SAT真題分類解析

發(fā)展進步的利弊

24.(2005.12)

Progressislikelytoslowdownoncescienceandtechnologyhavemetourbasichumanneeds.

Newdevelopmentsinscienceandtechnologywillnotcontinuetoproducemoresocietal

benefits.Infact,thepromisethatscienceandtechnologywillcontinuetobenefitusisincreasingly

doubtfulwhensomanyindividualsfindtheirliveschanginginwaystheycannotcontrolandin

directionstheydonotdesire.

AdaptedfromDanielSarewitz/SocialChangeandSciencePolicy”

assignment:Dothebenefitsofscientificandtechnologicaldevelopmentscomeatthecostof

undesirablechangestopeople'slives?

是

37.(2006.6)

Wemeasureourprogressasacivilizationbywhatweseeasadvancesintechnologywhichseem

moresignificantthansuchconcernsaseducationandtheconditionofthenaturalworld.Still,I

wouldprefertobeapartofacommunitythatjudgeditselfonthehappinessofitsmembers

ratherthanonthedevelopmentofnewtechnology.

AdaptedfromThomasMoore,T/?eRe-EnchantmentofEverydayLife

assignment:Doesastrongcommitmenttotechnologicalprogresscauseasocietytoneglectother

values,suchaseducationandtheprotectionoftheenvironment?

是的。中國的現(xiàn)狀。教育產(chǎn)業(yè)化。漠視污染。

87.(2008.5)

Technologicaladvanceshavefreedsocietyfromtiresomelabor,suchaswashingclothesbyhand,

haulingheavyloads,andwalkinglongdistances,andhavegivenpeopleincreasedaccessto

informationandentertainment.Yet,whengivenachoice,manypeoplestillresistusingmodern

conveniences.Theremustbesomethingtobegainedfromnotusingtechnology.

Assignment:Aretherebenefitstobegainedfromavoidingtheuseofmoderntechnology,even

whenusingitwouldmakelifeeasier?

可以同意。放棄開車上下班，減少污染。騎自行車，鍛煉身體。不看電視，還有其他的娛

樂活動。

(OFFICIALGUIDEPRACTICETEST4)Technologypromisestomakeourliveseasier,freeinguptime

forleisurepursuits.Buttherapidpacetechnologicalinnovationandthesplitsecondprocessing

capabilitiescomputersthatcanworkvirtuallynonstophavemadeallusfeelrushed.Wehave

adoptedtherelentlesspacetheverymachinethatweresupposedtosimplifyourliveswiththe

resultthat,whetheratworkorplay,peopledonotfeelliketheirliveshavechangedforthebetter.

AdaptedfromKarenFinucan,“LifeintheFastLane"

Assignment:Dochangesthatmakeourliveseasiernotnecessarilymakethembetter?

10.Thinkcarefullyabouttheissuepresentedinthefollowingexcerptandassignmentbelow:

(OFFICIALGUIDEPRACTICETEST8)Thereis,course,nolegitimatebranchsciencethatenablesus

topredictthefutureaccurately.Yetthedegreechangeintheworldissooverwhelmingandso

promisingthatthefuture,Ibelieve,isfarbrighterthananyonehascontemplatedsincetheend

theSecondWorldWar.

AdaptedformAllanE.Goodman,AbriefHistorytheFuture:TheUnitedStatesinaChangingWorld

Order

Assignment:Istheworldchangingforthebetter?

獨立思考

1.(2005.3)

Wemustseriouslyquestiontheideaofmajorityrule.Themajoritygrinnedandjeeredwhen

Columbussaidtheworldwasround.Themajoritythrewhimintoadungeonforhisdiscoveries.

Whereisthelogicinthenotionthattheopinionheldbyamajorityofpeopleshouldhavethe

powertoinfluenceourdecisions?

AdaptedfromJamesA.Reed/MajorityRule”

assignment:^theopinionofthemajority-ingovernmentorinanyothercircumstances-apoor

guide?

可以單面寫，也可以兩面寫6上步，有時候確實是poorguide,

但是在有些時候，卻不是的，比如革命時期廣大人民的經(jīng)濟和政治訴求Economicandpolitical

appeal)o

伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭的起源--大規(guī)模殺傷性武器Weaponsofmassdestructionarebiological,chemical,or

nuclearweapons.但是其實只不過是美國政啟的一個用以發(fā)動戰(zhàn)爭gotowaragainst的借口

pretext而一。很多政策的實施也都是打著為國為民的借口excuse,但是實際上真正的目的是

不可告人的--比如經(jīng)濟適用房economicallyaffordablehousing.一開始大家都認為這是一個好

政策，很多所謂的專家學者也鼓吹，但是最終還是沒有達到本來想達到的目的。比如三峽大

壩ThreeGorgesDam,一開始是想要發(fā)電，解決我國的電荒severepowershortage問題，但是

沒料到的是造成了很嚴重的環(huán)境后果-干旱，炎熱scorchinghot;burninghot;torridity;

baking-hot,湖波缺水。黃萬里。

計劃生育政策familyplanningpolicy很多專家學者目前還在鼓吹計劃生育好，但是顯然枉顧

我國人口比例失衡的事實。

左右皆曰賢，未可也；諸大夫皆曰賢，未可也；國人皆曰賢，然后察之，見賢焉，然后用之。

左右皆曰不可，勿聽；諸大夫皆曰不可，勿聽；國人皆曰不可，然后察之，見不可焉，然后

去之。左右皆曰可殺，勿聽；諸大夫皆曰可殺，勿聽；國人皆曰可殺，然后察之，見可殺焉，

然后殺之，故曰國人殺之也。

廢奴運動abolitionistmovement解放黑人奴隸宣言TheEmancipationProclamation

TheEmancipationProclamationconsistsoftwoexecutiveordersissuedbyUnitedStates

PresidentAbrahamLincolnduringtheAmericanCivilWar.Thefirstone,issuedSeptember22,

1862,declaredthefreedomofallslavesinanystateoftheConfederateStatesofAmericathatdid

notreturntoUnioncontrolbyJanuary1,1863.Thesecondorder,issuedJanuary1,1863,named

tenspecificstateswhereitwouldapply.LincolnissuedtheExecutiveOrderbyhisauthorityas

“CommanderinChiefoftheArmyandNavy"underArticleII,section2oftheUniledStates

Constitution.

AbolitionismwasamovementinwesternEuropeandtheAmericastoendtheslavetradeand

emancipateslaves.

InelevenStatesconstitutingtheAmericanSouth,slaverywasasocialandpowerfuleconomic

institution,integraltotheagriculturaleconomy.Bythe1860UnitedStatesCensus,theslave

populationintheUnitedStateshadgrowntofourmillion.①.Americanabolitionismlaboredunder

thehandicapthatitwasaccusedofthreateningtheharmonyofNorthandSouthintheUnion.The

abolitionistmovementintheNorthwasledbysocialreformerssuchasWilliamLloydGarrison,

founderoftheAmericanAnti-SlavervSociety;writerssuchasJohnGreenleafWhittierandHarriet

BeecherStowe;formerslavessuchasFrederickDouglass;andfreeblackssuchasbrothersCharles

HenryLangstonandJohnMercesLan時on,whohelpedfoundtheOhioAnti-SlaverySociety.⑵

TheI860presidentialvictoryofAbrahamLincoln,whoopposedthespreadofslaverytothe

WesternUnitedStates,markedaturningpointinthemovement.Convincedthattheirwayoflife

wasthreatened,theSouthernstatessecededfromtheUnion,whichledtotheAmericanCivilWar.

In1863,LincolnissuedtheEmancipationProclumation,whichfreedslavesheldintheConfederate

States;the13thAmendmenttotheU.S.Constitution(1865)prohibitedslaverythroughoutthe

country.SlaverywasabolishedinmostofLatinAmericaduringtheIndependenceWars

(1810-1822),butslaveryremainedapracticeintheregionupto1888inBrazil,aswellashaving

longlifeintheremainingSpanishcoloniesofCubaandPuertoRico.InsomepartsofAfricaandin

muchoftheIslamicworld,itpersistedasalegalinstitutionwellintothe20thcentury.

AbolitionismwasprecededbytheNewLawsoftheIndiesin1542,inwhichEmperorCharlesV

declaredfreeallNativeAmericanslaves,abolishingslaveryoftheseraces,anddeclaringthem

citizensoftheEmpirewithfullrights.ThemovewasinspiredbywritingsoftheSpanishmonk

BartolomedelasCasasandtheSchoolofSalamanca.SpanishsettlersreplacedtheNative

AmericanslaveswithenslavedlaborersbroughtfromAfrica,sodidnotabolishslaveryaltogether.

伽利略Galileo

anItalianastronomer(=ascientistwhostudiesthestars),mathematician,andphysicistwhose

manydiscoverieshadagreatinfluenceonmodernscience.Hediscoveredthattheplanetsmove

aroundtheSun,andthatifyoudropobjectsofdifferentweightsinavacuum,theyfallatthesame

speed.

布魯諾ItalianphilosopherwhousedCopernicanprinciplesinformulatinghiscosmictheoryofan

infiniteuniverse.CondemnedbytheInquisitionforheresy,immoralconduct,andblasphemy,he

wasburnedatthestake.

哥白尼Copernicus

aPolishastronomer(=personwhostudiesthestars),whofirstsuggestedtheCopernicansystem,

inwhichtheearthandotherplanetsaredescribedasmovingaroundthesun,whichdoesnotmove

62.(2007.5)

Wedonottakethetimetodeterminerightfromwrong.Reflectingonthedifferencebetween

rightandwrongishardwork.ltissomucheasiertofollowthecrowd,goingalongwithwhatis

popularratherthanriskingthedisapprovalofothersbyvoicinganobjectionofanykind.

AdaptedfromStephen^.Carter,Integrity

assignment'sitalwaysbesttodetermineone'sownviewsofrightandwrong,orcanwebenefit

fromfollowingthecrowd?

39.(2006.6)

Isuspectthatlikemanypeoplewhowatchtheirdiet,exerciseregularlyandchecktheweather

reportbeforeleavingthehouse,Iamalittletooconcernedwithcontrollingwhatcan'tbefully

controlled.IknowIamdoingthesensiblething.ButIsometimesthinkthatthemorereckless

amongusmayhavesomethingtoteachtherestofusaboutfreedom.Perhapsthereissomething

goodabouttakingchancesagainstourbetterjudgments.

AdaptedfromMelvinKonne^WhytheRecklessSurvive"

assignment'sitsometimesbettertotakerisksthantofollowamorereasonablecourseofaction?

哥倫布發(fā)現(xiàn)新大陸；清教徒Puritan移民美洲大陸；喬治?華盛頓等人領導的北美獨立戰(zhàn)爭(他

們本身都是富商或者農(nóng)場主，即使不反抗，他們也有優(yōu)裕的生活)。孫中山SunYat-sen。

作為一個中國學生，參加高考是一個相對的reasonablecourseofaction,但是我選擇了出國讀

書；毫無疑問這樣將冒著很大的風險，包括語言，風俗，文化等等方面。

MayflowerCompact五月花公約

40.(2006.6)

Itisraretofindanobjectiveandindependentviewpointonstyle,literature,politics,oranyother

matterManypeople'sopinionsareformedthroughtheirassociationswithothers.Itisournature

toconform;conformityisaforcethatfewcansuccessfullyresist.Wegiveintothehumaninstinct

togoalongwiththecrowdandtohaveitsapproval.

AdaptedfromMarkTwain/Corn-poneOpinions"

assignment:Dowetendtoaccepttheopinionsofothersinsteadofdevelopingourown

independentideas?

在我們的知識水平和認知能力cognitivecompetence都還比較有限的時候,我們可能會受到別

人意見的左右。但是當我們的知識和眼界都擴大了以后，我們就能夠形成自己獨立的判斷。

中國的?些政策，比如計劃生育政策；一開始跟著政府的步調走，認為很好。但是當我們有

了自己的判斷以后，變。再比如新聞管制newsblackout和審查censorship.官方認為新聞

審查有利于過濾對于我們國家敵對的信息，有利于和諧社會harmonioussociety的發(fā)展，但是

實際上也壓制了民間的理性的聲音，不利于自山和民主的發(fā)展。

很多人認為穆斯林Muslim各個都是恐怖分子，但是跟他們的接觸表明他們跟我們一樣是普通

人。

56.(2007.1)

Ifwearedissatisfiedwithourcircumstances,wethinkaboutchangingthem.Butthemost

importantandeffectivechanges-inourattitude-hardlyoccurtous.Inotherwords,weshould

worrynotabouthowtoaltertheworldaroundusforthebetterbutabouthowtochange

ourselvesinordertofitintothatworld.

AdaptedfromMichaelHymers,“Wittgenstein,PessimismandPolitics"

assignment:Isitbettertochangeone'sattitudethantochangeone'scircumstances?

有些環(huán)境是可改變的，有些環(huán)境在目前條件卜是不可改變的，如果我們過于執(zhí)著于改變環(huán)境

這個我們不能改變的東西，那么我們可能會錯失很多機會。比如中國的政治現(xiàn)狀，很顯然是

一個不太民主的社會，但是我們仍然是可以做一些事情使得情況向好的方面發(fā)展的。如果我

們一直采取強硬的時立立場，那么顯然，我們會失敗，因為國家機器會毫不猶豫的碾過你。

但是堅持改變環(huán)境也意味著一個堅持的堅定的理想主義態(tài)度，會給我們帶來持久的動力。

比如中國的就業(yè)現(xiàn)狀。大學生畢業(yè)，很多找不到工作，失業(yè)。問題的根源當然很清楚，如果

我們坐在那里說這種情況應該改變，怨天尤人，對我們本身的狀況不會帶來任何改變。相反

的主動的提升自己的能力和水平，反而能夠及早地找到工作。

但是一味的改變自己去適應環(huán)境也會使自己失去自我，沒有獨立的觀點，失去朋友；相反的

堅持自己的觀點反而能夠使得自己以及自己的社會關系保持一定的穩(wěn)定性。

為了生活和錢財而不斷頻繁地改換職業(yè)，不停地適應新工作，導致多而不專，不利于自己才

能的發(fā)揮。

57.(2007.3)

Fromthetimepeopleareveryyoung,theyareurgedtogetalongwithothers,totryto"fitin."

Indeed,peopleareoftenrewardedforbeingagreeableandobedient.Butthisapproachis

misguidedbecauseitpromotesuniformityinsteadofencouragingpeopletobeuniqueand

different.Differencesamongpeoplegiveeachofusgreaterperspectiveandallowustomake

betterjudgments.

assignment:Isitmorevaluableforpeopletofitinthantobeuniqueanddifferent?

Fitin更容易獲得大家的認可，自己也能夠有不同的體驗和經(jīng)歷，學習新東西。

保持自我是很好，但是會降低一個人的親和力，尤其是在集體活動的時候不利于集體利益。

比如打籃球，大家都想進攻，沒人防守，球隊就輸球。

83.(2008.1)

Sinceweliveinaglobalsocietysurelyweshouldviewourselvesascitizensofthewholeworld.

Butinstead,peoplechoosetoidentifyandassociatewithsmallerandmorefamiliargroups.People

thinkofthemselvesasbelongingtofamilies,nations,cultures,andgenerations-orasbelongingto

smallergroupswhosemembersshareideas,views,orcommonexperiences.Allofthesekindsof

groupsmayofferpeopleafeelingofsecuritybutalsopreventthemfromlearningorexperiencing

anythingnew.

assignment:Isthereanyvalueforpeopletobelongonlytoagrouporgroupswithwhichthey

havesomethingincommon?

有好處也有壞處。共同的愛好和信仰，容易溝通，但同時也限制了人的視野。

92.(2008.6)Asocietycomposedofmenandwomenwhoarenotboundbyconvention-inother

words,theydonotactaccordingtowhatotherssayordo-isfarmorelivelythanoneinwhichall

peoplebehavealike.Wheneachperson'scharacterisdevelopedindividuallyanddifferences

opinionareacceptable,itisbeneficialtointeractwithnewpeoplebecausetheyarenotmere

replicasthosewhomonehasalreadymet.

AdaptedfromBertrandRussell,TheConquestHappiness

Assignment:Isitbetterforasocietywhenpeopleactasindividualsratherthancopyingtheideas

andopinionsofothers?

基本同意。文化和思想的多樣性，有利于發(fā)揮一個社會和國家的創(chuàng)造力creativity和凝聚力

cohesion,以及生命力vitalityo

不同的觀點相互碰撞，然后才能夠得出真理，能夠有更好的解決問題的辦法產(chǎn)生。并且大家

都有自己獨立的觀點也能夠保證絕大多數(shù)人的利益，不會出現(xiàn)某人或者某個小集團主宰

dominate的現(xiàn)象。

109.(2009.1)Peoplearetaughtthattheyshouldnotgobackontheirdecisions.Infact,oursociety

supportsthenotionthattochangeyourmindisevidenceofweaknessandunreliability,leading

manypeopletosay,"OnceIdecide,Idecide!"Butwhydopeoplemakesuchastatement?If

factors,feelings,andideaschange,isn'ttheabilitytomakeanewdecisiontheevidenceof

flexibility,adaptability,andstrength?

AdaptedfromTheodoreI.Rubin,CompassionandSelf-Hate

Assignment:Shouldpeoplechangetheirdecisionswhencircumstanceschange,orisitbestfor

themtostickwiththeiroriginaldecisions?

Perseverance是一種美德，是通向成功的一條必山之路。

Originaldecision是否需要堅持，則要看其是否有現(xiàn)實的可能性，以及隨著環(huán)境的變化而發(fā)生

的一些改變。

隨著形勢的變化而改變自己的決定某種程度上是成熟的標志。但是不應失去原則性，不能違

法，出賣朋友等等。(去國外讀書還是留在國內，就是一個隨著年齡增長和信息的增多不

斷改變的過程。)

110.(2009.1)Thehistoryofhumanachievementisfilledwithstoriespeoplewhopersevere,

refusingtogiveupinthestruggletomeettheirgoals.Artistsandscientists,forinstance,may

struggleforyearswithoutanyapparentprogressorrewardbeforetheyfinallysucceed.However;

itisimportanttorecognizethatperseverancedoesnotalwaysyieldbeneficialresults.

AdaptedfromRobertH.LauerandJeanetteC.Lauer;Watersheds

Assignment:Isstrivingtoachieveagoalalwaysthebestcourseofaction,orshouldpeoplegiveup

iftheyarenotmakingprogress?

Striving是一個好品質，但卻并非總是最好的方式。要看自己努力的方向是否正確，方法和目

標是否需要調整。

不應在無法取得進步的時候放棄。而是應該總結經(jīng)驗教訓，堅持，繼續(xù)努力。但如果所追求

的目標超出自己的能力范圍，則應該有選擇性的放棄。

愛迪生ThomasEdison發(fā)明燈泡lightbulb；

Americaninventorwhopatentedmorethanathousandinventions,amongthemthemicrophone

(1877),thephonograph(1878),andanincandescentlamp(1879).InNewYorkCityheinstalledthe

world'sfirstcentralelectricpowerplant.

創(chuàng)造力進步

2.(2005.3)

Giventheimportanceofhumancreativityonewouldthinkitshouldhaveahighpriorityamong

ourconcerns.Butifwelookattherealityweseeadifferentpicture.Basicscientificresearchis

minimizedinfavorofimmediatepracticalapplications.Theartsareincreasinglyseenas

dispensableluxuries.怡tascompetitionheatsuparoundtheglobe,exactlytheoppositestrategyis

needed.

assignment'screativityneededmorethaneverintheworldtoday?

我們面臨的問題更多，更嚴峻，因此需要更加有效地解決方法，對creativity的要求也提高了。

環(huán)境問題，能源問題；競爭的加劇使得一個人或者一個公司要想脫穎而出就需要更好的創(chuàng)意

和產(chǎn)品。Google公司的成功蘋果公司Stevejobsipadipod

6.(2005.5)

Thereisnoprogressunlesssomeonecomesupwithanewwayoflookingatthings,oftrying

thingsthathaveneverbeendoneorthoughtofbefore.Wecannotmoveforwardbylooking

backwardtooldcustomsandpastexperience.Therecanbenoadvancementorimprovement

unlesstherearepeoplewholookforwardinpursuitofthenewanduntried.

assignment:Doesprogressdependonpeoplewithnewideasratherthanonpeoplewhoseideas

arebasedonthecurrentwayofdoingthings?

科技領域內的發(fā)展要依賴于新觀點，比如Google和Apple：

而在社會學領域內則主要是對于一個傳統(tǒng)價值的堅持。比如民主，民權，民生，公平，正義

等。

69.(2007.10)

Wevalueuniquenessandoriginality,butitseemsthateverywhereweturn,wearesurroundedby

ideasandthingsthatarecopiesorevencopiesofcopies.Writers,artists,andmusiciansseeknew

ideasforpaintings,books,songs,andmovies,butmanysadlyrealize,"It'sbeendone."Thesameis

trueforscientists,scholars,andbusinesspeople.Everyonewantstocreatesomethingnew,butat

bestwecanhopeonlytorepeatorimitatewhathasalreadybeendone.

assignment:Canpeopleeverbetrulyoriginal?

科學和科技領域內的例子較多。

Google,愛因斯坦，獲得諾貝爾獎的一些新的理論和發(fā)明。比如DNA雙螺旋結構。Double

helixstructureofDNA;

73.(2007.11)

Weareoftenurgedtosolveproblemsbyignoringtraditionalapproachesandbyfindingsolutions

thatareinnovativeorunconventional.Weareencouragedtobecreativeandtotrustthatanew

wayofthinkingwillyieldnewinsights.Butinnovationmaybeimpracticalandunnecessary.The

bestwaysoffixingproblemsareoftenthetried-and-trueways.

assignment'sitalwaysnecessarytofindnewsolutionstoproblems?

80.(2008.1)

Itisbettertotrytobeoriginalthantomerelyimitateothers.Peopleshouldalwaystrytosay,write,

think,orcreatesomethingnew.Thereislittlevalueinmerelyrepeatingwhathasbeendone

before.Peoplewhomerelycopyorusetheideasandinventionsofothers,nomatterhow

successfultheymaybe,haveneverachievedanythingsignificant.

assignment'sitalwaysbettertobeoriginalthantoimitateorusetheideasofothers?

Notalways;民主制度在全世界的推行。

模仿或者吸收他人的成功經(jīng)驗是自己走向成功的?條簡單的道路。模仿秀imitationshow。

牛頓的力學經(jīng)典三定律是建立在開普勒定律的基礎上的。

107.(2009.1)Planningletspeopleimposeorderonthechaoticprocessesmakingordoing

somethingnew.Toomuchplanning,however;canleadpeopletofollowthesamepredetermined

courseaction,todothingsthesamewaytheyweredonebefore.Creativethinkingisabout

breakingfreefromthewaythatthingshavealwaysbeen.Thatiswhyitisvitalforpeopletoknow

thedifferencebetweengoodplanningandtoomuchplanning.

AdaptedfromTwylaTharp,TheCreativeHabit

Assignment:Doesplanninginterferewithcreativity?

某種程度上會。計劃經(jīng)濟和市場經(jīng)濟

17.(ONLINECOURSE5)Manypeoplebelievethat"doseddoormakeuscreative/'Thesepeople

arguethatobstaclesandrestrictionsarenecessary,forwithoutthemwewouldneverbeforcedto

comeupwithnewsolutions.But"doseddoors/eitherintheformspecificobstaclesoralackof

opportunities,oftenpreventpeoplefromreachingtheirfullcreativepotential.

Assignment:Docloseddoorsmakeuscreative?

科學研究領域，很多原創(chuàng)性的思想和成果，都是建立在借鑒前人成果的基礎上。

正負轉化

67.(2007.6)

ItisnottruethatprosperityisbetterforpeoplethanadversityWhenpeoplearethrivingand

content,theyseldomfeeltheneedtolookforwaystoimprovethemselvesortheir

situation.Hardship,ontheotherhand,forcespeopletocloselyexamine—andpossibly

change—theirownlivesandeventhelivesofothers.Misfortuneratherthanprosperityhelps

peopletogainagreaterunderstandingofthemselvesandtheworldaroundthem.

assignment:Dopeopletrulybenefitfromhardshipandmisfortune?

27.(2006.1)

Anactor;whenhiscuecame,wasunabletomoveontothestage.Hesaid,"Ican'tgetin,thechair

isintheway,"Andtheproducersaid,“usethedifficulty.Ifit'sadrama,pickthechairupandsmash

it.Ifit'sacomedyfalloverit/7Fromthisexperiencetheactorconcludedthatinanysituationinlife

thatisnegative,thereissomethingpositiveyoucandowithit.

AdaptedfromLawrenceEisenberg,Xainecrutiny"

assignment:Cananyobstacleordisadvantagebeturnedintosomethinggood?

當幸福來敲門,thepursuitofhappiness;willsmith;

Beethoven;LudwigvanBeethovenisthemostfamousclassicalcomposerofthewesternworld.

Beethovenisrememberedforhispowerfulandstormycompositions,andforcontinuingto

composeandconductevenafterhebegantogodeafatage28.Hispersonallifewasmarkedby

aheroicstruggleagainstencroachingdeafness,andsomeofhismostimportantworkswere

composedduringthelast10yearsofhislifewhenhewasquiteunabletohear.

Widelyregardedasthegreatestcomposerwhoeverlived,LudwigvanBeethovendominatesa

periodofmusicalhistoryasnooneelsebeforeorsince.RootedintheClassicaltraditionsof

JosephHaydnandMozart,hisartreachesouttoencompassthenewspiritofhumanismand

incipientnationalismexpressedintheworksofGoetheandFriedrichvonSchiller,hiselder

contemporariesintheworldofliterature;thestringentlyredefinedmoralimperativesofKant;and

theidealsoftheFrenchRevolution,withitspassionateconcernforthefreedomanddignityofthe

individual.Herevealedmorevividlythananyofhispredecessorsthepowerofmusictoconveya

philosophyoflifewithouttheaidofaspokentext;andincertainofhiscompositionsistobe

foundthestrongestassertionofthehumanwillinallmusic,ifnotinallart.Thoughnothimselfa

Romantic,hebecamethefountainheadofmuchthatcharacterizedtheworkoftheRomantics

whofollowedhim,especiallyinhisidealofprogramorillustrativemusic,whichhedefinedin

connectionwithhisSixth(Pastoral)Symphonyas“moreanexpressionofemotionthanpainting/

Inmusicalformhewasaconsiderableinnovator,wideningthescopeofsonata,symphony,

concerto,andquartet;whileintheNinthSymphonyhecombinedtheworldsofvocaland

instrumentalmusicinamannerneverbeforeattempted.Hispersonallifewasmarkedbyaheroic

struggleagainstencroachingdeafness,andsomeofhismostimportantworkswerecomposed

duringthelast10yearsofhislifewhenhewasquiteunabletohear.Inanagethatsawthedecline

ofcourtandchurchpatronage,henotonlymaintainedhimselffromthesaleandpublicationofhis

worksbutalsowasthefirstmusiciantoreceiveasalarywithnodutiesotherthantocomposehow

andwhenhefeltinclined.

HelenKellerwas,foratime,themostfamoushandicappedpersonintheworld.Aseverefeverat

age19monthsleftKellerblindanddeafandbarelyabletocommunicate.AtagesixKellermet

AnneSullivan(laterAnneSullivanMacy),thetutorwhotaughtKellerthealphabetandthereby

openeduptheworldtoher.KellerbecameanexcellentstudentandeventuallyattendedRadcliffe

College,whereshegraduatedwithhonorsin1904.WhileatRadcliffeshewroteanautobiography,

TheStoryofMyLife(1902),whichmadeherfamous.(HermanylaterbooksincludedTheWorldI

LiveIn(1908),OutoftheDark(1913),and1938'sHelenKeller'sJournal^)InlaterlifeKeller

becameanactivistandlecturer,sometimesinsupportoftheblindanddeaf,andsometimesfor

causesincludingSocialismandwomen'srights.ShealsofoundedandpromotedtheAmerican

FoundationfortheBlind.DuringherlifetimeKellerwasregardedasoneofAmerica'smost

inspirationalfigures.

19.(2005.11)

Conflictisnotnecessarilybad,anditdoesnotnecessarilyindicateafailedinteraction.Itisasignal,

amessagethatsays,HThingsaren'tworkingaroundhere.We'vegottodosomethingdifferent."

Thus,conflictcanbeacatalyst-amotivatingforce-encouragingpeopletointeractand

communicateinwaysthataremoresatisfying.Conflictcanactuallybenefitpeoplebypushing

themtomakenecessarychanges.

AdaptedfromBeverlyPotte/omConflicttoCooperation

assignment'sconflicthelpful?

沖突讓人認識到彼此的不同，進而會增加彼此的了解。教育觀念

媒體

12.(2005.6)

Themedianotonlytransmitinformationandculture,theyalsodecidewhatinformationis

important.Inthatwaytheyhelptoshapecultureandvalues.

AdaptedfromAlisonBernstein,"'ArtistsThriveonFreedomandFreedomThrivesontheArts"

assignment:Donewspapers,magazines,television,radio,movies,theInternet,andothermedia

determinewhatisimportanttomostpeople?

是的。媒體也是企業(yè)，為了自己的利益，毫無疑問他們要報道最具有新聞價值的的東西。而

這些東西通常都是最能夠吸引眼球的。但是這樣并不意味著他們替大眾決定什么東西是最重

要的，因為大眾是有自己的判斷標準的。

78.(2007.12)

AllaroundusappearancesaremistakenforrealityCleveradvertisementscreatefavorable

impressionsbutsaylittleornothingabouttheproductstheypromote.Instores,colorfulpackages

areoftenbetterthantheircontents.Inthemedia,howcertainentertainers,politicians,andother

publicfiguresappearismoreimportantthantheirabilities.Alltoooften,whatwethinkwesee

becomesfarmoreimportantthanwhatreallyis.

assignment:Doimagesandimpressionshavetoomuchofaneffectonpeople?

116.(2009.5)

Thankstogreatadvancementsintechnology,welivetodayinaworldinwhichknowledgeismore

readilyavailabletogreaternumberspeoplethaneverbeforeinhistory.Havingmoreandbetter

technology,however;hasnotmadepeoplewiserormoreunderstanding.Indeed,peopleareso

overloadedwithinformationtodaythattheyhavebecomeless,ratherthanmore,abletomake

sensetheworldaroundthemthanourancestorseverwere.

Assignment:Hastoday'sabundanceofinformationonlymadeitmoredifficultforusto

understandtheworldaroundus?

錯。毫無疑問，大量的信息會讓我們

的如果我們有疑問的

挑戰(zhàn)權威

38.(2006.6)

Peopleareoftentoldtoobeytherules.Inrealitytheserulesarenotpermanent:whatisrightat

agivenpointintimemaybedeclaredwrongatanothertimeandviceversa.Theworldchanges

sorapidlythatrulesareout-of-datealmostassoonastheyarecreated.Peoplecannotrelyon

establishedguidelinestodeterminewhattheyshouldandshouldnotdo.

AdaptedfromGregoryD.Foster,/zEthics:TimetoRevisittheBasics”

assignment:Areestablishedrulestoolimitedtoguidepeopleinreal-lifesituations?

某些道德準則moralvalues,比如忠誠于國家，孝敬父母，友愛兄弟等是任何時候都不過時的。

asfarasyouyourselfareconcerned,thisw川beanexpressionofbothloyaltyandfilial

piety.就吾弟個人而言，可謂忠孝兩全。但是某些信仰也會束縛人的行為和思想，比如名將

岳飛，僅僅抱著忠才的思想ideaofloyaltytothemonarch/sovereign/emperor,而置整個國

家的利益于不顧，最終也落得個被害身亡的下場。

在H常生活當中，尤其是中國，孩子一般要聽家長的，如果我們遵守這個規(guī)則，過多的聽家

長的，那么我們就會失去我們自己的個性。可以舉自己同學的例子。

在科學或者藝術領域，拘泥于前人的理論是無論如何不會有所創(chuàng)建的。相反的敢于打破陳規(guī)

才能有所成就。比如航海家navigator哥倫布columbus；達爾文CharlesRobertDarwin的進化

論thetheoryofevolution(Darwin's)；物競天擇，適者生存survivalofthefittestinnatural

selection;人類是由上帝倉U造的；allcreaturesincludinghumanbeingsarecreatedbyGod

Darwin:aBritishscientistwhodevelopedthetheoryofevolution,whichistheideathatplants

andanimalsdevelopgraduallyfromsimplertomorecomplicatedformsbynaturalselection.This

istheprocessbywhichonlyplantsandanimalsthatarenaturallysuitableforlifeintheir

environmentwillcontinuetolive,whileallotherswilldie.HewroteabouthisideasinhisbookOn

theOriginofSpecies