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課文原文1-7Unit1TheHiddenSideofHappiness
1Hurricanes,housefires,cancer,whitewaterraftingaccidents,planecrashes,vicious
attacksindarkalleyways.Nobodyasksforanyofit.Buttotheirsurprise,many
peoplefindthatenduringsuchaharrowingordealultimatelychangesthemforthe
better.Theirrefrainmightgosomethinglikethis:"Iwishithadn'thappened,butI'ma
betterpersonforit."
1颶風(fēng)、房屋失火、癌癥、激流漂筏失事、墜機(jī)、昏暗小巷遭歹徒襲擊,沒(méi)人想
找上這些事兒。但出人意料的是,很多人發(fā)現(xiàn)遭受這樣一次痛苦的磨難最終會(huì)使
他們向好的方面轉(zhuǎn)變。他們可能都會(huì)這樣說(shuō):“我希望這事沒(méi)發(fā)生,但因?yàn)樗?/p>
變得更完美了?!?/p>
2Welovetohearthestoriesofpeoplewhohavebeentransformedbytheir
tribulations,perhapsbecausetheytestifytoabonafidetypeofpsychologicaltruth,
onethatsometimesgetslostamidendlessreportsofdisaster:Thereseemstobea
built-inhumancapacitytoflourishunderthemostdifficultcircumstances.Positive
responsestoprofoundlydisturbingexperiencesarenotlimitedtothetoughestorthe
bravest.Infact,roughlyhalfthepeoplewhostrugglewithadversitysaythattheir
livessubsequentlyinsomewaysimproved.
2我們都愛(ài)聽(tīng)人們經(jīng)歷苦難后發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)變的故事,可能是因?yàn)檫@些故事證實(shí)了一條
真正的心理學(xué)上的真理,這條真理有時(shí)會(huì)湮沒(méi)在無(wú)數(shù)關(guān)于災(zāi)難的報(bào)道中:在最困
難的境況中,人所具有的一種內(nèi)在的奮發(fā)向上的能力會(huì)進(jìn)發(fā)出來(lái)。對(duì)那些令人極
度恐慌的經(jīng)歷作出?積極回應(yīng)的并不僅限于最堅(jiān)強(qiáng)或最勇敢的人。實(shí)際上,大約
半數(shù)與逆境抗?fàn)庍^(guò)的人都說(shuō)他們的生活從此在某些方面有了改善。
3Thisandotherpromisingfindingsaboutthelife-changingeffectsofcrisesarethe
provinceofthenewscienceofpost-traumaticgrowth.Thisfledglingfieldhasalready
provedthetruthofwhatoncepassedasbromide:Whatdoesn'tkillyoucanactually
makeyoustronger.Post-traumaticstressisfarfromtheonlypossibleoutcome.Inthe
wakeofeventhemostterrifyingexperiences,onlyasmallproportionofadults
becomechronicallytroubled.Morecommonly,peoplerebound-oreveneventually
thrive.
3諸如此類(lèi)有關(guān)危機(jī)改變一生的發(fā)現(xiàn)有著可觀的研究前景,這正是創(chuàng)傷后成長(zhǎng)這
一新學(xué)科的研究領(lǐng)域。這一新興領(lǐng)域已經(jīng)證實(shí)了曾經(jīng)被視為陳詞濫調(diào)的一個(gè)真理:
大難不死,意志彌堅(jiān)。創(chuàng)傷后壓力絕不是唯一可能的結(jié)果。在遭遇了即使最可怕
的經(jīng)歷之后,也只有一小部分成年人會(huì)受到長(zhǎng)期的心理折磨。更常見(jiàn)的情況是,
人們會(huì)恢復(fù)過(guò)來(lái)—甚至最終會(huì)成功發(fā)達(dá)。
4Thosewhoweatheradversitywellarelivingproofoftheparadoxesof
happiness.Weneedmorethanpleasuretolivethebestpossiblelife.Our
contemporaryquestforhappinesshasshriveledtoahuntforbliss-alifeprotected
frombadfeelings,freefrompainandconfusion.
4那些經(jīng)受住苦難打擊的人是有關(guān)幸福悖論的生動(dòng)例證:為了盡可能地過(guò)上最好
的生活,我們所需要的不僅僅是愉悅的感受。我們這個(gè)時(shí)代的人對(duì)幸福的追求已
經(jīng)縮小到只追求福氣:一生沒(méi)有煩惱,沒(méi)有痛苦和困惑。
5Thisanodynedefinitionofwell-beingleavesoutthebetterhalfofthestory,therich,
fulljoythatcomesfromameaningfullife.Itisthedarkmatterofhappiness,the
ineffablequalityweadmireinwisemenandwomenandaspiretocultivateinour
ownlives.Itturnsoutthatsomeofthepeoplewhohavesufferedthemost,who
havebeenforcedtocontendwithshockstheyneveranticipatedandtorethinkthe
meaningoftheirlives,mayhavethemosttotellusaboutthatprofoundand
intenselyfulfillingjourneythatphilosophersusedtocallthesearchfor"thegood
life".
5這種對(duì)幸福的平淡定義忽略了問(wèn)題的主要方面—種富有意義的生活所帶來(lái)的那
種豐富、完整的愉悅。那就是幸福背后隱藏的那種本質(zhì)—是我們?cè)诿髦堑哪心信?/p>
女身上所欣賞到并渴望在我們自己生活中培育的那種不可言喻的品質(zhì)。事實(shí)證
明,一些遭受苦難最多的人-他們被迫全力應(yīng)付他們未曾預(yù)料到的打擊,并重新
思考他們生活的意義—或許對(duì)那種深刻的、給人以強(qiáng)烈滿(mǎn)足感的人生經(jīng)歷(哲學(xué)
家們過(guò)去稱(chēng)之為對(duì)“美好生活”的探尋)最有發(fā)言權(quán)。
6Thisbroaderdefinitionofgoodlivingblendsdeepsatisfactionandaprofound
connectiontoothersthroughempathy.Itisdominatedbyhappyfeelingsbut
seasonedalsowithnostalgiaandregret."Happinessisonlyoneamongmanyvalues
inhumanlife,"contendsLauraKing,apsychologistattheUniversityofMissouriin
Columbia.Compassion,wisdom,altruism,insight,creativity-sometimesonlythe
trialsofadversitycanfosterthesequalities,becausesometimesonlydrastic
situationscanforceustotakeonthepainfulprocessofchange.Toliveafullhuman
life,atranquil,carefreeexistenceisnotenough.Wealsoneedtogrow-and
sometimesgrowinghurts.
6這種對(duì)美好生活的更為廣泛的定義把深深的滿(mǎn)足感和一種通過(guò)移情與他人建
立的深切聯(lián)系融合在一起。它主要受愉悅情感的支配,但同時(shí)也夾雜著惆悵和悔
恨。密蘇里大學(xué)哥倫比亞分校的心理學(xué)家勞拉?金認(rèn)為:“幸福僅僅是許許多多人
生價(jià)值中的一種。”慈悲、智慧、無(wú)私、.洞察力及創(chuàng)造力—有時(shí)只有經(jīng)歷逆境的
考驗(yàn)才能培育這些品質(zhì),因?yàn)橛袝r(shí)只有極端的情形才能迫使我們?nèi)コ惺芡纯嗟母?/p>
變過(guò)程。只過(guò)安寧的、無(wú)憂(yōu)無(wú)慮的生活是不足以體驗(yàn)一段完整的人生的。(此文
來(lái)自袁勇兵博客)我們也需要成長(zhǎng)-盡管有時(shí)成長(zhǎng)是痛苦的。
7InadarkroominQueens,NewYork,31-year-oldfashiondesignerTracyCyr
believedshewasdying.Afewmonthsbefore,shehadstoppedtakingthepowerful
immune-suppressingdrugsthatkeptherarthritisincheck.Sheneveranticipated
whatwouldhappen:awithdrawalreactionsthateventuallyleftherintotalbody
agonyandneurologicalmeltdown.Theslightestmovement-tryingtoswallow,fqr
example-wasexcruciating.Eventhepressureofhercheekonthepillowwasalmost
unbearable.
7在紐約市皇后區(qū)一間漆黑的房間里,31歲的時(shí)裝設(shè)計(jì)師特蕾西?塞爾感到自己
奄奄一息。就在幾個(gè)月前,她已經(jīng)停止服用控制她關(guān)節(jié)炎的強(qiáng)效免疫抑制藥。她
從沒(méi)預(yù)見(jiàn)到接下來(lái)將要發(fā)生的事:停藥之后的反應(yīng)最終使她全身劇烈疼痛,神經(jīng)
系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重問(wèn)題。最輕微的動(dòng)作—比如說(shuō)試著吞咽—對(duì)她來(lái)說(shuō)也痛苦不堪。甚
至將臉壓在枕頭上也幾乎難以忍受。
8Cyrisnowimp-diagnosedwithjuvenilerheumatoidarthritisattheageoftwo,she
hadenduredthesymptomsandthetreatments(drugs,surgery)herwholelife.But
thistime,shewasway6pastherlimits,andnothingherdoctorsdidseemedtohelp.
Eitherthediseasewasgoingtokillheror,prettysoon,shefeltshemighthavetokill
herself.
8塞爾并不是懦弱的人。她在兩歲時(shí)就被診斷得了幼年型類(lèi)風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎,一生
都在忍?受著病癥和治療(藥物、手術(shù))的折磨。但是這一次,她實(shí)在不堪忍受了,
她的醫(yī)生所做的一切似乎都不起作用。要么讓疾病結(jié)束她的生命,要么她就得很
快了結(jié)自己的生命了。
9Ashersleeplessnightsworeon,though,hersuicidalthoughtsbegantobe
interruptedbynewfeelingsofgratitude.Shewasstillinagony,butanew
consciousnessgrewstrongereachnight:anawesomesenseofliberation,combined
withanall-encompassingfeelingofsympathyandcompassion."Ifeltstrippedof
everythingI'deveridentifiedmyselfwith,"shesaidsixmonthslater."EverythingI
thoughtI'dknownorbelievedinwasuseless-time,money,self-image,perception.
Recognizingthatwassofreeing."
9然而,在經(jīng)歷了若干個(gè)不眠之夜后,她想自殺的念頭開(kāi)始被新的感激之情所打
斷。雖然她仍然感到痛苦,但一種新的意識(shí)每一夜都變得更加強(qiáng)烈:一種令人驚
嘆的解脫感,結(jié)合著一種包容一切的同情和憐憫的情感。“我感到一切我曾經(jīng)用
來(lái)認(rèn)同?自己身份的東西都被剝奪了,”六個(gè)月后她這樣說(shuō)道,“一切我認(rèn)為我知
道或相信的事物—時(shí)間、金錢(qián)、自我形象、對(duì)事物的看法—都毫無(wú)價(jià)值了。意識(shí)
到這一點(diǎn)真是讓我感到解脫。”
10Withinafewmonths,shebegantobeabletomovemorefreely,thankstoa
cocktailofsteroidsandotherdrugs.Shesaysnowthere'snoquestionthatherlifeis
better."lfeltIhadbeenshownthesecretoflifeandwhywe'rehere:tobehappyand
tonurtureotherlife.It'sthatsimple."
10在幾個(gè)月內(nèi),得益于類(lèi)固醇加其他藥物的雞尾酒療法,她開(kāi)始能夠更加自如
地活動(dòng)了。她說(shuō),毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)她現(xiàn)在的生活狀況有了好轉(zhuǎn)?!拔腋杏X(jué)我窺探到了生
命的秘密以及我們生存的意義,那就是快樂(lè)地生活,同時(shí)扶持他人。就這么簡(jiǎn)單!”
11Hermind-blowingexperiencecameasatotalsurprise.Butthatfeelingof
transformationisinsomewaystypical,saysRichTedeschi,aprofessorofpsychology
attheUniversityofNorthCarolinainCharlottewhocoinedtheterm"post-traumatic
growth".Hisstudiesofpeoplewhohaveenduredextremeevents,likecombat,
violentcrimeorsuddenseriousillnessshowthatmostfeeldazedandanxiousinthe
immediateaftermath;theyarepreoccupiedwiththeideathattheirliveshavebeen
shattered.Afewarehauntedlongafterwardbymemoryproblems,sleeptroubleand
similarsymptomsofpost-traumaticstressdisorder7.ButTedeschiandothershave
foundthatformanypeople-perhapseventhemajority-lifeultimatelybecomesricher
andmoreGratifying.
11她這種不可思議的經(jīng)歷完全是個(gè)驚喜。但是北卡羅來(lái)納大學(xué)夏洛特分校心理
學(xué)教授里奇?特德斯基認(rèn)為,這種轉(zhuǎn)變的感覺(jué)從某些方面看卻是很典型的。里奇?
特德斯基教授首創(chuàng)了“創(chuàng)傷后成長(zhǎng)”一詞。他對(duì)那些經(jīng)歷了諸如搏斗、暴力犯罪、
突患重病等極端事件的人群進(jìn)行了研究,這些研究表明,在剛經(jīng)歷不幸后大多數(shù)
人隨即都會(huì)感到茫然和焦慮。他們一心想的就是,自己的生活完全被毀了。有少
部分人事后很久了還不斷被記憶問(wèn)題、失眠以及類(lèi)似的創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙所折磨。
但特德斯基和其他學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn),對(duì)很多人(可能甚至是絕大多數(shù)人)來(lái)說(shuō),生活最終
會(huì)變得更加豐富和更加令人滿(mǎn)足。
12Somethingsimilarhappenstomanypeoplewhoexperienceaterrifyingphysical
threat.Inthatmoment,oursenseofinvulnerabilityispierced,andtheself-protective
mentalarmorthatnormallystandsbetweenusandourperceptionsoftheworldis
tornaway.Oureverydaylifescripts-ourhabits,self-perceptionsandassumptions-go
outthewindow,andweareleftwitharawexperienceoftheworld.
12許多經(jīng)歷過(guò)恐怖的人身威脅的人會(huì)遇到類(lèi)似的情況。在事情發(fā)生的那一瞬間,
我們的安全感被沖破了,平時(shí)處于我們與我們對(duì)世界的種種看法之間的自我保護(hù)
的精神盔甲被剝離了。我們的日常生活軌跡(我們的習(xí)慣、自我認(rèn)識(shí)和主觀意念)
全部被拋到九霄云外,只剩下對(duì)世界的原始體驗(yàn)。
13Still,actuallyimplementingthesechanges,aswellasfullycomingtotermswitha
newreality,usuallytakesconsciouseffort.Beingwillingandabletotakeonthis
processisoneofthemajordifferencesbetweenthosewhogrowthroughadversity
andthosewhoaredestroyedbyit.Thepeoplewhofindvalueinadversityaren'tthe
toughestorthemostrational.Whatmakesthemdifferentisthattheyareableto
incorporatewhathappenedintothestoryoftheirownlife.
13盡管如此,要實(shí)際實(shí)現(xiàn)這些轉(zhuǎn)變并完全接受新的現(xiàn)實(shí),通常需要有意識(shí)地付
出努力。是否愿意并有能力承擔(dān)這個(gè)過(guò)程,就是那些在災(zāi)難中成長(zhǎng)和那些被災(zāi)難
所摧毀的人之間主要的區(qū)別之一。認(rèn)為災(zāi)難有價(jià)值的人并不是最堅(jiān)強(qiáng)或最理性的
人。使他們與眾不同的是他們能夠?qū)⑺庥龅氖氯谌胨麄冏约旱娜松鷼v程中?!?/p>
14Eventually,theymayfindthemselvesfreedinwaystheyneverimagined.Survivors
saytheyhavebecomemoretolerantandforgivingofothers,capableofbringing
peacetoformerlytroubledrelationships.Theysaythatmaterialambitionssuddenly
seemsillyandthepleasuresoffriendsandfamilyparamount-andthatthecrisis
allowedthemtorecognizelifeinlinewiththeirnewpriorities.
14最終,他們可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己以從未想到過(guò)的方式獲得了解脫。幸存者往往說(shuō)
他們變得更加寬容,也更能原諒別人,能夠緩和原本糟糕的關(guān)系。他們說(shuō)物質(zhì)追
求突然間變得很無(wú)聊,而朋友和家庭帶來(lái)的快樂(lè)變得極為重要,他們還說(shuō)危機(jī)使
他們能夠按照這些新的優(yōu)先之事來(lái)重新認(rèn)識(shí)生活。
15Peoplewhohavegrownfromadversityoftenfeelmuchlessfear,despitethe
frighteningthingsthey'vebeenthrough.Theyaresurprisedbytheirownstrength,
confidentthattheycanhandlewhateverelselifethrowsatthem."Peopledon'tsay
thatwhattheywentthroughwaswonderful,"saysTedeschi."Theyweren'tmeaning
togrowfromit.Theywerejusttryingtosurvive.Butinretrospect,whattheygained
wasmorethantheyeveranticipated."
15從災(zāi)難中成長(zhǎng)起來(lái)的人盡管經(jīng)歷過(guò)恐怖的事情,但他們的恐懼感往往大為減
少。他們對(duì)自己的力量感到吃驚,相信不管今后生活中將要遭遇什么,他們都能
應(yīng)付。特德斯基說(shuō):“人們不會(huì)說(shuō)他們所經(jīng)歷的是美好的。他們并不是特意要通
過(guò)這樣的經(jīng)歷來(lái)成長(zhǎng)。他們只是盡其所能生存下來(lái)。但回顧起來(lái),他們的收獲遠(yuǎn)
遠(yuǎn)大于他們所預(yù)料的。
16InhisrecentbookSatisfaction,EmoryUniversitypsychiatristGregoryBernspoints
toextremeenduranceathleteswhopushthemselvestotheirphysicallimitsfordays
atatime.Theycyclethroughthesamesequenceofsensationsasdotrauma
survivors:self-loss,confusionand,finally,anewsenseofmastery.For
ultramarathoners,whoregularlyrun100-mileracesthatlastmorethan24hours,
vomitingandhallucinatingarenormal.Afteradayandnightofrunningwithout
stoppingorsleeping,competitorssometimesforgetwhotheyareandwhattheyare
doing.
16埃默里大學(xué)精神病學(xué)家格列高利?伯思斯在他的近作《滿(mǎn)足》中指出,極限耐
力運(yùn)動(dòng)員每次訓(xùn)練都要使自己的身體連續(xù)數(shù)天處于極限狀態(tài)。他們和經(jīng)歷創(chuàng)傷的
幸存者所經(jīng)歷的感覺(jué)過(guò)程一樣:自我失落,困惑,最后獲得一種新的駕馭感。對(duì)
于經(jīng)常跑超過(guò)24小時(shí)的l00英里比賽的超級(jí)馬拉松運(yùn)動(dòng)員來(lái)說(shuō),嘔吐和產(chǎn)生幻
覺(jué)是常事。在一晝夜不停歇不睡覺(jué)地跑步之后,競(jìng)賽者有時(shí)會(huì)忘了自己是誰(shuí),忘
了自己在干什么。
17Foramorecommonexampleofgrowththroughadversity,looktooneoflife's
biggestchallenges:parenting.Havingababyhasbeenshowntodecreaselevelsof
happiness.Thesleepdeprivationandthenecessityofputtingasidepersonalpleasure
inordertocareforaninfantmeanthatpeoplewithnewbornsaremorelikelytobe
depressedandfindtheirmarriageontherocks.Nonetheless,overthelonghaul,
raisingachildisoneofthemostrewardingandmeaningfulofallhuman
undertakings.Theshort-termsacrificeofhappinessisoutweighedbyotherbenefits,
likefulfillment,altruismandthechancetoleaveameaningfulLegacy.
17更普遍的在逆境中成長(zhǎng)的例子要數(shù)生命中最大的挑戰(zhàn)之一:為人父母。生育孩
子一直被認(rèn)為會(huì)降低幸福程度。為了照顧嬰兒而睡眠不足并且必須將自己的消遣
撇到一邊,意味著有了新生兒的人更有可能感到抑郁并且面臨婚姻的危機(jī)。然而,
長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)看來(lái),養(yǎng)育孩子是所有人類(lèi)活動(dòng)中最有意義、最值得去做的一件事情。短時(shí)
間內(nèi)犧牲了幸福,卻有了更多的收獲,比如滿(mǎn)足感、無(wú)私以及有機(jī)會(huì)留下一筆意
義深遠(yuǎn)的遺產(chǎn)。
18Ultimately,theemotionalrewardcancompensateforthepainanddifficultyof
adversity.Thisperspectivedoesnotcanceloutwhathappened,butitputsitallina
differentcontext:thatit'spossibletoliveanextraordinaryrewardinglifeevenwithin
theconstraintsandstrugglesweface.Insomeformorother,saysKing,weallmust
gothroughthisrealization."You'renotgoingtobethepersonyouthoughtyouwere,
buthere'swhoyouaregoingtobeinstead-andthatturnsouttobeaprettygreat
life."
18總之,情感上的回報(bào)可以彌補(bǔ)災(zāi)難帶來(lái)的痛苦和艱難。這種精神收獲并不能
抵消所發(fā)生的苦難,但是它可以把這些苦難全部放在另一個(gè)不同的背景中來(lái)看
待,..那就是即使我們面臨約束和掙扎,我們?nèi)匀豢梢陨娴脴O有價(jià)值。金指出,
我們所有的人都必須以這樣或那樣的形式經(jīng)歷這種覺(jué)悟?!澳銓⒉辉偈亲约盒哪?/p>
中曾經(jīng)的你,取而代之的是一個(gè)新的你—而事實(shí)會(huì)證明生活從此將非常美好。”
Unit2CommercializationandChangesinSports
1.Throughouthistorysportshavebeenusedasformsofpublicentertainment.
However,sportshaveneverbeensoheavilypackaged,promoted,presentedand
playedascommercialproductsastheyaretoday.Neverbeforehavedecisionsabout
sportsandthesocialrelationshipsconnectedwithsportsbeensoclearlyinfluenced
byeconomicfactors.Thebottomlinehasreplacedthegoallineformanypeople,and
sportsnolongerexistsimplyfortheinterestsoftheathletesthemselves.Funand
"goodgames"arenowdefinedintermsofgatereceipts,concessionsrevenues,the
saleofmediarights,marketshares,ratingpoints,andadvertisingpotential.Then,
whathappenstosportswhentheybecomecommercialized?Dotheychangewhen
theybecomedependentongatereceiptsandthesaleofmediarights?
1在整個(gè)歷史長(zhǎng)河中,人們都是把體育當(dāng)作某種形式的公眾娛樂(lè)。然而,體育從
未像今天這樣作為一種商業(yè)產(chǎn)品被如此盛大地包裝、推廣、呈現(xiàn)和開(kāi)展,有關(guān)體
育的決策以及與體育相關(guān)的社會(huì)關(guān)系也同樣從未如此顯然地受到商業(yè)因素的影
響。對(duì)許多人來(lái)說(shuō),賬本底線(xiàn)已取代了球門(mén)線(xiàn),體育不再只是為了運(yùn)動(dòng)員們自身
的興趣而存在。今天,樂(lè)趣和“好比賽”的定義取決于門(mén)票收入、特許權(quán)收人、
媒體傳播權(quán)的出售、市場(chǎng)份額、收視率以及廣告潛力。那么,當(dāng)體育變得商業(yè)化
時(shí),它會(huì)怎樣?當(dāng)體育變得依賴(lài)于門(mén)票收人和媒體傳播權(quán)的出售時(shí),它會(huì)發(fā)生變
化嗎?2.Weknowthatwheneveranysportisconvertedintocommercial
entertainment,itsuccessdependsonspectatorappeal.Althoughspectatorsoften
haveavarietyofmotivesunderlyingtheirattachmenttosports,theirinterestinany
sportingeventisusuallyrelatedtoacombinationofthreefactors:theuncertaintyof
anevent'soutcome,theriskorfinancialrewardsassociatedwithparticipatinginan
event,andtheanticipateddisplayofexcellenceorheroicsbytheathletes.Inother
words,whenspectatorsrefertoa"goodgame"oran"excitingcontest",theyare
usuallytalkingaboutoneinwhichtheoutcomewasindoubtuntilthelastminutesor
seconds,oneinwhichthestakes'weresohighthatathletesweretotallycommitted
toandengrossedintheaction,oroneinwhichtherewereanumberofexcellentor
"heroic"performances.Whengamesormatchescontainallthreeofthesefactors,
theyarerememberedanddiscussedforalongtime.
2我們知道,每當(dāng)任何一項(xiàng)體育運(yùn)動(dòng)被轉(zhuǎn)化為商業(yè)性?shī)蕵?lè)活動(dòng)時(shí),它的成功就依
賴(lài)于觀眾的興趣。盡管觀眾對(duì)于體育的擁護(hù)背后潛藏著多種動(dòng)機(jī),但他們對(duì)體育
比賽的興趣通常與三種相結(jié)合的因素有關(guān):比賽結(jié)果的不確定性,參加一項(xiàng)比賽
相關(guān)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)或經(jīng)濟(jì)回報(bào),以及預(yù)期中的運(yùn)動(dòng)員的卓越、英勇表現(xiàn)。換句話(huà)說(shuō),當(dāng)
觀眾提及一場(chǎng)“不錯(cuò)的比賽”或一場(chǎng)“激動(dòng)人心的比賽”時(shí),這場(chǎng)比賽,通常在
比賽即將結(jié)束的最后幾分鐘甚至兒秒鐘時(shí),結(jié)果仍然撲朔迷離;或者比賽涉及高
額獎(jiǎng)金,因而運(yùn)動(dòng)員們都全身心地投入比賽?;蛘弑荣愓故玖嗽S多出色的或者“英
雄式”的表現(xiàn)。只要運(yùn)動(dòng)比賽包含所有這三方面因素,人們就會(huì)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間記得并討
論這場(chǎng)比賽。
3.Commercializationhasnothadadramaticeffectontheformatandgoalsofmost
sports.Inspiteoftheinfluenceofspectators,whathasoccurredhistoricallyisthat
sportshavemaintainedtheirbasicformat.Innovationshavebeenmadewithinthis
framework,ratherthancompletelydismantlingthedesignofagame.Forexample,
thecommercializationoftheOlympicGameshasledtominorrulechangesincertain
events,butthebasicstructureofeachOlympicsporthasremainedmuchthesame
asitwasbeforethedaysofcorporateendorsementsandthesaleoftelevisionrights.
3商業(yè)化對(duì)于大多數(shù)體育運(yùn)動(dòng)的結(jié)構(gòu)和目標(biāo)沒(méi)有太大的影響。盡管觀眾會(huì)對(duì)其產(chǎn)
生影響,但在歷史上,運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目保持了它們的基本結(jié)構(gòu)。創(chuàng)新也是在這一框架內(nèi)
進(jìn)行的,并不會(huì)完全廢除這項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)的基本設(shè)計(jì)。例如、奧運(yùn)會(huì)的商業(yè)化導(dǎo)致了某
些賽事規(guī)則的微小變化但其每項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)還是和商家贊助及電視轉(zhuǎn)播權(quán)
出售之前基本一致。
4.Commercializationseemstoaffecttheorientationsofsportparticipantsmorethan
itdoestheformatandgoalsofsports.Tomakemoneyonasport,it'snecessaryto
attractamassaudiencetobuyticketsorwatchtheeventsontelevision.Attracting
andentertainingamassaudienceisnoteasybecauseit'smadeupofmanypeople
whodon'thavetechnicalknowledgeaboutthecomplexathleticskillsandstrategies
usedbyplayersandcoaches.Withoutthistechnicalknowledge,peopleareeasily
impressedbythingsextrinsictothegameormatchitself;theygettakeninbyhype.
Duringtheeventitselftheyoftenfocusonthingstheycaneasilyunderstand.They
enjoysituationsinwhichplayerstakerisksandfaceclearphysicaldanger;theyare
attractedtoplayerswhoaremastersofdramaticexpressionorwhoarewillingtogo
beyondandtheirnormalphysicallimitstothepointofendangeringtheirsafetyand
well-being;andtheyliketoseeplayerscommittedtovictorynomatterwhatthe
personalcost.
4看來(lái),與運(yùn)動(dòng)的結(jié)構(gòu)和目的相比,商業(yè)化更多的是影響運(yùn)動(dòng)參與者的取向。若
要通過(guò)一項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)盈利,就必須吸引廣大觀眾買(mǎi)門(mén)票或在電視上觀看比賽。吸引和
娛樂(lè)廣大觀眾并非易事,因?yàn)檫@些觀眾中有很多人沒(méi)有技木性的知識(shí),因而不懂
得運(yùn)動(dòng)員和教練采取的復(fù)雜競(jìng)技技巧和策略。由于缺乏這些技術(shù)性知識(shí),人們?nèi)?/p>
易受到運(yùn)動(dòng)或賽事之外的東西的影響,容易受到天花亂墜的宜傳的迷惑。在比賽
期間,他們經(jīng)常關(guān)注那些他們?nèi)菀桌斫獾氖虑?。他們喜歡那種運(yùn)動(dòng)員冒險(xiǎn)并明顯
面臨身體危險(xiǎn)的情境,他們喜愛(ài)那些搜長(zhǎng)戲劇化表現(xiàn)或者愿意超越正常的生理極
限以致威脅到自己的安全和健康的運(yùn)動(dòng)員。他們喜歡看到運(yùn)動(dòng)員不惜代價(jià),立志
求勝。5.Forexample,whenpeoplelacktechnicalknowledgeaboutbasketball,they
aremorelikelytotalkaboutasingleslamdunksthanabouttheconsistentlyflawless
defensethatenabledateamtowinagame.Similarly,thosewhoknowlittleabout
thetechnicalaspectsoficeskatingaremoreentertainedbytripleandquadruple
jumpsthanbyroutinescarefullychoreographedandpracticeduntiltheyaresmooth
andflawless.Withoutdangerousjumps,naivespectatorsgetbored.Theylikeathletes
whoproject'excitingorcontroversialpersonas,andtheyoftenrateperformancesin
termsofdramaticexpressionleadingtodramaticresults.Theywanttoseeathletes
occasionallycollapseastheysurpassphysicallimits,notathleteswhoknowtheir
limitssowelltheycansuccessfullycompeteforyearswithoutgoingbeyondthem.
5比如,當(dāng)人們?nèi)狈@球方面的技術(shù)知識(shí)時(shí),他們更津津樂(lè)道于某一個(gè)灌籃,而
不會(huì)關(guān)注球隊(duì)取勝必需的因素:自始至終配合得天衣無(wú)縫的后防。同樣,那些對(duì)
滑冰技術(shù)知之甚少的人,他們更感興趣的是三連跳或四連跳,而不是那些精心設(shè)
計(jì)并訓(xùn)練直至流暢、完美的舞步。沒(méi)有驚險(xiǎn)的跳躍,無(wú)知的觀眾會(huì)感到厭倦。他
們喜歡那些表現(xiàn)得激動(dòng)人心或有爭(zhēng)議性的運(yùn)動(dòng)員。他們往往根據(jù)戲劇化的表現(xiàn)是
否導(dǎo)致戲劇化的結(jié)果來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)比賽。他們想看運(yùn)動(dòng)員在超越自己極限時(shí)偶爾的突然
失敗,而不是多年來(lái)穩(wěn)操勝券,熟知自己極限而不去超越它的運(yùn)動(dòng)員。
6.Whenasportcomestodependonentertainingamassaudience,thoseinvolvedin
thesportoftenrevisetheirideasaboutwhatisimportantinsport.Thisrevision
usuallyinvolvesashiftinemphasisfromwhatmightbecalledanaesthetic
orientationtoaheroicorientationInfact,thepeopleinsportmayevenreferto
gamesormatchesas"show-time",anieymayrefertothemselvesasentertainers
aswellasathletes.Thisdoesnotmeanthataestheticorientationsdisappear,butit
doesmeanthattheyoftentakeabackseattotheheroicactionsthatentertain
spectatorswhodon'tknowenoughtoappreciatethestrategicandtechnicalaspects
ofthegameormatch.
6當(dāng)一項(xiàng)體育運(yùn)動(dòng)變得依賴(lài)于娛樂(lè)廣大觀眾時(shí),對(duì)于運(yùn)動(dòng)中什么才是重要的,運(yùn)
動(dòng)參與者們往往會(huì)改變觀念。這一改變常常意味著重心從所謂的美學(xué)取向向英雄
主義取向轉(zhuǎn)變。其實(shí),運(yùn)動(dòng)員可能甚至把運(yùn)動(dòng)或比賽稱(chēng)為“表演秀”,并把自己
稱(chēng)作表演者兼運(yùn)動(dòng)員。這并不意味著美學(xué)取向不復(fù)存在了,但是這確實(shí)意味著與
英雄主義行為相比,它們常常退居其后。英雄主義行為吸引著那些沒(méi)有足夠的知
識(shí)欣賞運(yùn)動(dòng)或比賽的策略和技術(shù)的觀眾。
7.Astheneedtopleasenaiveaudiencesbecomesgreater,sodoestheemphasison
heroicorientations.ThisiswhytelevisioncommentatorsforUSfootballgames
continuallytalkaboutdanger,injuries,playingwithpain,andcourage.Someathletes,
however,realizethedangersassociatedwithheroicorientationsandtrytoslowthe
moveawayfromaestheticorientationsintheirsports.Forexample,someformer
figureskatershavecalledforrestrictionsonthenumberoftriplejumpsthatcanbe
includedinskatingprograms.Theseskatersareworriedthatthecommercialsuccess
oftheirsportiscomingtorelyonthedangerofmovementratherthanthebeautyof
movement.However,someskatersseemtobewillingtoadoptheroicorientationsif
thisiswhatwillpleaseaudiencesandgeneraterevenues.Theseathletesusually
evaluatethemselvesandotherathletesintermsofthesportethic,andtheylearnto
seeheroicactionssignsoftruecommitmentanddedicationtotheirsport.
7取悅無(wú)知觀眾的需求越強(qiáng)烈,就越會(huì)強(qiáng)調(diào)英雄主義取向。這就是為什么美國(guó)橄
欖球比賽的電視評(píng)論員喋喋不休地談?wù)撐kU(xiǎn)、受傷、帶傷比賽和膽量。不過(guò),有
些運(yùn)動(dòng)員意識(shí)到了與英雄主義取向隨之而來(lái)的危險(xiǎn),并試圖在他們的運(yùn)動(dòng)中放慢
偏離美學(xué)取向的步伐。比如,一些前花樣滑冰運(yùn)動(dòng)員已經(jīng)呼吁限制滑冰項(xiàng)目中三
連跳的數(shù)量。這些滑冰運(yùn)動(dòng)員擔(dān)心,他們的體育項(xiàng)目在商業(yè)上的成功正越來(lái)越依
賴(lài)于動(dòng)作的危險(xiǎn)性,而不是動(dòng)作的美感。然而,另外一些滑冰運(yùn)動(dòng)員似乎愿意采
取英雄主義取向,只要這樣能取悅觀眾,獲得收入。這些運(yùn)動(dòng)員用體育道德規(guī)范
去評(píng)價(jià)自己和他人,他們還學(xué)會(huì)把英雄主義行為看成是真正地投入及為運(yùn)動(dòng)獻(xiàn)身
的標(biāo)志。
Commercializationalsoleadstochangesintheorganizationsthatcontrolsports.
Whensportsbegintodependongeneratingrevenues,thecontrolofsport
organizationsusuallyshiftsfurtherandfurtherawayfromtheplayers.Infact,the
playersoftenloseeffectivecontrolovertheconditionsoftheirownparticipationin
thesport.Theseconditionscomeunderthecontrolofgeneralmanagers,team
owners,corporatesponsors,advertisers,mediapersonnel,marketingandpublicity
staff,professionalmanagementstaff,accountants,andagents.
8商業(yè)化同樣會(huì)導(dǎo)致那些控制體育的組織發(fā)生變化。當(dāng)體育開(kāi)始依賴(lài)于創(chuàng)造收入
時(shí),體育組織的控制權(quán)就會(huì)離運(yùn)動(dòng)員越來(lái)越遠(yuǎn)。事實(shí)上,運(yùn)動(dòng)員常常對(duì)于自身的
體育參與環(huán)境失去有效控制。這些環(huán)境越來(lái)越受控于下列人員:總經(jīng)理、運(yùn)動(dòng)隊(duì)
老板、企業(yè)贊助商、廣告商、傳媒人員、營(yíng)銷(xiāo)和宜傳推廣人員、專(zhuān)業(yè)管理人員、
會(huì)計(jì)師以及經(jīng)紀(jì)人。
9..Theorganizationsthatcontrolcommercialsportsareusuallycomplex,sincethey
areintendedtocoordinatetheinterestsofallthesepeople,buttheirprimarygoalis
tomaximizerevenues.Thismeansthatorganizationaldecisionsgenerallyreflectthe
combinedeconomicinterestsofmanypeoplehavingnodirectpersonalconnection
withasportorwiththeathletesinvolved.Thepowertoaffectthesedecisionsis
groundedinavarietyofresources,manyofwhicharenotevenconnectedwith
sports.Thereforeathletesinmanycommercialsportsfindthemselvescutoutof
decision-makingprocessesevenwhendecisionsaffecttheirhealthandwell-being.
9那些控制商業(yè)體育的組織通常非常復(fù)雜,這是因?yàn)樗鼈兤髨D協(xié)調(diào)上述所有人的
利益,但它們的首要目標(biāo)還是盈利最大化。這意味著組織決策通常反映的是許多
人的混合利益,而他們與體育或相關(guān)運(yùn)動(dòng)員沒(méi)有直接聯(lián)系。影響這些決策的力量
根植于各種不同的資源,其中許多甚至與體育沒(méi)有關(guān)聯(lián)。因此,許多商業(yè)體育中
的運(yùn)動(dòng)員發(fā)現(xiàn)自己被逐出了決策過(guò)程,即便這些決策影響到他們的健康和幸福。
Unit3Oslp
1.IrememberonmyfirsttriptoEuropegoingalonetoamovieinCopenhagen.In
Denmarkyouaregivenaticketforanassignedseat.Iwentintothecinemaand
discoveredthatmyticketdirectedmetositbesidetheonlyotherpeopleinthe
place,ayoungcouplelockedinthesortofpassionateembraceassociatedwith
docksidereunionsattheendoflongwars.Icouldnomorehavesatbesidethem
thanIcouldhaveaskedtojoinin-itwouldhavecometomuchthesamething-soI
tookaplaceafewdiscreetseatsaway.
1記得我第一次去歐洲旅行的時(shí)候,我在哥本哈根獨(dú)自一人去看電影。在丹麥,
電影票是對(duì)號(hào)入座的。(此文來(lái)自袁勇兵博客)我走進(jìn)電影院,發(fā)現(xiàn)在我的票對(duì)應(yīng)
的座位旁,只有一對(duì)年輕情侶。這對(duì)情侶如膠似漆地?fù)肀г谝黄?,如同一?chǎng)持久
戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束后碼頭上親人的團(tuán)聚。我很不情愿坐在他們旁邊,就如我絕不會(huì)要求加
入他們的行為一樣——這兩者對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)并沒(méi)有什么不同——因此我謹(jǐn)慎地隔幾
個(gè)座位坐了下來(lái)。
2.Peoplecameintothecinema,consultedtheirticketsandfilledtheseatsaroundus.
Bythetimethefilmstartedtherewereabout30ofussittingtogetherinatightpack
inthemiddleofavastandotherwiseemptyauditorium.Twominutesintothemovie,
awomanladenwithshoppingmadeherwaywithdifficultydownmyrow,stopped
besidemyseatandtoldmeinasternvoice,fullofglottalstopsandindignation,that
Iwasinherplace.Thiscausedmuchplayofflashlightsamongtheusherettesand
fretfulre-examiningofticketsbyeveryoneinthevicinityuntilwordgotaroundthatI
wasanAmericantouristandthereforeunabletofollowsimpleseatinginstructions
and.Iwasescortedinsomeshamebacktomyassignedplace.
2人們陸續(xù)地走進(jìn)影院,參照電影票找到位子,在我們周?chē)讼聛?lái)。電影開(kāi)場(chǎng)
時(shí),這個(gè)寬敞空曠的觀眾席中間,扎堆地坐了約30人。電影開(kāi)場(chǎng)兩分鐘后,一
個(gè)拎著大包小包購(gòu)物袋的女士艱難地?cái)D到我這排,在我座位旁停下,并用嚴(yán)厲
的口吻憤怒地朝我用充滿(mǎn)了喉塞音的丹麥語(yǔ)說(shuō)道,我坐在了她的位子上。女引座
員馬上打開(kāi)手電筒查看情況,身邊所有的人都不安地重新確認(rèn)自己票上的座位
號(hào),直到大家都清楚了,我是一個(gè)美國(guó)游客,因此沒(méi)有遵循簡(jiǎn)單的就座指示。在
羞愧中我被送回指定的位子。
3.Sowesattogetherandwatchedthemovie,30ofuscrowdedtogetherlikerefugees
inanoverloadedlifeboat,rubbingshouldersandsharingsmallnoises,anditoccurred
tomethenthattherearecertainthingsthatsomenationsdobetterthaneveryone
elseandcertainthingsthattheydofarworseandIbegantowonderwhythatshould
be.
3接下來(lái)我們坐在一起看電影,30人如同一艘超載的救生船上的難民一般擠作一
團(tuán)。肩膀相互摩擦著,忍受著各種細(xì)小的噪聲。那時(shí)我想,有些國(guó)家在某些事情
上做的比任何其他國(guó)家都好,然而在另外一些事情上,他們卻糟糕很多。我開(kāi)
始思考為何會(huì)有如此反差。4.Sometimesanation'slittlecontrivancesaresosingular
andcleverthatweassociatethemwiththatcountryalone-double-deckerbusesin
Britain,windmillsinHolland(whataninspiredaddition-toaflatlandscape:think
howtheywouldtransformNebraska),sidewalkcafesinParis.Andyettherearesome
thingsthatmostcountriesdowithoutdifficultythatotherscannotgetagraspofat
all.
4有時(shí)候某個(gè)國(guó)家的小發(fā)明是如此獨(dú)特和精巧,以至于我們總是由它而聯(lián)想到這
個(gè)國(guó)家——英國(guó)的雙層巴士,荷蘭的風(fēng)車(chē)(給原本單調(diào)的景觀增添了多么美妙的
創(chuàng)意:想想這些風(fēng)車(chē)是如何改變了內(nèi)布拉斯加州),還有巴黎人行道上的露天咖
啡館。然而,也有一些事情,大部分國(guó)家能不費(fèi)吹灰之力地辦到,但某些國(guó)家
卻完全想不到。
5.TheFrench,forinstance,cannotgetthehangofqueuing.Theytryandtry,butitis
beyondthem.WhereveryougoinParis,youseeorderlylineswaitingatbusstops,
butassoonasthebuspullsupthelineinstantlydisintegratesintosomethinglikea
firedrillatalunaticasylumaseveryonescramblestobethefirstaboard,quite
unawarethatthisdefeatsthewholepurposeofqueuing.
5比如說(shuō),法國(guó)人無(wú)法掌握排隊(duì)的竅門(mén)。他們一遍遍地嘗試,但這似乎超出了他
們的能力范圍。無(wú)論你去巴黎的任何地方,總會(huì)看到整齊的隊(duì)伍在公交車(chē)站候車(chē)。
但一旦公交車(chē)靠站,隊(duì)伍立刻瓦解,就像精神病院的消防演習(xí)一樣,所有人都爭(zhēng)
搶著第一個(gè)上車(chē),完全沒(méi)意識(shí)到,這樣一來(lái)排隊(duì)的意義就蕩然無(wú)存了。
6.TheBritish,ontheotherhand,donotunderstandcertainofthefundamentalsof
eating,asevidencedbytheirinstincttoconsumehamburgerswithaknifeandfork.
Tomycontinuingamazement,manyofthemalsoturntheirforkupside一downand
balancethefoodonthebackofit.I’velivedinEnglandforadecadeandahalfand1
stillhavetoquellanimpulsetogouptostrangersinpubsandrestaurantsandsay,
"Excuseme.CanIgiveyouatipthat'llhelpstopthosepeasbouncingalloverthe
table?"
6另一方面,英國(guó)人則不能領(lǐng)略吃的基本要領(lǐng)。證據(jù)就是他們本能地使用刀叉來(lái)
食用漢堡。更令我驚訝的是,他們大多數(shù)都把叉子顛倒放置,將食物擱在它的背
上。我已經(jīng)在英國(guó)居住了15年,但我仍不得不壓制這種沖動(dòng),想要走向酒吧
或餐館里的陌生人說(shuō):“打擾一下,可以允許我告訴你一個(gè)小技巧嗎?(此文來(lái)自
袁勇兵博客)那樣你就不會(huì)把豆子散落在整張桌子上了。
7.Germansareflummoxedbyhumor,theSwisshavenoconceptoffun,theSpanish
thinkthereisnothingatallridiculousabouteatingdinneratmidnight,andthe
Italiansshouldnever,everhavebeenletinontheinventionofthemotorcar.
7德國(guó)人被幽默困擾,瑞士人對(duì)樂(lè)趣毫無(wú)概念,西班牙人絲毫不覺(jué)得在半夜吃晚
飯有什么滑稽之處,而意大利人從不,也絕不會(huì)讓別人告訴他們汽車(chē)是如何發(fā)明
的。
8.OneofthesmallmarvelsofmyfirsttriptoEuropewasthediscoverythattheworld
couldbesofullofvariety,thatthereweresomanydifferentwaysofdoingessentially
identicalthings,likeeatinganddrinkingandbuyingcinematickets.Itfascinatedme
thatEuropeanscouldatoncebesoalike-thattheycouldbesouniversallybookish
andcerebral,anddrivesmallcars,andliveinlittlehousesinancienttowns,andlove
soccer,andberelativelyunmaterialisticandlaw-abiding,andhavechillyhotelrooms
andcosyandinvitingplacestoeatanddrink-andyetbesoendlessly,unpredictably
differentfromeachotheraswell.Ilovedtheideathatyoucouldneverbesureof
anythinginEurope.
8這次歐洲之旅帶給我很多驚奇的小事,其中一個(gè)就是我發(fā)現(xiàn)世界竟能如此多樣
化,對(duì)于本質(zhì)上相同的事物處理起來(lái)卻方式各異,比如說(shuō)吃喝或是買(mǎi)電影票。有
趣的是,歐洲人有時(shí)可以突然變得如此相似——他們普遍好學(xué)而理性,開(kāi)著小車(chē),
住在古鎮(zhèn)的小房子里,喜歡足球,不怎么注重物質(zhì)生活,遵紀(jì)守法,而且他們住
寒冷的賓館房間,去溫暖舒適的地方吃喝——然而卻同時(shí)擁有著如此琢磨不透、
永無(wú)止盡的差異。在歐洲沒(méi)有什么是百分之百肯定的,對(duì)此我十分贊同。
9.Istillenjoythatsenseofneverknowingquitewhat'sgoingon.InmyhotelinOslo
whereIspentfourdaysafterreturningfromHammerfest,thechambermaideach
morningleftmeapacketofsomethingcalledBioTexBla,a"minipakkeforferie,hybel
ogweekend"accordingtotheinstructions.Ispentmanyhappyhourssniffingitand
experimentingwith
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