美國文學復習提綱及美國文學試題庫

第一部分殖民時期一、時期綜述（關(guān)于清教的應該都是重點）1、清教徒采用的文學體裁：A、narratives日記B、journals游記2、清教徒在美國的寫作內(nèi)容：①theirvoyagetothenewland②adaptingthemselvestounfamiliarclimatesandcrops③aboutdealingwithIndians④guidetothenewland,endlessbounty,invitationtoboldspirit★3、清教徒的想法：①Puritanswanttomakeuppuretheirreligiousbeliefsandpractices.凈化信仰和行為方式②wishtorestoresimplicitytochurchservicesandtheauthorityoftheBibletotheology.重建教堂，提供簡單服務(wù)，建立神圣地位③lookuponthemselvesasachosenpeople,anditfollowlogicallythatanyonewhochallengedtheirwayoflifeisopposingGod’swillandisnottobeaccepted.認為自己是上帝選民，對他們的生活有異議就是反對上帝。④Puritanoppositiontopleasureandtheartssometimeshasbeenexaggerated.反對對快樂和藝術(shù)的追求到了十分荒唐的地步。⑤religiousteachingtendedtoemphasizetheimageofawrathfulGod.強調(diào)上帝嚴厲的一面，忽視上帝仁慈的一面。4、典型的清教徒：JohnCottonandRogerWilliams他們的不同：JohnCottonwasmuchmoreconcernedwithauthoritythanwithdemocracy.WilliamsbeginsthehistoryofreligioustolerationinAmerica.5、Williams的宗教觀點：Tolerationdidnotstemfromalackofreligiousconvictions.Instead,itsprangfromtheideathatsimplytobevirtuousinconductanddevoutinbeliefdidnotgiveanyonetherighttoforcebeliefonothers.HealsofeltthatnopoliticalorderorchurchsystemcouldidentifyitselfdirectlywithGod.行為上的德，信仰上的誠，并沒有給任何人強迫別人該如何行事的權(quán)利。沒有任何政治秩序和教會體制能夠直接體現(xiàn)神本身的意旨。6、英國最早移民到美國的詩人：AnneBradstreet7、在殖民時期最好的清教徒詩人：thebestofPuritanpoetsisEdwardTaylor.

第二部分理性和革命時期一、時期綜述1、美國的性質(zhì)：ThewarforIndependenceendedintheformationofaFederativebourgeoisdemocraticrepublic–theUnitedStatesofAmerica.聯(lián)邦的資產(chǎn)階級民主共和國——美利堅合眾國。二、代表作家：1、BenjaminFranklin本杰明.弗蘭克林①代表作：“PoorRichard’sAlmanac”窮人理查德的年鑒annualcollectionofproverbs流行諺語集Itsoonbecamethemostpopularbookofitskind,largelybecauseofFranklin’sshrewdhumor,andfirstspreadhisreputation.機智、幽默、風趣成為最暢銷的書籍，弗蘭克林的成名作。②FoundtheJunto,aclubforinformaldiscussionofscientific,economicandpoliticalideas.建立了一個秘密俱樂部，討論的主題是政治、經(jīng)濟和科學等時事方面的問題。③establishedAmerica’sfirstcirculatinglibrary,foundedthecollege—UniversityofPennsylvania.建立了美國第一個可租借的圖書館，還創(chuàng)辦了一所大學—就是現(xiàn)在的賓夕法尼亞大學。④firstappliedtheterms“positive”and“negative”toelectricalcharges.在電子運動中，首次使用了電流中的“正電”和“負電”的專業(yè)術(shù)語。⑤AsarepresentativeoftheColonies,hetriedinvaintocounseltheBritishtowardpoliciesthatwouldletAmericagrowandflourishinassociationwithEngland.HeconductedthedifficultnegotiationswithFrancethatbroughtfinancialandmilitarysupportforAmericainthewar.作為殖民地的代表，他不斷建議英國改變政策，使美國可以和英國一起發(fā)展、繁榮。他說服法國支持美國的獨立戰(zhàn)爭。⑥Asanauthorhehadpowerofexpression,simplicity,asubtlehumor,sarcastic.作為作家具有非凡的才能，表達簡潔明了，幽默，諷刺天才。⑦“Autobiography”自傳18世紀美國唯一流傳至今的自傳2、ThomasPaine托馬斯.佩因“GreatCommonerofMankind”最平凡的人①famouspamphlet“CommonSense”著名的政治小冊子《常識》，itboldlyadvocateda“DeclarationforIndependence”,andbroughttheseparatistagitationtoacrisis.擁護“獨立宣言”，使分裂活動發(fā)展成最后危機。②“AmericanCrisis”《美國危機》,signed“CommonSense”.署名為“常識”。（P31，第一段看一下）3、ThomasJefferson托馬斯.杰弗遜①draftedtheDeclarationofIndependence.起草了獨立宣言。②與清教不一樣，主張追求幸福。AllMenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienableRights,thatamongtheseareLife,LibertyandthePursuitofHappiness.人人生而平等，他們都從他們的“造物主”那邊被賦予了某些不可轉(zhuǎn)讓的權(quán)利，其中包括生命權(quán)、自由權(quán)和追求幸福的權(quán)利。4、PhilipFreneau菲利浦.弗瑞諾poetandpoliticaljournalist詩人和政治方面的新聞記者。①perhapsthemostoutstandingwriterofthepost-Revolutionaryperiod.可能是革命戰(zhàn)爭后期最杰出的作家。②hasbeencalledthe“FatherofAmericanPoetry”美國詩歌之父第三部分浪漫主義時期一、文學特征：1、environment：①shapedbytheirNewWorldenvironment美洲大陸新環(huán)境②arrayofideasinheritedfromtheromantictraditionsofEurope.歐洲早期浪漫主義思潮2、美國文學特點:pluralistic多元化，manifestations表現(xiàn)形式:Varied多樣,Individualistic個人主義,Conflicting矛盾3、romanticism的特點：frequentlysharedcertaingeneralcharacteristics;moralenthusiasm,faithinthevalueofindividualismandintuitiveperception,andapresumptionthatthenaturalworldwasasourceofgoodnessandman’ssocietiesasourceofcorruption.浪漫主義之間大部分是相通的，都注重道德，強調(diào)個人主義價值觀和直覺感受，并且認為自然是美的源頭，人類社會是腐敗之源?！?、transcendentalism超驗主義：①asamoralphilosophy,transcendentalismwasneitherlogicalnorsystematized.Itexaltedfeelingoverreason,individualexpressionovertherestraintsoflawandcustom.不講邏輯，不講系統(tǒng)，只強調(diào)超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束縛的個人表達。②theyspokeforculturalrejuvenationandagainstthematerialismofAmericansociety.呼吁文化復興，反對美國社會的拜金主義。③theybelievedinthetranscendenceof“Oversoul,”anall-pervadingpowerforgoodnessfromwhichallthingscomeandofwhichallthingsareapart.相信精神上的超越，相信無所不能的善的力量，強調(diào)善為萬物之源。④itcouldexerciseahealthyandrestorativeinfluenceonthehumanmind.“Gobacktonature,sinkyourselfbackintoitsinfluenceandyou’llbecomespirituallywholeagain.”Thenaturalimplicationofallthiswas,ofcourse,thatthingsinnaturetendedtobecomesymbolic,andthephysicalworldwasasymbolofthespiritual.ThisinturnaddedtothetraditionofliterarysymbolisminAmericanliterature.⑤代表人物：Emerson愛默生，believedthatmanwasapartofabsolutegood。人性本善Thoreau梭羅，behelddivinityinthe“unspottedinnocence”ofnature.自然才是神圣的“潔白無瑕”5、Literaryforms文學形式：Novels,shortstories,andpoemsreplacedsermonsandmanifestosasAmerica’sprincipalliteraryforms.長篇小說、短篇故事和詩歌取代說教類及宣言類作品成為美國主要的文學形式。6、Imaginativeliterature想象類文學7、thewildernesscametofunctionalmostasadramaticcharacterthatillustratedmorallaw.戲劇化特色的野性諷喻了時代的道德準則。8、ThedesireforanescapefromsocietyandareturntonaturebecameapermanentconventionofAmericanliterature.逃離社會，回到自然成為了美國文學永恒的創(chuàng)作習慣。9、NationalismstimulatedagreaterliteraryinterestinAmerica’slanguage.In1828NoahWebsterpublished“AnAmericanDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage”.Americancharactertypesspeakinglocaldialectsappearedinpoetryandfictionwithincreasingfrequency.受民族主義影響，作家的目光轉(zhuǎn)向了美國本土的語言，具有美國特征的本土方言開始在詩歌和小說中大量涌現(xiàn)。10、Atmid-centuryaculturalreawakeningbroughta“floweringofNewEngland.”LedbyHawthorne,Emerson,andThoreau.NewEngland→Transcendentalism,從新英格蘭文學到超驗主義。二、代表作家：1、WashingtonIrving華盛頓.歐文thefirstgreatbelletrist第一個純文學作家，劃線部分為三個主要contribution①thefirstgreatprosestylistofAmericanromanticism.美國第一位浪漫主義散文文體作家②“SketchBook”《見聞札記》,thefirstmodernshortstoriesandthefirstgreatAmericanjuvenileliterature.現(xiàn)代文學史上第一部短篇小說和美國第一部偉大的青少年文學讀物。③IrvingrestoredthewaningGothicromanceswhichPoesooninfusedwithpsychologicalsubtleties.重振了沒落的哥特式浪漫主義小說，隨后坡在此基礎(chǔ)上，把心理學的一些知識融入了這種體裁。④“LegendsoftheConquestofSpain”《西班牙征服記》⑤manner形式>matter內(nèi)容；avoidmoralization教化toentertain娛樂/amuse消遣2、JamesFenimoreCooper詹姆斯.芬尼莫.庫珀①contribution:launchedtwokindsofimmenselypopularstories→theseaadventuretaleandthefrontiersaga開創(chuàng)了兩種流傳極廣的小說體裁，邊疆傳奇小說和海上傳奇小說。②“LeatherstockingTales”《皮襪子故事集》，包括“TheDeerslayer”《殺鹿者》、“TheLastoftheMohicans”《最后的莫希干人》、“ThePathfinder”《探路人》、“ThePioneers”《拓荒者》、“ThePrairie”《大草原》,regardas“thenearestapproachyettoanAmericanepic.”被認為是迄今為止美國最接近史詩的作品。③thecentralfigureinthenovels,NattyBumppo.小說的中心人物，納蒂.班波④(筆記上添的)theCritic評論家認為，他揭示了矛盾thedirectionwasmorallyrighttheotherpractically/inevitableLeatherstocking:insistonoldforestfreedom皮襪子：保存了這些原始森林的面貌JudgeTemple:manremainsavagewithoutlawandorder3、WilliamCullenBryant威廉.卡倫.布萊恩特poet詩人①asIrvinghadshownthatAmericanprosehadconeofage,soBryantdemonstratedtoEuropeanreadersthatAmericanpoetrywasreadytodemandseriousattention.當歐文預示美國散文時代的到來時，布萊恩特向歐洲讀者證實了美國的詩歌達到相當高的水平。②HewasthefirstAmericantogainthestatureofamajorpoet.第一個獲得美國主要詩人稱號的作家。③“ToaWaterfowl”《致水鳥》themostperfectbriefpoeminthelanguage.用美國英語寫作的最完美的短詩。4、EdgarAllanPoe埃德加.阿倫.坡①showhistruetalentsasaneditor,poet,literarycritic.編輯、詩人、文學評論家。②Graham’sMagazine格雷厄姆雜志（坡的工作場所）③“TheFalloftheHouseofUsher”《鄂謝府崩潰記》、“TheRaven”《烏鴉》thetitlepoemofacollection,“TalesoftheGrotesqueandArabesque”《述異集》firstcollectionofshortstories.第一部短篇小說集。④oftenusegrotesqueorfantasticevents.擅長描寫哥特式和幻想類的小說。⑤（筆記上添的）integrate統(tǒng)一性onesitting→brevity簡潔readability可讀性→totalityofimpression開門見山，加強印象compression濃縮finality要求結(jié)局5、RalphWaldoEmersion拉爾夫.沃爾多.愛默生①beresponsibleforbringingTranscendentalismtoNewEngland,是把超驗主義引入新英格蘭的先驅(qū)。②Emersonbelievedaboveallinindividualism個人主義,independenceofmind思想獨立,andself-reliance自強.③作品：“Nature”《論自然》、“Essays”《隨筆錄》、“TheAmericanScholar”《美國學者》,ourintellectualDeclarationofIndependence.我們知識分子的獨立宣言。④hismostimportantworksare“RepresentativeMen”《代表》and“EnglishTraits”《英國人》、“Poems”《詩集》⑤摘自《論自然》：Standingonthebareground,-myheadbathedbytheblitheair,andupliftedintoinfinitespace,-allmeanegotismvanishes.Ibecomeatransparenteye-ball.人形的約束沒有了。6、HenryDavidThoreau亨利.戴維.梭羅①Emerson’struestdisciple.PutintopracticemanyofEmerson’stheories愛默生最忠實的信徒，把愛默生的許多理論付諸于實踐。②“InWalden”《沃爾登》成名作?！癈ivilDisobedience”《平民反抗》essay隨筆。非暴力不合作③教義：Iwouldnothaveanyoneadoptmymodeofliving,eachshouldfindouthisownway,nothisneighbor’sorhisparents.我不希望人們接受我的生活模式，每一個都應該發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的生活方式，不是鄰居的，也不是他父母的?！?、NathanielHawthorne納薩尼爾.霍桑①background:oneofhisancestorswasJudgeHathorne,whoharmaperson.曾經(jīng)有個做法官的祖輩害人。②“TheHouseoftheSevenGables”七尖角閣房，是霍桑著名神秘小說中的一個房屋名稱。③herevealsthedepthofhisconcernwiththedarksideofPuritanism,theharshnessandthepersecutions.對清教徒陰暗面的深切關(guān)注，認為清教徒的戒行過于森嚴，對不同信仰人的迫害過于殘酷。④“MossesfromanOldManse”《古廈青苔》、“TheMarbleFaun”《玉石神像》⑤特點⑴uniquegiftwasforthecreationofstronglysymbolicstorieswhichtouchthedeepestrootsofman’smoralnature.獨特才能主要表現(xiàn)在他能夠通過一些極具象征意義的故事來觸摸人類靈魂深處的道德品質(zhì)。⑵hisabilitytocreatevividandsymbolicimagesthatembodygreatmoralquestionsappearsstronglyinhisshortstories.短篇小說里，通過活生生、極具有象征意義的想象來體現(xiàn)人類社會的一些重大道德問題。⑶tomakeastoryexistinitsownrightbutatthesametimeappearasamoralsymbol.杰出之處在于他能把一個故事安放在自己設(shè)置的正義標準之中來講述，他書中的正義標準成為當時人們的道德參考。⑥（課堂筆記提及的）“TheScarletLetter”《紅字》⑴女主角honest,calmlyfacefault誠實，坦然的面對罪過。⑵弗洛伊德人格理論：Id本我→欲望，只要快樂→Roger女主角的丈夫Ego自我→分辨對錯，受約束，符合現(xiàn)實→Hester女主角Superego超我→→Dim女主角的情人，牧師⑶女主角的自我成長和自我救贖的過程。Egogrowthandredeembyherownofprocess⑦“TheScarletLetter”analysis分析：itnotapraiseofaHestersinning,butahymnonthemoralgrowthofthewomanwhensinnedagainst.YoungHesterbordersonbeinglicentious.Herdriveissexual.Shedoesherbesttokeepherholdonthemagicchainhumanity.HerlifeeventuallyacquiresarealsignificancewhenshereestablishesameaningfulrelationshipwithherfellowmenSymbolicofhermoraldevelopmentisthegradualimperceptiblechangewiththescarletletterundergoesinmeaning.Atfirstitisatokenofshame,“Adultery”butthenthegenuinesympathyandhelpHesterofferedtoherfellowvillagers’changesitto“Able”.Laterinthestory,theletterAappearsinthesky,signifying“Angel”.ThereisreasontoagreewiththecriticalobservationthatAmayrepresentAdamic,orprehistoric,anarchetypalvicesuggestiveof“originalsin,”Dimmesdale,ontheotherhand,banisheshimselfformsociety.Deeplypreoccupiedwithhimself,helivesastrangeramonghisadmirers.Theresultisthat,whereasHesterisabletoreconstructherlifeandwinamoralvictory,Dimmesdaleundergoesthetragicexperienceofphysicalandspiritualdisintegration.BetweenhimandHestertheypointtoamoralasHawthornemayintendthemtodo,thatthebestpolicyformanistobetrue,honest,andeverreadytoshowone’sworsttotheoutsideworld.★8、HermanMelville赫爾曼.麥爾維爾①“MobyDick”《白鯨》，atremendouschronicleofwhalingvoyageinpursuitofaseeminglysupernaturalwhitewhale.主要講述了一個為追捕一只想象中的神秘白鯨的漫長海上故事。②Thebookissteepedinsymbolism.本書達到了象征主義手法的創(chuàng)作高峰。③主人公：Ishmael，取自圣經(jīng)。④在書中說：towriteamightybookyoumusthaveamightytheme.寫一部宏大的著作，必須有一個宏大的主題。⑤故事人物：CaptainAhab.船長阿哈比；Queequeg，捕鯨人奎因奎格，wasafriendlyperson；⑥therebelliousstruggleofCaptainAhabagainsttheoverwhelming,mysteriousvastnessoftheuniverseanditsawesome,sometimesmercilessforces.Thefittingsymbolforhisthemewasthe“glidinggreatdemonoftheseasoflife.”阿哈比艦長和各種危險之間的激烈斗爭，他同那些強大的、神秘的自然展開斗爭，他們令人毛骨悚然，有時還冷酷無情。他把那只大白鯨貼切的比喻為“生命海洋中滑行的惡魔”。⑦“MobyDick”：oneofthemajorthemesinMelvilleisalienation,whichhesensedexistinginthelifeofhistimeondifferentlevels,betweenmanandman,manandsociety,andmanandnature.CaptainAhabseemstobethebestillustrationofitall.Thevoyageitselfisametaphorfor“searchanddiscovery,thesearchfortheultimatetruthofexperience.”HehadAhabtopmostinhismind.InasenseAhabembodiesalloftheevilheonceconsignedtoMobyDick.9、HenryWadsworthLongfellow亨利.沃茲沃思.朗費羅poet詩人①itwouldbehard,also,tooverestimatetheimportanceofhisanthology“ThePoetsandPoetryofEurope”.Hisownpoetrybecameameansofteachingreadersofhisdaysomethingofthepossiblerangeofpoeticsubjectmatterandtechniques,ancient,medieval,andmodern.《歐洲詩人及詩》不能把這部作品估計過高。他自己的詩歌成為了他教學的材料，在書中他講述了詩的主題和一些寫作技巧。從古代的，中世紀的一直到現(xiàn)代的詩歌，他都一一作了闡述。②殊榮：hebecametheonlyAmericantobehonoredwithabustinthePoet’scornerofWestminsterAbbey.朗費羅被安葬在威斯敏斯特教堂的詩人之角，他也是美國惟一獲此殊榮的詩人。③Thegentleness,sweetness,andpurityforhispoetrywaspopularduringhislifetime.他的詩歌因高雅宜人、純正有韻味而大受歡迎。④hewasconsistentlyhigh-mindedbutconventional,anduntouchedbythereligiousandsocialstrugglesthatdisturbedhiscontemporaries.他接受正統(tǒng)的思想，但并不保守。他的思想沒有受到當時社會、宗教和各種政治斗爭的影響。⑤特點：exercisedagreatinfluenceinbringingEuropeanculturetotheU.S.,andlikewisedidmuchtopopularizeAmericanfolkthemesabroadwherehisworkwasimmenselypopularandwidelytranslated.在引進歐洲文化上起巨大推動作用，也把美國民間文化傳播到國外，他的作品還被翻譯成多種文字，在海外受到高度評價。第四部分現(xiàn)實主義時期一、時期綜述：1、鍍金時代：TheGildedAge,anageofexcessandextremes,ofdeclineandprogress,ofpovertyanddazzlingwealth,of

gloomandbuoyanthope.無節(jié)制、走極端，倒退和進步、貧困和富有并存，既令人沮喪又讓人有希望的時代。2、AlthoughAmericanscontinuedtoreadtheworksofIrving,Cooper,Hawthorne,andPoe,thegreatageofAmerican

romanticismhadended.Bythe1870stheNewEnglandRenaissancehadwaned.

新英格蘭的文藝復興已開始接近尾聲。3、現(xiàn)實主義和自然主義作家的人物刻畫方法：

19世紀末,theliterarynaturalistswhofollowedthem,rejectedtheportrayalofidealizedcharactersandevents.Instead,theysoughttodescribethewiderangeofAmericanexperienceandtopresentthesubtletiesofhumanpersonality,toportraycharacterswhowerelesssimplyallgoodorallbed.

反對在作品中描繪理想化了的人物和事件，關(guān)注人性中的微妙之處。4、Realism：（現(xiàn)實主義）appearedintheUnitedStatesintheliteratureoflocalcolor,anamalgamofromanticplotsandrealisticdescriptionsofthingswasimmediatelyobservable.thedialects,customs,sights.現(xiàn)實主義有濃厚的美國本土特色，是浪漫主義故事情節(jié)和現(xiàn)實主義描寫相結(jié)合的產(chǎn)物：美國風味的方言、風俗、各種觀點5、自然主義：naturalism,anewandharsherrealism,新型的更為冷峻的現(xiàn)實主義，產(chǎn)生悲觀的流派，

產(chǎn)生于theendofthecentury十九世紀末，因為Perceptionofsociety’sdisorders對社會無序的感知。

Presentingcharactersoflowsocialandeconomicclasseswhoweredominatedbytheirenvironmentandheredity.設(shè)法盡力客觀真實地展現(xiàn)出受環(huán)境與出身局限的下層人民和各種經(jīng)濟階層人物的真正生活。

Thenaturalistsemphasizedthattheworldwasamoral,thatmenandwomenhadnofreewill,thattheirliveswerecontrolledbyheredityandtheenvironment,thereligious“truths”wereillusory,thatthedestinyofhumanitywasmiseryinlifeandoblivionindeath.強調(diào)世界的非道德性，人們沒有意志的自由，宗教上的真理是虛幻的，現(xiàn)實生活是痛苦的。

Deterministic決定論，宿命的，

代表作家：StephenCrane史蒂芬.克萊恩,

FrankNorris弗朗克.諾里斯,

JackLondon

杰克.倫敦,

TheodoreDreiser西奧多.德萊塞.6、Darwinism:達爾文主義:anevidentinfluenceonnaturalism,stresstheanimalityofman,tosuggestthatbewasdominatedbytheirresistibleforcesofevolution.對自然主義影響極大，強調(diào)人的動物性，意味著人的命運受進化的不可抗力來決定的。7、WilliamDeanHowells

威廉.迪安.豪厄斯，

①Thearbiterof19thcenturyliteraryrealisminAmerica。十九世紀美國現(xiàn)實主義文學泰斗，提拔許多年輕作家

②Hisdefinedrealism:nothingmoreandnothinglessthanthetruthfultreatmentofmaterial.

不加一分，不減一分，百分之百描寫現(xiàn)實。

③中央視角：anobjectivepointofview

二、代表作家：1、WaltWhitman

沃爾特.惠特曼

①★freeverse(自由詩體)withoutafixedbeatorregularrhymescheme.無固定節(jié)奏，無有規(guī)律的韻腳

②“LeavesofGrass”草葉集1870

thefirstgenuineepicpoem.美國歷史上第一部真正的史詩

Poem’s特點：mostofthepoemsin“LeavesofGrass”areaboutmanandnature.

③關(guān)注點：Inhispoetry,hecombinedtheidealofdemocraticcommonmanandthatoftheruggedindividual

④詩人職責：heenvisionedthepoetasahero,asaviorandaprophet,onewholeadsthecommunitybyhis

expressionsofthetruth.表達真理的前提下，引導社會發(fā)展。

2、EmilyDickinson

愛米麗.狄金森

①作品：“IdiedforBeauty”我為美而死（詩歌）

Beauty/Truth/Goodnessareultimate(終極)thesame

“BecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath”我不能等候死神Theme：死亡是實現(xiàn)永恒Immortality的途徑

②特點：herpoetryinuniqueandunconventionalinitsownway.Herpoemshavenotitles,hencearealwaysquotedbytheirfirstlines.

3、HarrietBeecherStowe哈麗雅特.比徹.斯托

小說家onlyonefemaleprosewriter(散文作家)in19thcentury

代表作：“UncleTom’sCabin”湯姆叔叔的小屋

關(guān)注農(nóng)奴制度

Payattentiontoserf'ssystem

4、MarkTwain

馬克.吐溫

①美國現(xiàn)實主義文學的代表作“AdventuresofHuckleberryFinn”哈克貝里.費恩歷險記(馬克最有名的作品)

②特點：localcolorist地方特色:auniquevariationofAmericanliteraryrealism,itreferstotheparticularconcernaboutthelocalcharacterofaregion.

③contribution貢獻：colloquialspeechacceptedasliterarymedium口語化被文學界接受

④代表作：“TheGildedAge”70-90年代，鍍金時代，貧富分化，財富積累。

“TheAdventuresofTomSawyer”用詞簡單、幽默、使用當?shù)卣Z言編寫

“LifeontheMississippi”

5、O.Henry

歐.亨利

shortstory短篇小說

①特點：tellaboutthelivesofpoorpeopleinNewYork關(guān)注下層人;usuallyshort簡單;plotsareexceedinglycleverandinteresting，humorabounds情節(jié)極度聰明有趣并富于幽默;theendisalwayssurprising結(jié)尾意外;containagreatdealofslangandcolloquialexpressions使用大量的俚語和口語.

②代表作：“TheFourMillion”《四百萬》小說集、“TheGiftoftheMagi”《麥琪的禮物》單部小說

★6、HenryJames

亨利.詹姆斯

novelist小說家；Literaturetheoretician文學理論家，從小受歐洲教育

①心理現(xiàn)實主義的開創(chuàng)者：thefounderofpsychologicalrealism.Theliterarycareerofhimisgenerallydividedintothreeperiods,inthefirstperiods,Jamestookgreatinterestininternationaltheme;exemplifythematureandformidablestyleofathirdliteraryperiod,whichcriticshavecometopraiseas“TheMajorPhase”.

②特點：(1)deeplyintotheindividualpsychologyofhischaracters,writinginarichandintricatestylethatsupportedhisintensescrutinyofcomplexhumanexperience.深刻探討人物人性心理，用深厚、復雜的寫作方式對復雜的個人經(jīng)歷進行揣摩

(2)1stpersonand3rdpersonnarration，第一和第三人稱的敘述

(3)omniscient全視角是不真實的;

③家庭背景：father:philosopher哲學家,富有；brother:psychologist,philosopher心理學家,哲學家；

④創(chuàng)作原則：TheartofFiction小說的藝術(shù);artvs.life,bringsthemeaningoflife;

⑤貢獻contribution：inhiscriticalcommentaries,hemademajorcontributionstotheartoffictionitself,helpingtotransformthenovelfromitsalliancewithjournalismandromanticstory-tellingintoanartfromofpenetratinganalysisofindividualsconfrontingsociety,chroniclesofthepsychologicalperceptionsthatJameshimselfdefinedasthehighestfromofexperience.詹姆斯把小說從新聞形式和浪漫故事轉(zhuǎn)變成為了對個人在社會大環(huán)境中面對種種沖突，進行深刻剖析的文學形式；對人們心理感受進行反映的一種文學形式，他定義這位感受的最高形式。

⑥代表作：“TheAmerican”、“DaisyMiller”、“inthePortraitofaLady”(早期最好的作品)

Lastfull-lengthnovel==“TheWingsoftheDove”、“TheAmbassadors”、“TheGoldenBowl”

⑦Thenameoftheheroine“inthePortraitofaLady”isIsabelAcher.ThenovelisrepresentativeofthebestofJames’maturework.Theplotconcernsthecourtship,marriage,anddevelopmentofthecharacterofIsabelArcher,ayoungAmericangirlwhohasbeenleftpennilessbythedeathofherfather.TheintricatenovelofpsychologicalandmoralinterrelationshipsisinonesenseanothertreatmentoftheJamesianthemeoftheAmericaninconflictwithEuropeancultureandinanothersensethemostpersonalofhisnovels,anintimatepictureofawoman’ssoulpresentedwithmasterlypsychologicalfinesse.

7、JackLondon杰克.倫敦

①代表作：“ThePeopleoftheAbyss”、“TheCalloftheWild”、“TheSeaWolf”、

“MartinEden”(autobiographicalnovel自傳體小說)

②whileembracingthesocialismofMarx,Londonalsobelievedinthetriumphofthestrongestindividuals.Thiscontradictionismostvividlyprojectedinthepatentlyautobiographicalnovel.

8、TheodoreDreiser西奧多.德萊塞

①代表作：“SisterCarrie”《嘉莉妹妹》thefirstnovel,whichtracesthematerialriseofCarrieMeeberandthetragicdeclineofG.W.Hurstwood.

“TheFinancier”、“TheTitan”、“TheStoic”TrilogyofDesire欲望三部曲

②“AnAmericanTragedy”《美國悲劇》，TheidentificationofpotencywithmoneyisattheheartofDreiser’sgreatestandmostsuccessfulnovel,德萊塞最恢宏、最成功的小說，表達了金錢萬能的主題。第五部分二十世紀美國文學一、時期綜述：1、Imagism意象派：isapoeticmovementofEnglandandtheUnitedStates,flourishedfrom1909-1917.Itscredo,expressedinSomeImagistPoets,includedtheuseofthelanguageofcommonspeech,projectmatter,theevocationofimagesinhard,clearpoetry,andconcentration.2、LostGeneration：迷惘的一代，Writersofthefirstpostwareraself-consciouslyacknowledgedthattheywerea“LostGeneration,”devoidoffaithandalienatedfromacivilization.ItdescribestheAmericanswhoremainedinParisasacolonyof“expatriates”orexiles.ItdescribesthewriterslikeHemingwaywholivedinsemipoverty.ItdescribestheAmericanswhoreturnedtotheirnativelandwithanintenseawarenessoflivinginanunfamiliarchangingworld.3、Modernism現(xiàn)代主義：islooselyasynonymofanythingcontemporary.Strictly,especiallyinliterarycriticism,whichbeganinthelate19thcenturyandthetheoryofpsycho-analysisasitstheoreticalbase.Theypaymoreattentiontothepsychictimethanthechronologicalone.4、現(xiàn)代主義的標志：T.S.Eliot’s“TheWasteLand”,themostsignificantAmericanpoemofthetwentiethcentury,helpedtoestablishamoderntraditionofliteraturerichwithlearningandallusivethought.5、典型的迷惘一代：F.ScottFitzgerald,“TheGreatGatsby”《了不起的蓋茨比》

novel

ErnestHemingway“TheSunAlsoRises”《太陽照樣升起》“AFarwelltoArms”《告別了，武器》

WilliamFaulkner

“TheSoundandtheFury”《喧囂與騷動》6、Playwrights戲劇、劇作家：EugeneO’Neill“TheEmperorJones”《瓊斯國王》、“AnnaChristie”《安娜.克里斯蒂》、“TheHairyApe”《毛猿》

7、TheJazzAge(享樂時代)：whenNewOrleansmusiciansmoved“uptheriver”toChicago,andthetheatreofNewYork’sHarlempulsedwiththemusicthathadbecomeasymbolofthetimes.FitzgeraldportraystheJazzAgeasagenerationof“thebeautifulanddamned”,drowningintheirpleasures.

二、代表作家：1、EzraPound埃茲拉.龐德

詩人

①Imagism意象派的代表人物。PoundandEliotbecametheearlyleadersinrestoringtopoetrytheuseofliteraryreferenceasanimaginativeinstrument.龐德和愛略特都是運用意象主義作為文學表現(xiàn)手法的早期詩人。

②majorworkofpoetryisthelongpoemcalled“TheCantos”

2、RobertFrost

羅伯特.弗洛斯特

自然主義詩人poet

①詩歌特點和內(nèi)容：(1)rejectedtherevolutionarypoeticprinciplesofhiscontemporaries,choosinginstead“theold-fashionedwaytobenew.”HeemployedtheplainspeechofruralNewEnglandersandpreferredtheshort,traditionalformsoflyricandnarrative.

(2)Hesawnatureasastorehouseofanalogyandsymbol.

(3)Hisconcernwithnaturereflecteddeepmoraluncertainties,andhispoetry,forallitsapparentsimplicity,oftenprobesmysteriesofdarknessandirrationalityinthebleakandchaoticlandscapesofanindifferentuniversewheremenstandalone,unaidedandperplexed.

②hebecomeanationalbard美國民族詩人的翹首,winfourPulitzerPrizes獲得了四次普利茲獎.

③“TheRoadNotTaken”、“StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening”向往大自然，想逃避社會；死亡、迷惑

3、WallaceStevens華萊士.斯蒂文斯

詩人

①Hisworkisprimarilymotivatedbythebeliefthat“ideasoforder,”thatis,trueideas,correspondwithaninnateorderinnatureanduniverse,andthatitisthehighprivilegeofindividualsandmankindtodiscoverthiscorrespondence.作品動機起源于秩序理念，他的秩序就是真理，就是自然與宇宙天然一致的次序，是人類與個體發(fā)現(xiàn)這種一致性的特權(quán)。

②代表作：“TheManwiththeBlueGuitar”《帶藍吉他的人》；

“NecessaryAngel”《必要的天使》，collectionofhisoccasionallecturesonpoetry詩歌的評論.

“AnecdoteoftheJar”《壇子的軼事》jar–manmade–art,wildness–nature,jarbringorder/meaningtothenature,藝術(shù)到自然的秩序，integrated統(tǒng)一體

③特點：(1)headoptedavarietyofexperimentalstyles,createdpoeticsurfacesofFrenchifiedelegance,exoticimagery,oddsounds,curiousanalogies,andinscrutabletitles.嘗試過多種實驗性的寫作風格。

(2)heconfrontedthecontemporaryabandonmentoftraditionalvaluesandsoughttocometotermswiththeconfusionsofhistime.Theproblemoftheinterrelationbetweentheidealandtherealbecameaconstantthemeinhislaterpoetry.理想和現(xiàn)實中所交叉的矛盾。

(3)aseriesofoppositionsbetweeninnerandouterworlds–betweensubjectandobject,perceiverandperceived,fictionandfact,“imaginationandreality”(想象與現(xiàn)實)

★4、ThomasStearnsEliot托馬斯.斯特恩斯.愛略特現(xiàn)代主義代言人

①多重身份：poet詩人,critic評論家,playwright劇作家

②代表作：

“TheLoveSongofJ.AlfredPrufrock”poems，holdsitsplaceinthedevelopmentofEliot’spoetryasawhole.

“TraditionandtheIndividualTalent”essay,隨筆《傳統(tǒng)和個人天才》,theearlieststatementofhisaesthetics第一次闡釋了自己的審美觀點.providedausefulinstrumentformoderncriticism.成為現(xiàn)代評論極為有效的評判標準。

“TheWasteLand”《荒原》oneofthemajorworksofmodernliterature.Useanewform—theorchestrationofrelatedthemesinsuccessivemovement.新的文學形式即相關(guān)的主題在連續(xù)運動中構(gòu)成交響效果。

“FourQuartets”《四個四重奏》poem

“MurderintheCathedral”，poetictragedy,詩歌悲詩,adrama(戲劇)ofimpressivespiritualpower.極富感染力的戲劇

③作品特點：(1)concernsvariousaspectsofthefrustrationandenfeeblementofindividualcharacterasseeninperspectivewiththedecayofstates,peoples,andreligiousfaith.觸及人性中的軟弱沮喪的弱點，正確思索了國家、人民、宗教信仰等的喪失。

(2)poemconceivedasamadeobject,anorganicthinginitself,whoseconcreteelementsaretruecorrelativesoftheartist’simaginationandexperiencewithrespecttothatpoem.詩歌是客觀成型的東西，詩歌的具體元素與藝術(shù)家的想象和經(jīng)歷密切相關(guān)，也與詩歌相一致。

(3)Thedegreetowhichfusionandconcentrationofintellect,feeling,andexperiencewereachievedwasEliot’scriterionforjudgingthepoem.知識、情感、體驗的融合與集中程度是愛略特判定詩歌好壞的標準。

5、F.ScottFitzgerald

F.司各特.菲茨杰拉德

novelist小說家

①作品：“ThisSideofParadise”《人間天堂》，thefirstnovel.

“TheGreatGatsby”

《了不起的蓋茨比》

novel

“TenderIstheNight”《夜色溫柔》novel

②第二本小說的開展過程：dream夢想→Daisyself-centered理想化的淑女，自我為中心→disenchantment,disillusion魔法消失，(因階級差異)夢想破滅→senseoffailureanddespair(light)失敗和絕望

Ash灰(象征)→forest樹木，西部開發(fā)，樹木變成灰了

③limitedpointofview有限視角→suspense懸念+mystery神秘真實性→reliable可信的，不偏，不評價

6、ErnestHemingway厄恩斯特.海明威

novelist小說