成考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法通俗易懂

動(dòng)詞主要時(shí)態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)1、表示現(xiàn)在經(jīng)常或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常和often,always,usually,sometimes,everyday等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用;2、表示主語(yǔ)的特征、性格、能力等;3、表示客觀事實(shí)或普遍真理;4、表示安排或方案好的將來(lái)要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作;Theplanetakesoffat10am。5、在時(shí)間或條件狀語(yǔ)中，表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作;WhenyouseeherjusttellherthatIamallright.6、在某些文學(xué)作品的情節(jié)描寫(xiě)中，代替過(guò)去時(shí)，表示或用于引述書(shū)刊材料;Theauthorsaysthatthesoldiersfightforfreedomnotformoney。一般過(guò)去時(shí)用于表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常和表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如yesterday,lastweek,threeyearsago,in1987,atthetime,inJuly。一般將來(lái)時(shí)主要用于表示將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況在時(shí)間或條件狀語(yǔ)中，一般不用將來(lái)時(shí)，而是用現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)。I’llletyouknowtheresultwhenIfinisheverything。1、shall,will+動(dòng)詞原型構(gòu)成一般將來(lái)時(shí);2、am(is,are)goingto+動(dòng)詞原型，表示近期打算去做的事情或可能要發(fā)生的事情;3、am(is,are)aboutto+動(dòng)詞原型，表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作;4、am(is,an)to+動(dòng)詞原型，表示必須或方案要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作Youaretobehereby4pmforcollectingtheshipmentyouordered。過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)用于表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間內(nèi)，將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)was(were)goingto+動(dòng)詞原型was(were)aboutto+動(dòng)詞原型was(were)to+動(dòng)詞原型表示過(guò)去某時(shí)間內(nèi)方案、打算或一定要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)go,come,stay,leave,start的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)形式可以表示將來(lái)即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作Heiscomingtoseeyoutomorrow。hate,like,love,believe,think,look,mind,have,seem,sound,smell,taste通常不使用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作HewasmakingalongdistancephonecalltohisfriendinAustraliafrom10to11lastnight。go,come,stay,leave,start的過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)形式可以表示過(guò)去將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)用于在將來(lái)的某一段時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，或按方案在未來(lái)將要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作Thistimenextweekshewillbeworkinginthecompany.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示從過(guò)去，但持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作，或表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，但對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍留有某種后果和造成影響。Hehaspaidhisincometax。過(guò)去完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間或某個(gè)動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作，或者表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去另一個(gè)時(shí)間的動(dòng)作。Hesaidthatthegrouphadwrittenhimaletterandaskedhimtogothereforanintervier。將來(lái)完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示在將來(lái)某時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作IamsurehewillhaveleftTokyobythistimetomorrow?，F(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示從過(guò)去某一個(gè)時(shí)間開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)要現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作，這個(gè)動(dòng)作可能剛剛結(jié)束，或者可能要繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去。ShehasbeenworkinginGuangzhousince1985。過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)開(kāi)始而又延續(xù)到過(guò)去這個(gè)時(shí)間的動(dòng)作?？赡軇倓偼Ｖ?，也可能還在繼續(xù)。Hetoldmethathehadbeenateacherofphysicsformorethantwentyyears。在表示時(shí)間或條件關(guān)系的主從復(fù)合句中，遵照“主將從現(xiàn)”原那么，主句用將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)，從句用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。動(dòng)詞主要時(shí)態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)1、表示現(xiàn)在經(jīng)?；蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常和often,always,usually,sometimes,everyday等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用;2、表示主語(yǔ)的特征、性格、能力等;3、表示客觀事實(shí)或普遍真理;4、表示安排或方案好的將來(lái)要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作;Theplanetakesoffat10am。5、在時(shí)間或條件狀語(yǔ)中，表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作;WhenyouseeherjusttellherthatIamallright.6、在某些文學(xué)作品的情節(jié)描寫(xiě)中，代替過(guò)去時(shí)，表示或用于引述書(shū)刊材料;Theauthorsaysthatthesoldiersfightforfreedomnotformoney。一般過(guò)去時(shí)用于表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常和表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如yesterday,lastweek,threeyearsago,in1987,atthetime,inJuly。一般將來(lái)時(shí)主要用于表示將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況在時(shí)間或條件狀語(yǔ)中，一般不用將來(lái)時(shí)，而是用現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)。I’llletyouknowtheresultwhenIfinisheverything。1、shall,will+動(dòng)詞原型構(gòu)成一般將來(lái)時(shí);2、am(is,are)goingto+動(dòng)詞原型，表示近期打算去做的事情或可能要發(fā)生的事情;3、am(is,are)aboutto+動(dòng)詞原型，表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作;4、am(is,an)to+動(dòng)詞原型，表示必須或方案要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作Youaretobehereby4pmforcollectingtheshipmentyouordered。過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)用于表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間內(nèi)，將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)was(were)goingto+動(dòng)詞原型was(were)aboutto+動(dòng)詞原型was(were)to+動(dòng)詞原型表示過(guò)去某時(shí)間內(nèi)方案、打算或一定要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)go,come,stay,leave,start的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)形式可以表示將來(lái)即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作Heiscomingtoseeyoutomorrow。hate,like,love,believe,think,look,mind,have,seem,sound,smell,taste通常不使用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作HewasmakingalongdistancephonecalltohisfriendinAustraliafrom10to11lastnight。go,come,stay,leave,start的過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)形式可以表示過(guò)去將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)用于在將來(lái)的某一段時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，或按方案在未來(lái)將要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作Thistimenextweekshewillbeworkinginthecompany.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示從過(guò)去，但持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作，或表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，但對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍留有某種后果和造成影響。Hehaspaidhisincometax。過(guò)去完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間或某個(gè)動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作，或者表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去另一個(gè)時(shí)間的動(dòng)作。Hesaidthatthegrouphadwrittenhimaletterandaskedhimtogothereforanintervier。將來(lái)完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示在將來(lái)某時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作IamsurehewillhaveleftTokyobythistimetomorrow。現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示從過(guò)去某一個(gè)時(shí)間開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)要現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作，這個(gè)動(dòng)作可能剛剛結(jié)束，或者可能要繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去。ShehasbeenworkinginGuangzhousince1985。過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)開(kāi)始而又延續(xù)到過(guò)去這個(gè)時(shí)間的動(dòng)作?？赡軇倓偼Ｖ梗部赡苓€在繼續(xù)。Hetoldmethathehadbeenateacherofphysicsformorethantwentyyears。在表示時(shí)間或條件關(guān)系的主從復(fù)合句中，遵照“主將從現(xiàn)”原那么，主句用將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)，從句用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)助動(dòng)詞be+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分辭短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞：exampletakesgoodcare>>takengoodcare虛擬語(yǔ)氣用來(lái)表示非真實(shí)的假設(shè)，表示命令、建議或說(shuō)話(huà)人的主觀愿望條件從句主句違背現(xiàn)在事實(shí)過(guò)去式should/would/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形Ifthemanagerwerehere,hemightmakeadecisionimmediately違背過(guò)去事實(shí)had+過(guò)去分詞should/would/could/might+have+過(guò)去分詞IcouldhavedoneitbetterifIhadbeenmorecareful違背將來(lái)事實(shí)should+動(dòng)詞原形should/would/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形were+動(dòng)詞不定式(wereto+動(dòng)詞原形)Ifitshouldraintomorrow,whatcouldwedo?在以下結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用虛擬語(yǔ)氣Itisnecessary/imperative/important/essential/advisablethatItisproposed/desired/requested/suggested/recommended/demanded/decided/arrangedthat混合虛擬句條件從句表示的動(dòng)作和主句表示的動(dòng)作，在時(shí)間上不一致，動(dòng)詞形式需要調(diào)整Ifyouhadtakenthemedicineyesterday,youwouldbewellnow。Suggest,order,ask,demand,command,request,requireetc.這些動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)從句用虛擬句，在這些動(dòng)詞后面的賓語(yǔ)從句中，助動(dòng)詞一律是should。Itis(Itwas)important，其后的主語(yǔ)從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，助動(dòng)詞用should。Itisimportantthatwe(should)learncomputer.Wish+(that)從句，通常表示不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。表示現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)是，從句中的動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去時(shí);表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)時(shí)，從句中的動(dòng)詞用had+過(guò)去分詞。但是，從句中動(dòng)詞用would(might)+動(dòng)詞原形時(shí)，表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)有可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望IwishIknewalittlecontractlaw.但愿我知道一點(diǎn)合同法(我不知道)Iwishyouwouldcometomorrow.我希望你明天能來(lái)(有可能來(lái))Asif/asthought引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句(或表語(yǔ)從句)中，常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如果從句表示的意思與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞那么應(yīng)使用過(guò)去式;如果從句表示的意思與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞那么使用had+過(guò)去分詞的形式。根本句型主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞Thetwo-manspaceshiptookoffthismorning。主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)Thedrillingmachineismakingahole。主語(yǔ)+連系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)Theanswerisoffthepoint。主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)Thenewapproachhassavedusagreatdealoftime主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)Welikeourgueststofeelathome。常用連詞等立連詞：and,so,notonly~butalso,neither~now,or,otherwise,either~or,but,yet,still,however,while,whereas,for常用關(guān)聯(lián)詞主從連詞that,whether,if連接代詞who,whom,whose,what,where,which連接副詞when,where,why,how倒裝句N(xiāo)ever,Scarcely,hardly,rarely,little,nowhere,nosooner~than,notonly,innocase,innoway,onnoaccoune,atnotime,undernocircumstances(這些詞或詞組放在句首作壯語(yǔ)時(shí))Therebe句型和大多數(shù)的疑問(wèn)句都是倒裝句Here,there,then,thus等副詞放在句首時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為come,be,exist,follow等不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，句子一般都為全部倒裝Hereisabookforyou.Herecomesthebus.句首為so,nor,neither等副詞時(shí)、說(shuō)明前句說(shuō)明的情況也適用于本句時(shí)，句子為倒裝RichardcanspeakJapanese.Socanhissister在虛擬語(yǔ)氣中，非真實(shí)條件從句中的連詞省略時(shí)，句子為倒裝。這時(shí)，倒裝到主語(yǔ)前的助動(dòng)次had,should和動(dòng)詞were。HadIleftalittleearlier,Iwouldhavemissedthetrainso/nor/neither+系動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)表示前句中謂語(yǔ)所說(shuō)明的情況也同樣適用于后句中的主語(yǔ)，用到裝。Hedoesn’tlikemusic.Nor/NeitherdoI.在Hardly~~when和Nosooner~~than以及Notuntil的句型中，由于否認(rèn)詞或否認(rèn)詞組放在句首，主句局部中的主、謂要到裝———助動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形Nosoonerhadhegotwellthanheleftthehospital.直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)Johnsaid,“I‘mgoingtoLondonwithmyfather.”JohnsaidthathewasgoingtoLondonwithhisfather.一般疑問(wèn)句變成以if(whether)引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句Hesaid,“Haveyouallunderstoodthispassage?”Heaskedtheclassiftheyhadallunderstoodthatpassage。祈使句變?yōu)閯?dòng)詞不定式，作ask,tell等動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。表示命令時(shí)常用tell,order等;表示請(qǐng)求時(shí)常用ask,beg等動(dòng)詞，原句中的don’t應(yīng)變?yōu)閚ot。Themanagersaidtotheclerk,“Bepolitetoalltheclients.”Themanagertoldtheclerktobepolitetoalltheclients.如主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為各種現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般將來(lái)時(shí)，間接引語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞仍保持直接引語(yǔ)的原來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)Hesays,“Iamverybusyreadingthebook.”Hesaysthatheisverybusyreadingthebook如主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為過(guò)去時(shí)，間接引語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)發(fā)生如下變化：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)———一般過(guò)去時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)———過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)一般將來(lái)時(shí)———過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)———過(guò)去完成時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)———過(guò)去完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)不變直接引語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換成間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，代詞一般相應(yīng)變化如下：this--thatlastweek–theweekbeforetherse–thosethreedaysago–threedaysbeforenow–thentomorrow–thenextdaytoday–thatdaynextweek–the(next)followingweekthisweek–thatweekhere--thereyesterday–thedaybeforecome–go介詞at表示確切的時(shí)間點(diǎn)或較短暫的一段時(shí)間attwoo’clockin表示一天中的各局部時(shí)間或較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間inthemorning,inspring,in1967on表示具體的某一天或某一天的上午或下午onSunday,onMondayafternoondurning表示一段時(shí)間，強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間的延續(xù)durningtheSummervacationatonetime過(guò)去有段時(shí)間、從前atthesametime同時(shí)ontime按時(shí)below表示低于，溫度低于多少度above表示高于，溫度高于多少度幾個(gè)形容詞修飾一個(gè)名詞的時(shí)候，排列順序如下：好壞、美丑等+大小、新舊、顏色+質(zhì)地、屬性+名詞和前綴a-組成的形容詞只能做表語(yǔ)而不能做定語(yǔ)，afraid,alive,alike,alone,ashamed,asleep,awakeetc.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞forgettodosomething忘了而沒(méi)有做某事forgetdoingsomething忘了已做過(guò)某事remembertodosomething記住了要去做某事rememberdoingsomething記得已經(jīng)做過(guò)的事情stoptodosomething停下正做的事情去做別的事情stopdoingsomething停下手中正在做的事goontodosomething接下來(lái)做另一件事情goondoingsomething繼續(xù)做一直在做的事情動(dòng)詞need,want,require和形容詞worth后，可接動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式來(lái)表示被動(dòng)的意義現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式與及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞都表示被動(dòng)：前者表示被修飾的名詞正在承受的行為T(mén)heproblembeingdiscussedisimportant后者表示承受過(guò)了的行為T(mén)heproblemdiscussedyesterdaywasimportant.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must+have+過(guò)去分詞，表示對(duì)過(guò)去的某事做出肯定性的判斷;must+動(dòng)詞原形，表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的某事作出肯定性的判斷。Neednot+have+過(guò)去分詞表示過(guò)去做了本沒(méi)有必要做的事情主謂一致(語(yǔ)法一致、意義一致、就近)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)：不定式、動(dòng)名詞或名詞性結(jié)構(gòu)從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí);事件、國(guó)名、機(jī)構(gòu)名稱(chēng)、作品名稱(chēng)作主語(yǔ)時(shí);one,every,everyone,everybody,each,oneof,manya,either,neither,noone,nobody,anybody,somebody做主語(yǔ)或修飾主語(yǔ)時(shí);表示時(shí)間、距離、金錢(qián)、體積、數(shù)字等詞語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)表示總量時(shí);apersonof,aseriesof,akindof等表示一個(gè)、一種、一系列等詞組用來(lái)修飾主語(yǔ)時(shí);集體名次作主語(yǔ)表示一個(gè)整體概念時(shí)。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)both,few,many,several等詞語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)或修飾主語(yǔ)時(shí);(some不一定)形容詞前加定冠詞用于泛指一類(lèi)時(shí);cattle,people,police,clothes等名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí);由and連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí);anumberof修飾主語(yǔ)時(shí)。Theyhaveacleverson.Doyouknowthemanoverthere?Iknowthemanwhowrotethebook.II.要點(diǎn)：1.定語(yǔ)從句的前面都有先行詞(被修飾語(yǔ))Thisistheboywhomwearelookingfor2.定語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)緊跟在先行詞之后3.先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句之間要有關(guān)系詞(有時(shí)可省略)4.關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)某一成分Thegirlwhoisstandingunderthetreeismysister.Themanwhomyouwanttoseehascome.III.關(guān)系詞根本用法主格賓格所有格人whowhomwhose物whichwhichofwhich但that一般可用來(lái)代替who,whom,which,作賓格時(shí)可省略Doyouremembertheteacherthat/whotaughtusEnglish?Abookstoreisastorethat/whichsellsbooks.Theman(that/whom/who)youknowisafamousprofessor.A)that不能用來(lái)替代who,whom,which的兩種情況1)“介詞+whom/which”的結(jié)構(gòu)中，不能用thatSheisagoodstudentfromwhomweshouldlearn.2)在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，逗號(hào)后面不能用thatShesanganewsong,whichwelikeverymuch.注意：非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞不能省略B)用that不用which的一些特殊情況1)先行詞為all,much,little,something,anything,everything,nothing等Isthereanything(that)Icandoforyou?2)先行詞前有形容詞最高級(jí)修飾ThisisthemostexcitingreportthatIhaveeverread.3)先行詞前有first,last,next,only,very,all,any等詞修飾Thefirststep(that)wearetotakeisverydifficult.4)先行詞同時(shí)含有“人”和“非人”時(shí)，用that不用which，也不用who/whomHetalkedaboutthepeopleandthebooksthatinterestedhim.C)關(guān)系副詞when,where,why用關(guān)系副詞when時(shí)，它的先行詞是表示時(shí)間的名詞，用where時(shí)先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞，而用why時(shí)它的先行詞只可能是reason，使用時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：1)關(guān)系代詞的選擇主要是看先行詞在從句中所作的成分ThisisthecitywhereIwasborn.Thisisthecity(which/that)hehasvisitedIdon’tknowthereasonwhysheislate.Thatisthereason(which/that)everybodyknowsDoyoustillrememberthedaywhenhearrived?Doyoustillremembertheday(that/which)wespenttogether?2)關(guān)系副詞when,where,why可由“介詞+which”的結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)替代Isthisthereasonforwhichtheycame?HeleftthedayonwhichIcame.注意：how不能用來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句Thisisthewayhowhedidit.D)As作關(guān)系代詞的用法與thesame,such連用ThisisthesamebookasIreadlastweek.SuchbooksasIhavereadareclassicalworks.I.定義：定語(yǔ)是修飾名詞或代詞的成分,定語(yǔ)可由單詞、短語(yǔ)來(lái)充當(dāng)。當(dāng)用一個(gè)句子來(lái)充當(dāng)名詞或代詞的修飾語(yǔ)時(shí)，這種起定語(yǔ)作用的句子就被稱(chēng)為定語(yǔ)從句。定語(yǔ)從句練習(xí)：Thebook______isyellowwasgiventomebyMr.Li.A)it’scoverC)whosecoverB)itscoverD)thecoverofthat2.Whowasthegrey-hairedoldwoman______atyesterday’smeeting?A)wesawherC)wesawB)wesawwhomD)shewasseen3.Hemakesgooduseofthetime______hecanspare.A)whenC)thatB)inthatD)inwhich4.Idon’tknowtheroom______A)whereourheadmasterlivesinB)ourheadmasterlivesinC)inthatourheadmasterlivesD)inwhichdoesourheadmasterlive5.Thisistheleastinterestingbook______A)whichIhaveeverreadC)whatIhaveeverreadB)IhaveeverreadD)whichIhaveeverread6.Youmustdoeverything_____Ihavetoldyouto.A)whichB)thatC)whenD)how7.Hasall_____canbedone_____?A)what/doneC)that/beendoneB)that/bedoneD)what/alreadydone8.Oct.1,1949istheday_____evenasmallchildcanwellremember.A)whenB)thatC)whatD)why9.Thatwastheroom______theypretendedtobeworkinghard.A)whichB)inthatC)inwhichD)that10.Thisisthereason______Ilovetoreadthestory.A)WhyB)becauseC)whenD)since11.Shehadthreesons,all______becamedoctors.A)ofwhichB)whichC)ofwhomD)who12.Haveyouboughtthesamedictionary______Ireferredtoyesterday?A)thatB)whichC)whatD)as13.Thedoctor______steppedin.A)DellawaswaitingforhimB)whomDellawaswaitingC)DellawaswaitingforD)whoDellawaswaiting14.Iwanttobuysuchadictionary_____youboughtlastweek.A)thatB)whatC)likeD)as15.ThisistheTVstation______wevisitedlastyear.A)WhereB)thatC)towhichD)inwhich16.Doyoustillrememberthedays______wespenttogetherinAustralia?A)whenB)duringwhichC)whichD)onwhich17.Haveyoueveraskedhimthereason_____mayexplainhisabsence?A)whyB)whenC)thatD)what18.MaryisgoodatEnglishandmathematics,______weallknowverywellinourschool.A)thatB)whatC)/D)as19.Let’sgoandvisitMr.Brown,______youknowvisiteduslastyear.A)thatB)whoC)whomD)whose20.Sheispleasedwith______youhavegivenherand______youhavetoldher.A)that/thatB)what/thatC)what/allwhatD)all/what轉(zhuǎn)自:<ahref='://yuloo/crgk/'>育路成人高等教育考試網(wǎng)</a>I,who____yourfriend,willtrymybesttohelpyou.A)beB)amC)areD)is22.I’llrememberthedaysandnights______weweretogetherinAustralia.A)whenB)thatC)atwhichD)atwhen23.Theworld______ismadeupofmatter.A)inthatweliveC)onwhichweliveB)whereweliveinD)welivein24.Thisisthemostdifficultbook______.A)whatIhaveeverreadC)whichIhaveeverreadB)IhaveeverreaditD)thatIhaveeverread25.Therecomesatimeineveryman’slife______.A)thenhehastothinkC)whenhehastothinkB)thereforehehastothinkD)aboutwhichhehastothink26.Hespokeconfidently,_____impressedmemost.A)sothatB)thatC)itD)which27.Hetookdownasquaregreenbottle,_____hepouredintoadish.A)itscontentB)whichcontentC)thecontentofwhichD)thecontentofthat28.Itwasn’tsuchagooddinner_____shehadpromisedus.A)thatB)whichC)asD)what29.All_____isacontinuoussupplyofthebasicnecessitiesoflife.A)whatisneededB)forourneedsC)thethingneededD)thatisneeded30.Thegoals_____hehadfoughtallhislifenolongerseemedimportanttohim.A)afterwhichB)forwhichC)withwhichD)atwhich31.Thetimeisnotfaraway_____moderncommunicationswillbecomewidespreadinChina’svastcountryside.A)whenB)asC)untilD)before32.Theresidents,_____hadbeendamagedbytheflood,weregivenhelpbytheRedCross.A)allwhosehomesB)alltheirhomesC)allofwhosehomesD)alloftheirhomes33.Languageisacity,tothebuildingof_____everyhumanbeingbroughtastone.A)whichB)thatC)itD)this34.Youwillwanttwotreesabouttenfeetapart,from_____tosuspendyourtent.A)thereB)themC)whereD)which35.Themerefact_____mostpeoplebelievenuclearwarwouldbemadnessdoesnotmeanthatitwillnotoccur.A)whatB)whichC)thatD)why36.Thecoursenormallyattracts20studentsperyear,_____uptohalfwillbefromoverseas.A)ofwhomB)forwhomC)withwhichD)inwhich37.I’veneverbeentoBeijing,butit’stheplace_____.A)whereI’dliketovisitB)ImostwanttovisitC)inwhichI’dliketovisitD)thatIwanttovisititmost38.Wegrowallourownfruitandvegetables,_____savesmoney,ofcourse.A)whichB)asC)thatD)what39.Todaythepublicismuchconcernedabouttheway_____.A)natureisbeingruinedB)whichnatureisruinedC)onwhichtoruinnatureD)ofnaturetoberuined轉(zhuǎn)自:<ahref='://yuloo/crgk/'>育路成人高等教育考試網(wǎng)</a>常用連詞等立連詞：and,so,notonly~butalso,neither~now,or,otherwise,either~or,but,yet,still,however,while,whereas,for常用關(guān)聯(lián)詞主從連詞that,whether,if連接代詞who,whom,whose,what,where,which連接副詞when,where,why,how倒裝句N(xiāo)ever,Scarcely,hardly,rarely,little,nowhere,nosooner~than,notonly,innocase,innoway,onnoaccoune,atnotime,undernocircumstances(這些詞或詞組放在句首作壯語(yǔ)時(shí))Therebe句型和大多數(shù)的疑問(wèn)句都是倒裝句Here,there,then,thus等副詞放在句首時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為come,be,exist,follow等不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，句子一般都為全部倒裝Hereisabookforyou.Herecomesthebus.句首為so,nor,neither等副詞時(shí)、說(shuō)明前句說(shuō)明的情況也適用于本句時(shí)，句子為倒裝RichardcanspeakJapanese.Socanhissister在虛擬語(yǔ)氣中，非真實(shí)條件從句中的連詞省略時(shí)，句子為倒裝。這時(shí)，倒裝到主語(yǔ)前的助動(dòng)次had,should和動(dòng)詞were。HadIleftalittleearlier,Iwouldhavemissedthetrainso/nor/neither+系動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)表示前句中謂語(yǔ)所說(shuō)明的情況也同樣適用于后句中的主語(yǔ)，用到裝。Hedoesn’tlikemusic.Nor/NeitherdoI.在Hardly~~when和Nosooner~~than以及Notuntil的句型中，由于否認(rèn)詞或否認(rèn)詞組放在句首，主句局部中的主、謂要到裝———助動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形Nosoonerhadhegotwellthanheleftthehospital.直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)Johnsaid,“I‘mgoingtoLondonwithmyfather.”JohnsaidthathewasgoingtoLondonwithhisfather.一般疑問(wèn)句變成以if(whether)引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句Hesaid,“Haveyouallunderstoodthispassage?”Heaskedtheclassiftheyhadallunderstoodthatpassage。祈使句變?yōu)閯?dòng)詞不定式，作ask,tell等動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。表示命令時(shí)常用tell,order等;表示請(qǐng)求時(shí)常用ask,beg等動(dòng)詞，原句中的don’t應(yīng)變?yōu)閚ot。Themanagersaidtotheclerk,“Bepolitetoalltheclients.”Themanagertoldtheclerktobepolitetoalltheclients.如主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為各種現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般將來(lái)時(shí)，間接引語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞仍保持直接引語(yǔ)的原來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)Hesays,“Iamverybusyreadingthebook.”Hesaysthatheisverybusyreadingthebook.如主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為過(guò)去時(shí)，間接引語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)發(fā)生如下變化：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)———一般過(guò)去時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)———過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)一般將來(lái)時(shí)———過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)———過(guò)去完成時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)———過(guò)去完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)不變直接引語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換成間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，代詞一般相應(yīng)變化如下：this--thatlastweek–theweekbeforetherse–thosethreedaysago–threedaysbeforenow–thentomorrow–thenextdaytoday–thatdaynextweek–the(next)followingweekthisweek–thatweekhere--thereyesterday–thedaybeforecome–go轉(zhuǎn)自:<ahref='://yuloo/crgk/'>育路成人高等教育考試網(wǎng)</a>介詞at表示確切的時(shí)間點(diǎn)或較短暫的一段時(shí)間attwoo’clockin表示一天中的各局部時(shí)間或較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間inthemorning,inspring,in1967on表示具體的某一天或某一天的上午或下午onSunday,onMondayafternoondurning表示一段時(shí)間，強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間的延續(xù)durningtheSummervacationatonetime過(guò)去有段時(shí)間、從前atthesametime同時(shí)ontime按時(shí)below表示低于，溫度低于多少度above表示高于，溫度高于多少度幾個(gè)形容詞修飾一個(gè)名詞的時(shí)候，排列順序如下：好壞、美丑等+大小、新舊、顏色+質(zhì)地、屬性+名詞和前綴a-組成的形容詞只能做表語(yǔ)而不能做定語(yǔ)，afraid,alive,alike,alone,ashamed,asleep,awakeetc.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞forgettodosomething忘了而沒(méi)有做某事forgetdoingsomething忘了已做過(guò)某事remembertodosomething記住了要去做某事rememberdoingsomething記得已經(jīng)做過(guò)的事情stoptodosomething停下正做的事情去做別的事情stopdoingsomething停下手中正在做的事goontodosomething接下來(lái)做另一件事情goondoingsomething繼續(xù)做一直在做的事情動(dòng)詞need,want,require和形容詞worth后，可接動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式來(lái)表示被動(dòng)的意義現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式與及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞都表示被動(dòng)：前者表示被修飾的名詞正在承受的行為T(mén)heproblembeingdiscussedisimportant后者表示承受過(guò)了的行為T(mén)heproblemdiscussedyesterdaywasimportant.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must+have+過(guò)去分詞，表示對(duì)過(guò)去的某事做出肯定性的判斷;must+動(dòng)詞原形，表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的某事作出肯定性的判斷。Neednot+have+過(guò)去分詞表示過(guò)去做了本沒(méi)有必要做的事情主謂一致(語(yǔ)法一致、意義一致、就近)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)：不定式、動(dòng)名詞或名詞性結(jié)構(gòu)從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí);事件、國(guó)名、機(jī)構(gòu)名稱(chēng)、作品名稱(chēng)作主語(yǔ)時(shí);one,every,everyone,everybody,each,oneof,manya,either,neither,noone,nobody,anybody,somebody做主語(yǔ)或修飾主語(yǔ)時(shí);表示時(shí)間、距離、金錢(qián)、體積、數(shù)字等詞語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)表示總量時(shí);apersonof,aseriesof,akindof等表示一個(gè)、一種、一系列等詞組用來(lái)修飾主語(yǔ)時(shí);集體名次作主語(yǔ)表示一個(gè)整體概念時(shí)。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)both,few,many,several等詞語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)或修飾主語(yǔ)時(shí);(some不一定)形容詞前加定冠詞用于泛指一類(lèi)時(shí);cattle,people,police,clothes等名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí);由and連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí);anumberof修飾主語(yǔ)時(shí)。轉(zhuǎn)自:<ahref='://yuloo/crgk/'>育路成人高等教育考試網(wǎng)</a>常用詞組1.enablesbtodosth使某人能做某事eg.Thecomputerenablespeopletocommunicatewitheachothermoreconveniently./計(jì)算機(jī)使人們彼此間能更方便地交流。2.beabouttodosth…when正要做某事……突然……eg.Iwasabouttogoshoppingwhenitsuddenlybegantorain./我剛要出去買(mǎi)東西，天就突然下雨了。3.byaccident/bychance/accidentally偶然地4eacrosssb偶然遇見(jiàn)5.actonsth依……行事eg.Eachstudentshouldactontherulesandregulationsoftheschool./每個(gè)學(xué)生都應(yīng)該遵守學(xué)校的規(guī)章制度。6.addto/addupto加上/總計(jì)達(dá)eg.Thenumberofthepatientsaddeduptothreehundredlastweek./上星期，病人人數(shù)到達(dá)了三百人。7.inadvance/aheadoftime提前8.afterall畢竟9.agreetodosth/agreewithsb/agreetosth10.aimatdoingsth下定目標(biāo)做某事eg.Aimingatwinningthegame，hepracticedhardeveryday./為贏得比賽，他每天努力練習(xí)。13.apologizetosbforsth因某事向某人抱歉14.takesthinone'sarms抱著……15.arriveataconclusion得出結(jié)論16.putsbtoshame使某人相形見(jiàn)絀eg.Hiscourageputalltheotherstudentstoshame./他的勇氣令其他學(xué)生都感到慚愧不如。17.beastonishatsth因某事感到震驚18.makethebed鋪床19.blamesbforsth/itismetoblame因某事責(zé)怪某人/該受責(zé)怪的人是我20.breakdown/breakup/breakout/breakinto壞了/驅(qū)散/爆發(fā)/破門(mén)而入21.holdone'sbreath/outofbreath摒住呼吸/上氣不接下氣22.bringabout/bringup引起，使發(fā)生/撫養(yǎng)長(zhǎng)大23.burstintotears/laughters突然大哭/大笑24.burstoutcrying/laughing突然大哭/大笑25.callatsp/callonsb/callup/calloff/calloutto/callfor/callonsbtodo拜訪(fǎng)某地/拜訪(fǎng)某人/打/取消/大喊/叫來(lái)/號(hào)召某人做某事26.carryout/workout/pointout/findout實(shí)現(xiàn)/做出/指出/查明27.catchupwithsb/keepupwithsb/putupwithsb趕上某人/跟上某人/容忍某人28.changesthintosth/exchangesthforsth把……變成/交換eg.Canyouchangethisnoteintocoins?/你能把這張紙幣換成硬幣嗎?eg.MayIexchangethisbookforyournewpen?/我能用這本書(shū)換你的新筆嗎?29eintobeing/cometooneself/形成/恢復(fù)意識(shí)eg.Thenewsystemcameintobeinginthelate19thcentury./這種新體制在十九世紀(jì)后期開(kāi)始形成。30.havesthincommonwithsb和某人有共同點(diǎn)eg.Thetwinshavealotofthingsincommonwitheachother./孿生姐妹間有很多相似點(diǎn)。31.congratulatesbonsth/doingsth祝賀某人某事32.beregarded/thoughtof/consideredas被認(rèn)為，被當(dāng)成33.becontent/satisfied/pleasedwith對(duì)……感到滿(mǎn)意34.encouragesbtodosth/encouragesbinsth鼓勵(lì)某人做某事eg.Healwaysencouragesmetoworkhard./他總是鼓勵(lì)我要努力工作。eg.Healwaysencouragesmeinmystudy./他總是在我的英語(yǔ)上給我鼓勵(lì)。35.becoveredwith被……覆蓋36.dealwith/dowith/handle處理，解決37.bedeterminedtodosth/makeupone'smindtodo下定決心做某事38.tosomedegree/tosomeextent/inaway從某種程度上來(lái)說(shuō)39.putoff…until/delay推遲eg.ThesportmeetinghasbeenputoffuntilnextFriday./運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)已經(jīng)被推遲到下周五。40.takedelightinsth/doingsth取悅于做某事eg.Oneshouldnottakedelightinmakingfunofothers./人不能以取笑他人為樂(lè)。41.dependon/relyon/feedon/liveon依靠/依靠/用……喂養(yǎng)/以……為生42.inthedistance/atadistance在遠(yuǎn)處/隔一段距離43.dresssbinsth/sbbedressedinsth打扮某人44.beduetodosth按期，按理該做某事，由于eg.Thetrainisduetoarriveat5o'clock./火車(chē)應(yīng)在五點(diǎn)到達(dá)。eg.Thefailureistotallyduetohiscarelessness./失敗都是由他的粗心造成的。45.beeagertodosth/beeagerforsth迫不及待做某事/對(duì)……很熱衷46.haveaneffectonsth對(duì)……有影響eg.Smokinghasabadeffectonpeople'shealth./吸煙有害健康。47.makeeffortstodosth千方百計(jì)做某事48.equipsbwithsth/armsbwithsth用……來(lái)武裝某人eg.Theyoungpeoplemustarmthemselveswithknowledge./年輕人必須用知識(shí)武裝自己的頭腦。49.expectsbtodosth/countonsbtodosth/wantsbtodosth期待某人做某事/指望某人做某事/想讓某人做某事50.makeaface/befacedwithsth做鬼臉/面對(duì)……eg.Shewasfacedwithmanydifficultieswhendoingtheexperiment./她在做實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)遇到很多困難。51.havefaithinsth/befaithfultosth對(duì)……忠誠(chéng)52.fallasleep/fallill/fallsilent入睡/生病/恢復(fù)寂靜53.sbbefamiliarwithsth/sthbefamiliartosb某人熟悉某物54.findfaultwithsb/sbbeatfault挑某人的毛病/是某人的錯(cuò)55.dosbafavor/givesbahand幫某人忙56.feellikedoingsth/wouldliketodosth想要做某事57.befit/suitableforsth適合，勝任eg.Marybelievesthatsheisfitforthenewjob./瑪麗相信她可以勝任新的工作。58.befondofdoingsth對(duì)做某事感興趣59.forcesbtodosth/makesbdosth/havesbdosth/getsbtodosth/letsbdo迫使某人做某事，讓某人做某事60.giveout/giveaway/giveup/givein/giveoff/giveback分發(fā)/送人/放棄/屈服/釋放氣體/歸還eg.Isawamangivingoutpamphletsonthestreet./我剛看見(jiàn)一個(gè)人在街道上正發(fā)傳單。eg.WhenIgrowup，Igiveawayallmytoystomybrothers./我長(zhǎng)大后，把所有的玩具都給了我弟弟。eg.Carsgiveoffmuchpoisonousgaseveryday./汽車(chē)每天釋放出很多有害氣體61.learn/knowsthbyheart背誦，牢記在心62.helponeselftosth/cannothelpdoingsth/cannothelptodosth隨便吃/禁不住做某事/不能幫助做某事63.holdon/holdup堅(jiān)持，稍等/阻塞64.insiston/persistin/stickto堅(jiān)持65.knockatthedoor/knockintothewall/knockoutsb/knocksthoff/knocksthover敲門(mén)/撞墻/打暈?zāi)橙?把……打掉/把……撞倒eg.Whohasknockedthevaseofftheshelf?/誰(shuí)把花瓶從架子上弄掉的?66.letoutthesecret/keepsthasecret泄密/保守秘密67.beforelong/longbefore/itisnotlongbefore…很久之前/不久之后/不久之后便……eg.ItwasnotlongbeforeIrealizedthathowfoolishIwasatthattime./不久之后我便意識(shí)到我當(dāng)時(shí)是多么的愚蠢。68.bemadeupof/consistof/contain/include由……構(gòu)成/包含，包括eg.Theclassismadeupoffiftystudents./Theclassconsistsoffiftystudents./Theclasscontains/includesfiftystudents./這個(gè)班由五十名學(xué)生組成。69.meantodosth/meandoingsth打算做某事/意味著做某事eg.Ididn'tmeantohurtyoubytellingyouthetruth./我告訴你真相并不是打算要傷害你。eg.Itmeanskillingmethatyoulietome./對(duì)我撒謊就意味著要?dú)⒘宋摇?0.inbadlyneedof/inlackof/inwantof急需，缺乏71.havenothingtodowithsb/itisnoneofsb'sbusiness和某人沒(méi)關(guān)系/不管你的事72.objecttosth/doingsth反對(duì)某事/反對(duì)做某事73.anideaoccurtosb某人突然想到一個(gè)主意eg.AnideaoccurredtoTomthathecanhidehimselfunderthebridge./湯姆突然想到他可以藏在橋底下。74.owesthto把……歸功于eg.Heowedallhissuccesstothesupportsfromhisfamily./他把成功歸功于家人的支持。75.paysbsomemoneyforsth76.sthcostsbsomemoney77