2021新高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)專題限時集訓(xùn)9主旨大意之概括全文主題和段落大意

專題限時集訓(xùn)(九)主旨大意之概括全文主題和段落大意A(2020·湖南師大附中模擬)TheBluePlanetII'slatestepisodefocusesonhowtheplasticishavingadestructiveeffectontheoceanandslowlypoisoningourseacreatures.ResearchersrecentlyalsofoundthatseacreatureslivinginthedeepestplaceonEarth，theMarianaTrench，haveplasticsintheirstomachs.Indeed,oceansaredrownedinplastics.Thoughitseemsthattheworldcouldn'tpossiblyfunctionwithoutplastics，plasticsarearemarkablyrecentinvention.Thefirstplasticbagswereintroducedinthe1950s，thesamedecadewhenplasticpackagingbegangainingpopularityintheUnitedStates.Thisgrowthhashappenedsofastthatscienceisstillcatchingupwiththechange.Plasticspollutionresearch，forinstance，isstillaveryearlyscience.Weputalltheseplasticsintotheenvironment，butwestilldon'treallyknowwhattheoutesaregoingtobe.Whatwedoknow，though，isdisturbing.Theoceanplasticisestimatedtokillmillionsofmarineanimalseveryyear.Nearly700species，includingendangeredones，areknowntohavebeenaffectedbyit.Oneinthreeleatherbackturtles，whichoftenmistakeplasticbagsforjellyfish，havebeenfoundwithplasticsintheirbellies.Ninetypercentofseabirdsarenoweatingplasticsonaregularbasis.By2050,thatfigureisexpectedtoriseto100percent.Andit'snotjustwildlifethatisthreatenedbytheplasticsinourseas.Humansareconsumingplasticsthroughtheseafoodweeat.Icouldunderstandwhysomepeopleseetheoceanplasticasadisaster，worthbeingmentionedinthesamebreathasclimatechange.Buttheoceanplasticisnotasplicatedasclimatechange.Therearenooceantrashdeniers(否認(rèn)者)，atleastsofar.Todosomethingaboutit，wedon'thavetoremakeourplanetenergysystem.Thisisnotaproblemwherewedon'tknowwhatthesolutionis.Weknowhowtopickupgarbage.Anyonecandoit.Weknowhowtodealwithit.Weknowhowtorecycle.Wecanallstartbythinkingtwicebeforeweusesingle-useplasticproducts.Thingsmayseemordinary，likeusingareusablebottleorareusablebag，butwhentakencollectively，thesechoicesreallydomakeadifference.【語篇解讀】塑料(制品)在我們的生活中無處不在，但我們卻把它們都拋到了環(huán)境中，給海洋以及海洋生物造成了災(zāi)難性的影響，同時也對人體造成很大危害。我們要從日常小事做起，注意自己的行為，避免塑料污染。1．Whyisplasticpollutionresearchstillaveryearlyscience?A．Theplasticpollutionresearchistoodifficult.B．Plasticshaveproducedlesspollutionthancoal.C．Plasticshavegainedpopularitytoofastforsciencetocatchupwith.D．Theworldcouldn'tpossiblyfunctionwithoutplastics.C[考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第二段的內(nèi)容可知，第一批塑料袋出現(xiàn)在20世紀(jì)50年代，同一時期，塑料包裝開始流行起來。塑料的發(fā)展如此之快，以至于科學(xué)研究仍在努力追趕塑料發(fā)展的速度。由此可知，對塑料污染問題的研究才開展不久，是因?yàn)樗芰习l(fā)展速度太快，使得科學(xué)研究沒能及時跟上，故C項(xiàng)正確。]2．HowdidtheauthorsupporthisopinioninParagraph3?A．Bycitingquotesfromleadingexperts.B．Bymakingaparisonandcontrast.C．Bylistingexamplesfromhisownexperience.D．Bypresentingsolidstatistics.D[考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段中的“killmillionsofmarineanimals”“Nearly700species”“Oneinthreeleatherbackturtles”“Ninetypercentofseabirds”等可知，作者通過列數(shù)據(jù)來支撐自己的觀點(diǎn)，故選擇D項(xiàng)。]3．Whatdoestheauthorintendtotellusinthelastparagraph?A．Wereapwhatwesow.B．Theshortestanswerisdoing.C．Allthingsaredifficultbeforetheyareeasy.D．Actionsspeaklouderthanwords.B[考查推理判斷。根據(jù)文章最后一段尤其是最后一句的內(nèi)容可知，作者號召我們從一些日常小事做起，這些行動都會有很大的影響。所以B項(xiàng)(最直接的答案就是行動起來)是正確的。]4．Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A．Theoceanshavebeenseriouslypollutedbyplastics.B．Theoceanplasticisaglobalissue.C．TheBluePlanetIIhasleftviewersheartbroken.D．Plasticsgainpopularityallovertheworld.A[考查主旨大意。本文介紹了塑料在給人們的生活帶來便利的同時，也造成了嚴(yán)重的污染，給海洋以及海洋生物造成了災(zāi)難性的影響，同時也對人體造成很大危害。故選A。]BWorldEnvironmentDayiscelebratedannuallyonJune5thandwascreatedtoinspirepeoplearoundtheglobetotakeanactivepartinenvironmentalprotectionandlearnmoreaboutwayswecanhelptoguaranteethefutureofourplanetissafe.TheveryfirstWorldEnvironmentDaytookplacein1974，establishedbytheUnitedNationsGeneralAssemblyonthefirstdayoftheStockholmConferenceontheHumanEnvironmentthattookplacein1972.EachyeartheUnitedNationspickathemeandahostcitywhereanyonewhoisconcernedabouttheenvironmentcantalkaboutenvironmentaltopicswithothers，followedbydifferentkindsofexhibitstopromoteenvironmentalawareness.Environmentalists，academicsandscientistsetogethertobringnewideasonthetableconcerningtheenvironment.The2018WorldEnvironmentDayishostedbyIndia，andthethemeisBeatPlasticPollution.Iturgespeopletoexploreandchoosesupportablealternativeslikepaperorclothbagstoreducetheproductionanduseofdisposableplastic，whichmakesup10%ofallofthewaste.EventhoughtheUnitedNationspickaspecifichostcityeveryyear，peoplearoundtheworldstillcelebrateWorldEnvironmentDayintheirhometownswithparades(游行)，concerts，cleaningupandtreeplantingandallkindsofgreenactionstoworktowardshavingabeautifulplanetandbattlingpollution.WorldEnvironmentDayisnotapublicholiday，soyouwon'tbegettingthedayoffworkorschool，butifyouwanttocelebrate，whynotbringittotheattentionofyourparents，friends，colleaguesorclassmates？WorldEnvironmentDayisallaboutworkingtogethertotakeactionfortheplanet，sotrytogeteveryoneyouknowinterestedinhelpingdosomething.Thingsassmallasmakingsurepeoplehaveawaytorecyclecanmakeadifference.Youcouldalsotrybeautifyingyourneighborhoodbyplantinggardens，learnaboutgreenfoods，raisemoneyforalocalwildlifeconservationgroupofsimplylearnabouttheeffectsofdifferentproductsontheearth.【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了世界環(huán)境日的由來和情況，呼吁全員行動起來幫助保護(hù)地球。5．WhyisWorldEnvironmentDaysetup?A．Tomakepeopleknowmoreaboutnature.B．Toaskpeopletohelptoprotecttheglobe.C．Towarnpeopleofthedangerofairpollution.D．Toencouragepeopletoplantheearth'sfuture.B[考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。從第一段中的不定式所作的目的狀語toinspire可以看出，世界環(huán)境日的目的是鼓勵人們積極參與環(huán)境保護(hù)并學(xué)會很多方法來幫助確保地球?qū)淼陌踩?，故選B。]6．WhatdopeopledoonWorldEnvironmentDay?A．Decideahostcity.B．Holdathemeparty.C．Discussenvironmentalideas.D．Showsomeplasticproducts.C[考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。從第二段中的“whereanyonewhoisconcernedabouttheenvironmentcantalkaboutenvironmentaltopicswithothers”以及第二段最后一句可以看出，人們主要是在這一天討論環(huán)境問題。]7．Whichofthefollowingwordsistheclosestinmeaningto“disposable”inParagraph3?A．High-cost. B．Poor-quality.C．Second-hand. D．Single-use.D[考查詞義猜測。從第三段中的BeatPlasticPollution可以看出，2018年的主題是“塑戰(zhàn)速決”，再結(jié)合畫線詞前面的“Iturgespeopletoexploreandchoosesupportablealternativeslikepaperorclothbags”和后面的“whichmakesup10%ofallofthewaste”可知，disposableplastic造成大量資源浪費(fèi)，所以“一次性的”符合語境，故選D項(xiàng)。]8．What'sthemainideaofthelastparagraph?A．Everybitofeffortcounts.B．Doingisbetterthansaying.C．Manyhandsmakelightwork.D．Nothingisimpossibletoawillingheart.A[考查段落大意。根據(jù)最后一段的內(nèi)容可知，世界環(huán)境日不是公共節(jié)日，所以人們不放假。但如果你想慶祝的話，為何不讓你周圍的人關(guān)注它呢？所以最后一段主要是講每個人都可以從身邊小事做起，行動起來保護(hù)地球，每個人的微小努力都很重要，故選A項(xiàng)。]CThepolicerecentlycaughtthesuspectedGoldenStateKillerusingatooltheycouldonlyhavedreamedofdecadesago，whenashockingseriesofmurdersshookCalifornia：adatabasefilledwithpeople'sgeneticdata(基因數(shù)據(jù))．Thepoliceusedanopen-sourcedatabasecalledGEDmatchtofindrelativeswhomatchedgeneticmaterialtakenfromatoldcrimescene，thenworkedbackwardtoidentifyandcatchthe72-year-oldformerpoliceofficerJosephJamesDeAngelo.GEDmatch's950，000usersvoluntarilyuploadandsharetheirgeneticinformation，makingitaccessibletootherswhosharetheirowndata—includinglawenforcementagencies(執(zhí)法機(jī)關(guān))．Morethanadozenothersimilarplatformsalsoexist.“Ifyourrelativeshavecontributedandyouarepartofevenafamilytreethatappearsonlineinoneofthesesharedresources，youcanbeindirectlytrackedthroughthebinationoftheirDNAandthepubliclyavailablefamilyhistory，”saysDrRobertGreen，amedicalgeneticistatHarvardMedicalSchool.Datesenttomercialpanieslike23andMe，whichhasover5millioncustomers，ismuchtougherforoutsiderstoaccess，butthecasehasstillhighlightedtheissueofgeneticprivacy.Althoughmanygenetic-testingpanieshavebeenaskedtocooperatewithlegalinvestigations，andclearlywarncustomersofthispossibility，notallrequestsarehonored.“23andMehasnevergivencustomerinformationtolaw-enforcementofficials，”apanyrepresentativetoldTime.Therisksofkeepingsuchsensitivedatearehigh.Thepotentialforabuseexists；forexample，insurancepaniescouldtheoreticallyusegeneticdatetorefusecoverage(保險范圍)，Greensays.Butthesystemsinplacetopreventmisuseappeartobeworking.OneistheGeneticInformationNondiscriminationActof2008，alawthatprotectsconsumersfromemploymentandinsurancediscriminationrelatedtogenetics.Aslongasthat'sthecase，Greensays，“thegoodofgenetictestsoutweighsthebad.”SharonZehe，alawyerforthedepartmentoflaboratorymedicineandpathologyattheMayoClinic，takesamorecautiousapproach.“Familytreeservicescanbefun，butmakesureyouareusingareputableorganizationthathasstrongprivacypoliciesinplace，”shesays.“Geneticdataisbiologicallyasimportantasafingerprint.”【語篇解讀】本文是一篇夾敘夾議文。警方利用遺傳基因數(shù)據(jù)庫技術(shù)識別并逮捕了“金州殺手”嫌疑人。合法使用基因數(shù)據(jù)庫技術(shù)可以幫助警方破案，但是基因數(shù)據(jù)庫的保密風(fēng)險很高，一