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企業(yè)培訓(xùn)評(píng)估馬可-古爾茲經(jīng)濟(jì)和工業(yè)工程一、摘要1.目標(biāo):近年來(lái),文學(xué)上的項(xiàng)目評(píng)估審查了多方好處相干者的評(píng)判,但培訓(xùn)評(píng)估模型和做法一樣不被推敲那個(gè)問(wèn)題。本文的目標(biāo)是為了補(bǔ)償這一空白。2.設(shè)計(jì)/方法/方法本研究之間的交叉:辨認(rèn)方法和門(mén)路的介入性評(píng)判,以及技巧和評(píng)判對(duì)象平日用于練習(xí)。研究的重點(diǎn)是明白得評(píng)判須要的好處相干群體平日涉及培訓(xùn)籌劃。培訓(xùn)籌劃的經(jīng)費(fèi)由歐洲社會(huì)基金在意大年夜利進(jìn)行了研究,用定性和定量方法(訪談和查詢拜望研究)。查詢拜望成果:第一,剖斷評(píng)判方面沒(méi)有推敲到在投資回報(bào)的培訓(xùn)評(píng)估模型的培訓(xùn)評(píng)估,但這是重要的好處相干者的評(píng)判知足需求;第二,確信收斂/發(fā)散好處相干群體之間的評(píng)估須要;第三,確信潛在的變量和收斂/不合的屬性對(duì)他們的重要性之間的相干群體。研究限制/問(wèn)題–的重要研究如下:第一,分析是基于一個(gè)單一的培訓(xùn)籌劃;其次,本研究?jī)H集中于先決前提,設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)好處相干者的評(píng)判籌劃;和第三,分析認(rèn)為歸屬的重要的好處相干者不推敲成長(zhǎng)一致的和靠得住的指標(biāo)。實(shí)際阻礙這些成果注解,不合的好處相干群體有不合的評(píng)估須要,在營(yíng)業(yè)方面熟悉的趨同和不合之間須要。創(chuàng)作/值–研究成果有助于確信:第一,評(píng)判要素,所有好處相干群體認(rèn)為重要的;其次,評(píng)判身分視為重要的一個(gè)或多個(gè)好處相干群體,但不是所有的人;第三,潛在的變數(shù),東方相干群體在培訓(xùn)評(píng)估。關(guān)鍵詞培訓(xùn)評(píng)判,好處相干者分析紙張類型研究。背景市場(chǎng)–是購(gòu)大班事和技能的培訓(xùn)供給者–曾經(jīng)應(yīng)用的方法練習(xí)體系公司建立關(guān)系的群體。作者感激布瑞恩博士布洛赫為他的綜合編輯的手稿境外公司。今朝,然而,公司也測(cè)驗(yàn)測(cè)驗(yàn)建立這種關(guān)系,經(jīng)由過(guò)程介入公共項(xiàng)目平日受公共贊助的機(jī)構(gòu),旨在鼓舞和促進(jìn)連續(xù)的培訓(xùn),這被認(rèn)為是一個(gè)“集體好處”。在培訓(xùn)過(guò)程在這種情形下,專門(mén)多演員須要作出的決定可能阻礙機(jī)能的培訓(xùn)倡議。平日,這些好處相干者有不合的機(jī)構(gòu)義務(wù),和練習(xí)的好處和目標(biāo)可能是不合的:如將其列入評(píng)判過(guò)程中創(chuàng)建和愛(ài)護(hù)多樣性的好處相干者介入集團(tuán)(遺言,1993;馬丟和格林尼,1997)。此外,“好處相干者能夠贊助專門(mén)大年夜時(shí),審查評(píng)估建議”修訂籌劃。建議籌劃的人員廣泛估量將在評(píng)估申報(bào)(布蘭登,1999,363頁(yè))。這項(xiàng)研究的重點(diǎn)是培訓(xùn)評(píng)估等多方好處相干者的情形下,和的目標(biāo)是確信兩國(guó)之間的交叉學(xué)科。起首是項(xiàng)目評(píng)估,正式的方法來(lái)研究的目標(biāo),過(guò)程,和阻礙的項(xiàng)目,政策和籌劃的實(shí)施在公共和私營(yíng)部分。二是培訓(xùn)與成長(zhǎng)治理,專門(mén)是,文學(xué)的評(píng)判模型和對(duì)象,用于評(píng)估培訓(xùn)公司。這項(xiàng)研究的重點(diǎn)是連續(xù)培訓(xùn)項(xiàng)目資金由意大年夜利公共權(quán)力,以凸起評(píng)判須要的好處相干群體平日涉及這類練習(xí)過(guò)程。研究申報(bào)在那個(gè)地點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了接觸后,好處相干者的籌劃和履行法度榜樣的培訓(xùn)模塊,采取定性和定量方法。專門(mén)是,研究過(guò)程包含最初的定性研究時(shí)期的關(guān)鍵耳目,屬于不合的好處群體,其次是定量研究整小我口。研究成果可用于有益的各類不合的用處。起首,本研究確信的趨同和不合之間的評(píng)判須要的不合好處相干群體。其次,它確信了“準(zhǔn)則”,東方的好處相干群體在培訓(xùn)評(píng)估。文獻(xiàn)分析文獻(xiàn)分析的重點(diǎn)是三個(gè)問(wèn)題。起首,理論培訓(xùn)評(píng)判分析,說(shuō)明理論緣故好處相干者評(píng)判應(yīng)用到培訓(xùn)能夠被認(rèn)為是重要的。成果在文學(xué)上的練習(xí),然后提出好處相干者為差不多的評(píng)判。最后一部分的查詢拜望存眷的背景,公司培訓(xùn)體系運(yùn)作,并注解實(shí)際意義的好處相干者培訓(xùn)評(píng)估。總的來(lái)說(shuō),這部集錦常識(shí)差距和確信具體的研究問(wèn)題。培訓(xùn)和教誨是一項(xiàng)投資,該組織估量積極的回報(bào);投資回報(bào)率(投資回報(bào)率)的培訓(xùn)和教誨。為此,從層次評(píng)判模型柯克帕特里克(1998)和菲利普(1996)提出了投資回報(bào)率的培訓(xùn)評(píng)估模型,包含五個(gè)層次;每個(gè)查詢拜望不合層次:1級(jí)。反響:方法籌劃介入者的知足度。2級(jí)。進(jìn)修的重點(diǎn)是什么與會(huì)者學(xué)到在籌劃。3級(jí)。應(yīng)用和實(shí)施:決定是否參加申請(qǐng)什么他們學(xué)會(huì)工作。4級(jí)。營(yíng)業(yè)阻礙:側(cè)重于實(shí)際取得的成果參加籌劃,他們成功地應(yīng)用所學(xué)的。5級(jí)。投資回報(bào):比較泉幣好處的籌劃,該籌劃的成本。該模型已作出了寶貴供獻(xiàn),培訓(xùn)評(píng)估的理論和實(shí)踐,因?yàn)樗鼜?qiáng)調(diào)必須推敲和評(píng)估培訓(xùn)在一個(gè)“視角”。然而,該模型至少有三個(gè)局限性。第一,該模型集中在限制設(shè)置的變量。事實(shí)上,這五個(gè)層次的評(píng)判,提出是基于一個(gè)專門(mén)簡(jiǎn)化的培訓(xùn)后果。專門(mén)是,他們沒(méi)有推敲范疇廣泛的組織,小我,收集的練習(xí)的設(shè)計(jì)和交付身分會(huì)阻礙培訓(xùn)后果(遺言,1993;布拉姆利和基特森,1994;卡儂-布魯茲等人。,1995;福特和卡瑞格,1995;薩拉斯和卡儂-布魯茲,2001;坦南鮑姆和尤克爾,1992;)。二批駁涉及因果之間的接洽在不合層次的培訓(xùn)成果。是的,這是弗成能實(shí)現(xiàn)的積極成果在高層次上,假如這種情形并沒(méi)有涌現(xiàn)在較低的程度以及。研究(艾利格和贊拿克,大年夜寶,1989;1992;艾利格等人,1997)在該范疇在專門(mén)大年夜程度上未能證實(shí)這種因果接洽。三分之一個(gè)弱點(diǎn)的層次模型的評(píng)判是,它缺乏一個(gè)多角色的視角。事實(shí)上,那個(gè)角度所承擔(dān)的模型是該公司的股東。事實(shí)上,該模型假定每個(gè)程度的評(píng)判供給的數(shù)據(jù),更翔實(shí)比客歲(艾利格和贊拿克,1989)。那個(gè)假設(shè)產(chǎn)生了“知覺(jué)在培訓(xùn)評(píng)估,建立四級(jí)的成果將供給最有效的信息,培訓(xùn)籌劃的有效性”(貝茨,2004,342頁(yè))。是以,評(píng)判須要好處相干者介入培訓(xùn)過(guò)程中被忽視,這是專門(mén)限制在背景的特點(diǎn)是存在一個(gè)多元化的演員。應(yīng)用好處相干者評(píng)判培訓(xùn)可能是有益的處理這最后的批駁,包含不合的不雅點(diǎn)的好處相干群體的評(píng)判法度榜樣的設(shè)計(jì)和實(shí)施(布拉姆利和基特森,1994;馬丟和格林尼)。這也可能阻礙的批駁,因?yàn)樵O(shè)計(jì)的評(píng)估法度榜樣的差不多上的好處相干者的評(píng)判須要須要延長(zhǎng)設(shè)置的變量被認(rèn)為是投資回報(bào)率的培訓(xùn)評(píng)估模型。一些年來(lái),文學(xué)課程評(píng)判已處理的主題的多方好處相干者的評(píng)判(格雷戈瑞,2000;標(biāo)記等人,2000),但對(duì)這一問(wèn)題的思慮和實(shí)踐評(píng)判的練習(xí)場(chǎng),已不那么明顯(路易斯,1996)。事實(shí)上,最有名的培訓(xùn)評(píng)估模型是幾乎完全依照測(cè)量成果的角度,一個(gè)演員。那個(gè)演員對(duì)應(yīng)的重要公司的股東,視為主題,基金培訓(xùn)籌劃。這必定導(dǎo)致評(píng)判體系集中的阻礙,在財(cái)務(wù)和營(yíng)業(yè)方面的培訓(xùn),對(duì)公司績(jī)效的阻礙,而不推敲其他好處相干者:好處相干者的評(píng)判是一種方法,確信是知情的特定的小我或集團(tuán)。好處相干者是不合的群體感愛(ài)好的評(píng)估成果,要么因?yàn)樗麄兪侵苯亓水?dāng)?shù)淖璧K(或介入)籌劃的活動(dòng),或是因?yàn)樗麄儽仨氉龀鰶Q定的法度榜樣或一個(gè)類似的法度榜樣(米卡爾斯基和表親,2000,213頁(yè))。文獻(xiàn)中對(duì)好處相干者評(píng)判指出,評(píng)判是進(jìn)步法度榜樣機(jī)能,它有一個(gè)對(duì)象的應(yīng)用和構(gòu)造必須作為一個(gè)體系,它支撐的行動(dòng),和更是如斯,決定打算過(guò)程(弗林,1992)。為此,有須要明白的評(píng)判須要的行動(dòng)者介入該項(xiàng)目標(biāo)評(píng)判體系在設(shè)計(jì):對(duì)象應(yīng)用,也許是最早應(yīng)用類型的審查文學(xué),是指應(yīng)用評(píng)判成果為差不多的行動(dòng)。例子儀器應(yīng)用包含清除法度榜樣證實(shí)是無(wú)效的,修改法度榜樣的評(píng)估差不多上,針對(duì)一個(gè)法度榜樣的新不雅眾,分派新的預(yù)算支出籌劃和改變構(gòu)造的組織在一個(gè)法度榜樣的運(yùn)行(約翰遜,1998,94頁(yè))。是以它是重要的好處相干者為差不多的評(píng)估過(guò)程,涉及激活的演員。依照這一理論對(duì)介入性評(píng)判(從兄弟和惠特莫爾,1998;米卡爾斯基和表親,2000),這種列入可有用,當(dāng)其目標(biāo)是進(jìn)步法度榜樣的機(jī)能或改變,當(dāng)它的目標(biāo)是解放弱勢(shì)群體社會(huì)/文化群體在該籌劃的目標(biāo)是。這種分類是一致的更一樣的理論,好處相干者的治理,這是好處相干者理論治理對(duì)象,基于的假設(shè)是,組織的建立與好處相干者的關(guān)系,基于信任與合作將有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)與企業(yè)比擬,沒(méi)有如許的關(guān)系。競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)來(lái)源于如許一個(gè)事實(shí)關(guān)系差不多上的互信任任與合作便利快捷協(xié)定,削減交易成本(弗里德曼和英里,2006);和道德規(guī)范的好處相干者理論認(rèn)為,治理,規(guī)范的理論差不多,包含“確信道德或哲學(xué)為經(jīng)營(yíng)準(zhǔn)則,公司治理”為核心的好處相干者理論(杜納爾迪和普萊斯頓,1995,P71)?;谶@種推敲,各類研究評(píng)論辯論的話題,好處相干者培訓(xùn)評(píng)估采取的概念,實(shí)際介入評(píng)判,它本身是在更一樣的理論,好處相干者的治理對(duì)象。是以,本研究定義了一個(gè)好處相干者作為一個(gè)學(xué)科能夠或許阻礙機(jī)能的練習(xí)過(guò)程,因?yàn)樗?他要求作出決定的過(guò)程中。它還認(rèn)為,評(píng)判體系作為一個(gè)“對(duì)象”的好處相干者供給須要的信息來(lái)驗(yàn)證他們的決定要求作出。Trainingevaluation:ananalysisofthestakeholders’evaluationneedsAbstractPurpose–Inrecentyears,theliteratureonprogramevaluationhasexaminedmulti-stakeholderevaluation,buttrainingevaluationmodelsandpracticeshavenotgenerallytakenthisproblemintoaccount.Theaimofthispaperistofillthisgap.Design/methodology/approach–Thisstudyidentifiesintersectionsbetweenmethodologiesandapproachesofparticipatoryevaluation,andtechniquesandevaluationtoolstypicallyusedfortraining.Thestudyfocusesonunderstandingtheevaluationneedsofthestakeholdergroupstypicallyinvolvedintrainingprograms.AtrainingprogramfinancedbytheEuropeanSocialFundinItalyisstudied,usingbothqualitativeandquantitativemethodologies(in-depthinterviewsandsurveyresearch).Findings–Thefindingsareasfollows:first,identificationofevaluationdimensionsnottakenintoaccountinthereturnoninvestmenttrainingevaluationmodeloftrainingevaluation,butwhichareimportantforsatisfyingstakeholders’evaluationneeds;second,identificationofconvergences/divergencesbetweenstakeholdergroups’evaluationneeds;andthird,identificationoflatentvariablesandconvergences/divergencesintheattributionofimportancetothemamongstakeholdersgroups.Researchlimitations/implications–Themainlimitationsoftheresearcharethefollowing:first,theanalysiswasbasedonasingletrainingprogram;second,thestudyfocusedonlyonthepre-conditionsfordesigningastakeholder-basedevaluationplan;third,theanalysisconsideredtheattributionofimportancebythestakeholderswithoutconsideringthedevelopmentofconsistentandreliableindicators.Practicalimplications–Theseresultssuggestthatdifferentstakeholdergroupshavedifferentevaluationneedsand,inoperationaltermsareawareoftheconvergenceanddivergencebetweenthoseneeds.Originality/value–Theresultsoftheresearchareusefulinidentifying:first,theevaluationelementsthatallstakeholdergroupsconsiderimportant;second,evaluationelementsconsideredimportantbyoneormorestakeholdergroups,butnotbyallofthem;andthird,latentvariableswhichorientstakeholdersgroupsintrainingevaluation.IntroductionThemarket–thatis,buyingskillsandservicesfromtrainingproviders–wasoncetheapproachusedbycompanytrainingsystemstoestablishrelationshipswithgroups.TheauthorsaregratefultoDrBrianBlochforhiscomprehensiveeditingofthemanuscript.outsidethefirm.Presently,however,companiesalsotrytoestablishsuchrelationshipsthroughparticipationinpublicprogramstypicallyfinancedbypublicbodiesandintendedtoencourageandstimulatecontinuoustraining,whichisconsideredtobea“collectivegood”.Intrainingprocessesdeliveredinsuchcontexts,manyactorsarerequiredtomakedecisionswhichmayhaveanimpactontheperformanceofthetraininginitiative.Typically,thesestakeholdershavedifferentinstitutionalmissions,andtheirtraininginterestsandobjectivesmaybedifferentaswell:theirinclusionintheevaluationprocesscreatesandmaintainsdiversitywithintheparticipatingstakeholdergroup(Wills,1993;MathieandGreene,1997).Furthermore,“stakeholderscanbeparticularlyhelpfulwhenreviewingevaluators”recommendationsforprogramrevisions.Recommendationstoprogrampersonnelarecommonlyexpectedinevaluationreports(Brandon,1999,p.363).Thisstudyfocusesontrainingevaluationinsuchmulti-stakeholdercontexts,andtheaimistoidentifyintersectionsbetweentwodifferentdisciplines.Thefirstisprogramevaluation,aformalizedapproachtothestudyofthegoals,processes,andimpactsofprojects,policiesandprogramsimplementedinpublicandprivatesectors.Thesecondistraininganddevelopmentmanagement,andinparticular,theliteratureontheevaluationmodelsandtoolsusedtoevaluatetrainingwithincompanies.ThisstudyfocusesonacontinuoustrainingprojectfinancedbyanItalianpublicauthority,inordertohighlighttheevaluationneedsofthestakeholdergroupstypicallyinvolvedinthiskindoftrainingprocess.Intheresearchreportedhere,stakeholderswerecontactedaftertheplanninganddeliveryoftheprogram’strainingmodules,usingqualitativeandquantitativemethods.Inparticular,theresearchprocessconsistedofaninitialqualitativeresearchphaseofkeyinformantsbelongingtothedifferentstakeholdergroups,followedbyquantitativeresearchontheentirepopulation.Theresultsoftheresearchcanbeappliedusefullytovariousdifferentpurposes.First,thestudyidentifiesconvergencesanddivergencesbetweentheevaluationneedsofthedifferentstakeholdergroups.Second,itidentifiesthe“guidelines”whichorientstakeholdergroupsintrainingevaluation.LiteratureanalysisTheliteratureanalysisfocusesonthreeissues.First,thetheoryontrainingevaluationisanalyzed,indicatingthetheoreticalreasonswhythestakeholder-basedevaluationappliedtotrainingcanbeconsideredimportant.Thefindingsintheliteratureontrainingstakeholder-basedevaluationarethenpresented.Thefinalpartofthesurveyconcernsthecontextsinwhichcompanytrainingsystemsoperate,anddemonstratesthepracticalimportanceofstakeholder-basedtrainingevaluation.Overall,thissectionhighlightsknowledgegapsanddefinesspecificresearchquestions.Trainingandeducationareaninvestmentfromwhichtheorganisationexpectsapositivereturn;thatis,areturnoninvestment(ROI)fromtrainingandeducation.Forthisreason,startingfromthehierarchicalevaluationmodelofKirkpatrick(1998)andPhillips(1996)proposesaROItrainingevaluationmodelwhichcomprisesfivelevels;eachinvestigatingdifferentelements:.Level1.Reactions:measuresprogrammeparticipantsatisfaction..Level2.Learning:focusesonwhatparticipantshavelearnedduringtheprogramme..Level3.Applicationandimplementation:determineswhetherparticipantsapplywhattheylearnedonthejob..Level4.Businessimpact:focusesontheactualresultsachievedbytheprogrammeparticipants,astheysuccessfullyapplywhattheyhavelearned..Level5.ROI:comparesthemonetarybenefitsfromtheprogrammewiththeprogramme’scosts.Thismodelhasmadevaluablecontributionstotrainingevaluationtheoryandpractice,becauseitstressestheimportanceofthinkingaboutandassessingtrainingwithina“businessperspective”.Nevertheless,themodelhasatleastthreelimitations.First,themodelconcentratesonarestrictedsetofvariables.Infact,thefivelevelsofevaluation,whichitproposesarebasedonanextremelysimplifiedviewoftrainingeffectiveness.Inparticular,theydonotconsiderawiderangeoforganisational,individual,training-designanddeliveryfactorsthatmayinfluencetrainingeffectiveness(Wills,1993;BramleyandKitson,1994;Cannon-Bowers,1995;FordandKraiger,1995;SalasandCannon-Bowers,2001;TannenbaumandYukl,1992;Kontoghiorghes,2001).Thesecondcriticismconcernsthecausallinkagesamongtrainingoutcomesatdifferentlevels.Thatis,itisnotpossibletoachievepositiveresultsattoplevels,ifthisdidnotoccuratthelowerlevelsaswell.Research(AlligerandJanak,1989;Talbot,1992;Alliger,1997)inthefieldhaslargelyfailedtoconfirmsuchcausallinkages.Athirdweaknessofthehierarchicalmodelofevaluationisthatitlacksamulti-actorperspective.Infact,thepointofviewassumedbythemodelisthatofthecompany’sshareholders.Indeed,themodelassumesthateachlevelofevaluationprovidesdatathatismoreinformativethanthelast(AlligerandJanak,1989).Thisassumptionhasgenerated“theperceptionamongtrainingevaluatorsthatestablishinglevelfourresultswillprovidethemostusefulinformationabouttrainingprogrameffectiveness”(Bates,2004,p.342).Asaconsequence,theevaluationneedsofthestakeholdersinvolvedinthetrainingprocessareneglected,andthisisparticularlyrestrictiveincontextscharacterizedbythepresenceofapluralityofactors.Applyingstakeholder-basedevaluationtotrainingmaybeusefulindealingwiththisfinalcriticismbyincludingthedifferentpointsofviewofthestakeholdergroupsintheevaluationprogram’sdesignandimplementation(BramleyandKitson,1994;MathieandGreene,1997;Marketal.,2000;Holte-McKenzieetal.,2006).Thiscouldalsoimpactonthefirstcriticism,becausedesigningtheevaluationprogramonthebasisofstakeholderevaluationneedsentailsextendingthesetofvariablesconsideredbytheROItrainingevaluationmodel.Forsomeyears,theliteratureonprogramevaluationhasdealtwiththetopicofmulti-stakeholderevaluation(Gregory,2000;Marketal.,2000),althoughreflectionontheissueandpracticalevaluationinthetrainingfieldhavebeenlessevident(Lewis,1996).Infact,thebest-knownmodeloftrainingevaluationisbasedalmostexclusivelyonmeasuringresultsfromtheperspectiveofonesingleactor.Thisactorcorrespondslargelytothecompany’sshareholders,consideredasthesubjectsthatfundtrainingprograms.Thisinevitablyinducestheevaluationsystemtofocusontheimpact,infinancialoroperationalterms,oftrainingoncompanyperformance,withoutconsideringtheeffectsonotherstakeholders:Stakeholder-basedevaluationisanapproachthatidentifies,andisinformedby,particularindividualsorgroups.Stakeholdersarethedistinctgroupsinterestedintheresultsofanevaluation,eitherbecausetheyaredirectlyaffectedby(orinvolvedin)programactivities,orbecausetheymustmakeadecisionabouttheprogramoraboutasimilarprogram(MichalskiandCousins,2000,p.

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