince,andthenationalcapital.Successfulcandidatesatthesethreelevelswereknownrespectivelyashsiu-ts’ai,chu-jen,andchin-shih.(KellyandMao,2003:353)]

（CT+ST）SimilaritiesbetweenCT&ST“Atranslationcanbemore,orless,semantic—more,orless,communicative—evenaparticularsectionorsentencecanbetreatedmorecommunicativelyorsemantically.”

（PeterNewmark,2001:40