英漢語言句法對比

英漢語言對比句法對比GeneraldifferencesEnglishChineseLanguagefamilyIndo-EuropearSino-TibetanWritingsystemAlphabeticwritingIdeagraphicwriting:oon,sun,desk,wood;月,日木history1500years6000natureSynthetic-analyticalAnalyticallanguagelanguage綜合分析型分析型syntaxHypotaxis(形合)Parataxis(意合)Wordformation;wordorder;correspondenceofwordmeaning;partofspeech:etc1.syntheticlanguage&analyticallanguageoWhatisasyntheticlanguage◎綜合性語言是指通過次詞本身的形態(tài)變化來表達(dá)語法意義(格、數(shù)、時等)的語言。e.gHeisspeakingonthephone.(通過動詞speak的變化來表示進行時態(tài))Hespoketomesoyesterday.(speak變?yōu)閟poke表示過去式)oWhatisaanalyticallanguage?○分析型語言指該語言中語法關(guān)系主要不是通過詞本身的形態(tài)來表達(dá),而是通過虛詞、詞序等手段來表示。eOEverynightforweekstherehadbeenmuchpreachingsinging,praying,andshouting,andsomeveryhardenedsinnershadbeenbroughttoChrist,andthemembershipofthechurchhadgrownbyleapsandbounds◎一連幾周毎天晩上教堂里都有許多布道、唱歌、以及大聲祈禱等活動,連一些極其頑固的罪人也被帶引到了上帝面前,一時間教堂的信眾人數(shù)陡增?！裼⒄Z是從綜合型向分析型語言發(fā)展的語言Hewillbespeakinginthecongresstomorrow.(綜合型)Hewillspeakinthecongresstomorrow(分析型)漢語是分析型語言,語序是重要的語法手段:O學(xué)習(xí)政治tostudypolitics○政治學(xué)習(xí)thestudyofpolitics會兒再說∥再說一會兒坐車到郊外∥到郊外坐車○我喜歡,我選擇?！挝疫x擇,我喜歡?！饘覒?zhàn)屢敗∥屢敗屢戰(zhàn)2.HypotaxisparataxisWhatishypotaxis(形合),andwhatisparataxis(意合)?EnglishisahypotacticlanguageandChineseaparatacticoneoHypotacticrelationsatthesententiallevelrefertoconstructionwhosecomponentsarelinkedthroughtheuseofconjunctions●(句子的形合關(guān)系指依靠連接成分的使用將句子結(jié)構(gòu)的各個組成部分的連接起來)eg.BreadandbutterismyfavouritebreakfastThemanranawaywhenhesawthedogJohnlovesMaryandMarylovesJohn,too英語語法呈外顯性(overtness);語法型oParatacticrelationsrefertoconstructionswhosecomponentsarelinkedinmeaningthroughjuxtapositionandpunctuation/intonationandnotthroughtheuseofconjunctions句子的意合關(guān)系指組成句子的各個成分依靠意思來連接,只需將各個成分并列、或用標(biāo)點符號,語調(diào)連接起來,而不使用連接詞等●男女老少都參加了戰(zhàn)斗。.(Menandwomen,oldandyoung,alljoinedinthebattle.定在下雪,外面這么亮oItmustbesnowing,foritissobrightoutside●趁熱打鐵。oStrikewhiletheironishot●她美,她年輕,她要強,她勤儉。●老太太理不直,氣不壯,力不夠,抵擋不住,索性坐到地上,哭了起來。漢語語法呈隱含性(covertness);語義型ConjunctionsareusedmorefrequentlyinEnglishthaninChineseWritetomewhenyouhavetime●有時間就給我寫信。oTheyweresomovedthattearscametotheireyes他們感動得熱淚盈眶Armymenandciviliansareunitedasone●軍民團結(jié)如一人Wewillnotattackunlessweareattacked人不犯我,我不犯人●增、減詞法比較:oShewasgladtogohome,andyetmostwoefullysadatleavingschool●形合:她回家很高興,可是離開學(xué)校卻很難過?！褚夂?她喜歡回家,又舍不得離校Chillygustso