Unit4SpaceExplorationDiscoveringUsefulStructures課件高中英語人教版

UNIT4

SPACEEXPLORATION

DiscoveringUsefulStructures動詞不定式Tosmokeoftenis_______foryourhealth.A.goodB.bad2.Itis______formetolearnEnglish.A.easyB.difficultTosmokeoftenisbadforyourhealth.2.ItisdifficultformetolearnEnglishwell.=TolearnEnglishwellisdifficultforme.過去分詞v-ed不定式to+v動詞的v-ing非謂語動詞

定義：動詞不定式是非謂語動詞之一，表___________，其主要功能是在句子中作_______、______、_______、___________、______、________或用在一些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中。目的和將來主語表語賓語賓語補(bǔ)足語定語狀語點(diǎn)擊添加文本點(diǎn)擊添加文本點(diǎn)擊添加文本點(diǎn)擊添加文本1.todo不定式作主語翻譯句子：學(xué)好英語不容易。動詞不定式作主語時(shí)，一般可用it作形式主語，而將動詞不定式置于句末。e.g.TolearnEnglishwellisnoteasy.=It’snoteasytolearnEnglishwell.不定式的邏輯主語有時(shí)用“of/for+名詞或代詞賓格”構(gòu)成。結(jié)構(gòu)：It’s+adjfor/ofsbtodosth.描述邏輯主語性質(zhì)、身份、特征的形容詞后常用of

引導(dǎo)不定式的邏輯主語

good,kind,cruel,brave,honest,lazy,(un)selfish,wise,clever,silly,stupid,foolish,right,wrong,rude,(im)polite,careful,careless等。相關(guān)形容詞有1.如果邏輯主語和形容詞可以寫成“sb.+be+形容詞”，一般就用of。2.對某人來說，forsb.修飾人特性of/for?It’sdifficult_____metoworkoutthemathsproblem.

forIt’skind______youtohelpme.nice,kind,good,silly,clever,wrong,honesy…修飾人easy;hard;difficult;interesting;excitingboring;…修飾物或事

of點(diǎn)擊添加文本點(diǎn)擊添加文本點(diǎn)擊添加文本點(diǎn)擊添加文本2.todo不定式作表語翻譯句子：提高你英語的最佳方式是加入一個(gè)英語俱樂部。動詞不定式作表語用來表示主語的身份,狀態(tài)和特征等。可與系動詞構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu).ThebestwaytoimproveyourEnglishistojoinanEnglishclub.點(diǎn)擊添加文本點(diǎn)擊添加文本點(diǎn)擊添加文本點(diǎn)擊添加文本3.todo不定式作賓語單句填空：Thelittleboydecided___________(plant)atreeinhisschool.賓語表示主語所做動作的承受者,一般跟在及物動詞后面.e.g.Weneedtofinishthetaskaheadoftime.toplant接動詞不定式作賓語常見的幾個(gè)動詞：1.需要做______todo2.決定做______todo3.想要做______todo4.希望做______todo5.開始做______todo6.拒絕做______todo7.學(xué)習(xí)做______todo8.更愿意做______todo9.做某事失敗______todo10.假裝做______todo......考考你needdecidewanthopebeginrefuselearnpreferfailpretend點(diǎn)擊添加文本點(diǎn)擊添加文本點(diǎn)擊添加文本點(diǎn)擊添加文本4.todo不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語單句填空：Thepoliceorderedusnot___________(approach)theburningcar.不定式作賓補(bǔ)，常用于以下結(jié)構(gòu)：V+sb/sth+todotoapproach接動詞不定式作賓補(bǔ)常見的幾個(gè)動詞：1.說服_________sbtodo2.允許_______sbtodo3.鼓勵_________sbtodo4.期望_______sbtodo5.說服_________sbtodo6.提醒_______sbtodo7.使\讓_______sbtodo8.建議_______sbtodo9.邀請_______sbtodo10.命令_______sbtodo

......考考你persuadeallowencourageexpectpersuaderemindaskadviseinviteorder①Theysawtheboyfallsuddenlyfromthetree.（改被動）

②MothermadeJohnwashthecarforaweek.（改被動）2.在感官動詞

feel,hear,listento,lookat,notice,observe,see,watch

和使役動詞

have,let,make

等詞后的賓語補(bǔ)足語中，不定式不帶

to，但是

這些句子如果變成被動結(jié)構(gòu)，就必須帶

to。

Theboywasseento

fallsuddenlyfromthetree.Johnwasmadeto

washthecarforaweek.注意啦（難點(diǎn)拓展）一

、不定式用在介詞but,except后時(shí),如果這些介詞前有行為動詞do的各種形式,那么介詞后的不定式不帶to,相反則帶to.1.Ihavenochoicebut_______（take)risks.2.Hedidnothingthereexcept_____(watch)TVforthewholenight.totakewatch注意啦（難點(diǎn)拓展）二、特別提醒：hope,demand,agree,suggest,insist等不能跟不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。hopetodosth.hopethat+從句

hopesb.todosth.×希望某人做某事expectsb.todosth.點(diǎn)擊添加文本點(diǎn)擊添加文本點(diǎn)擊添加文本點(diǎn)擊添加文本5.todo不定式作狀語Agroupofyoungpeoplegottogether__________(discuss)thisquestion.(做目的狀語)A.為了強(qiáng)調(diào)目的，有時(shí)可把不定式放在句首，或在不定式前加inorder或soas.例如：做目的狀語，常用的結(jié)構(gòu)：todo;

inordertodo,

soastodotodiscussHestudiedhard

onlytofail

theexam.Theroadistoodangeroustocross.(做結(jié)果狀語)B.做結(jié)果狀語,常與副詞only,enough

或too連用onlytodo“不料(卻)……,結(jié)果(卻)……",表示一個(gè)沒有料到的結(jié)果1.Mybrotherhurriedtoschool,only_______(find)thatheforgottobringbooks.2.Theroomneedstobebigenoughforthreepeople__________(live)in.3.Iwastootired________(cook)athome.tofindtolivetocookI’mgladtoseeyou.Theyarequitesurprisedtoseethegreatchangestakingplaceinthearea.

(做原因狀語)C.不定式做原因狀語,一般用在句尾▲常見于表示情感的形容詞后，如happy/angry/afraid/glad/delighted/sorrow等。

點(diǎn)擊添加文本點(diǎn)擊添加文本點(diǎn)擊添加文本點(diǎn)擊添加文本6.todo不定式作定語找不出不定式修飾的名詞1.Ihavesomethingtotellyou.2.MymomisalwaysthefirsttohelpmewhenIhavetrouble.somethingthefirst不定式中作定語修飾名詞；something,anything等不定代詞或者用在“序數(shù)詞\形容詞最高級\thelast修飾的名詞后。1.Hehasalotofhomework_______.A.doB.todoC.doingD.did(如果不定式中的動詞是vi.,則不定式中要有介詞.)2.Heislookingforaroom________.A.livingB.toliveC.toliveinD.livedBC1)如果不定式所修飾的名詞是

time,place或

way，不定式后面習(xí)慣上要省略介詞。

▲Hehadnomoneyandnoplacetolive.

(如果我們用

room代替

place，就應(yīng)該用

noroomtolivein。因?yàn)榇颂幍牟欢ㄊ脚c前面的名詞構(gòu)成動賓結(jié)構(gòu)，不及物動詞

live要加

in才能加賓語，即

toliveintheroom。但是在像

place一樣的特殊詞匯，習(xí)慣上省略介詞)

Hehadnomoneyandnoroom_________________.tolivein2)不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動作的承受者時(shí)，不定式既可用主動語態(tài)，又可用被動語態(tài)，但含義不同。

如果修飾名詞的不定式的動作是主語做的,不定式用主動語態(tài)。

①Haveyouanythingtosend?你有什么東西要寄嗎？(不定式

tosend的邏輯主語是

you)②Haveyouanythingtobesent?你有什么要(我或別人)寄的東西嗎？

(不定式

tobesent的邏輯主語不是句子的主語，而是沒有提到的

me或

someoneelse，這時(shí)不定式用被動語態(tài))邏主≠句主，句主本人完成邏主≠句主，誰完成未知3)不定式作定語多表示將來，而動詞-ing形式表示正在進(jìn)行或用途，過去詞則表示已經(jīng)完成和被動。

aproblemtobediscussedtomorrow明天要討論的問題

aproblembeingdiscussednow現(xiàn)在正討論的問題

aproblemdiscussedyesterday已討論多年的問題

awaitingroom候診室

①Whatdoyouthinkoftheparty________________(hold)tomorrow?②Whatdoyouthinkoftheparty________________(hold)lastnight?③Whatdoyouthinkoftheparty________________(hold)rightnow?Practice:tobeheldheldbeingheld點(diǎn)擊添加文本點(diǎn)擊添加文本點(diǎn)擊添加文本點(diǎn)擊添加文本7.todo不定式疑問詞+不定式

動詞不定式可以和疑問詞構(gòu)成短語。如：Wedon’tknowhowtousethemachine.toarrange“疑問詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)wh-+todo相當(dāng)于名詞，常作主語、賓語、表語、同位語等。

Howtogethelpremainstheessentialproblem.

Thequestionishowtoeducatetheyounggeneration._________+todo_________+todoitwhathow“疑問詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)作know,wonder,discuss,teach,show等動詞的賓語時(shí)，不定式前要加特殊疑問詞，如：who,where,when,what,how等。

eg:Heiswonderingwheretofindhislostbike.

todo的構(gòu)成基本形式：todo否定形式:nottodo▲todo表示的動作通常與謂語動詞的動作_______發(fā)生或在其_______發(fā)生。

一般式todo/tobedone①Iaskedhimtoattendthemeeting.②TheNO.8subway,tobeopenedin2021,willhelptoimprovethetrafficconditionsinBeijing.01同時(shí)之后02tobedoing進(jìn)行式①HeseemstobereadingEnglishpoems.②Heseemstobethinkingdeeply,withoutnoticingmeoverpassinghim.▲tobedoing強(qiáng)調(diào)動作正在進(jìn)行，或與謂語動詞動作______________。同時(shí)發(fā)生03tohavedone/tohavebeendone完成式：HeissaidtohavetranslatedthebookintoEnglishlastyear.translatethebook.Sheiswellknowntohavebeentomanycountries,lecturingaboutanimalprotection.▲tohavedone表示的動作在謂語動詞__________發(fā)生。

之前04完成進(jìn)行式tohavebeendoingHersonisknowntohavebeenstudyingabroadforawhile.SheissaidtohavebeenwritingthenovelaboutNewYorkformanyyears.▲tohavebeendoing表示在謂語動作____________________________。之前一直在進(jìn)行的動作Lookatthefollowingsentencesandfocusontheitalicisedinfinitives.Inpairs，discusstheirfunctionsandmeanings.Findmoreexamplesfromtheunit.1Itrainedforalongtimetoflyairplanesasafighterpilot.2Asweallknow，anastronautneedstobehealthyandcalminordertoworkinspace.3Firstofall，youmustbeintelligentenoughtogetarelatedcollegedegree.4Somescientistsweredeterminedtohelphumansrealisetheirdreamtoexplorespace.5On12April1961，YuriGagarinbecamethefirstpersonintheworldtogointospace.Activity1Describespacefactsandeffortstoexplorespacetodo作狀語todo作狀語todo作狀語todo作定語todo作定語Rewritethesentencesusinginfinitivesor“inorderto/soasto+do”.Changetheitalicisedpartsaccordingly.1In2003YuriMalenchenkobecamethefirstpersonwhogotmarriedinspace.2Inspace，astronautscollectalldirtywatersothatitcanberecycledforlateruse.3Mankindhasalwaysbeencuriousabouttheuniverseandmanypeoplehavedreamtthatonedaytheywouldflyintospace.Activity2DescribepeopleorthingsingreaterdetailDescribespacefactsandeffortstoexplorespaceIn2003YuriMalenchenkobecamethefirstpersontogetmarriedinspace.Inspace，astronautscollectalldirtywatersoastorecycleitforlateruse.Mankindhasalwaysbeencuriousabouttheuniverseandmanypeoplehavethedreamtoflyintospaceoneday/havedreamttoflyintospaceoneday.Rewritethesentencesusinginfinitivesor“inorderto/soasto+do”.Changetheitalicisedpartsaccordingly.4Astronauts’bonesandmusclescangetveryweakinspaceduetothelackofgravity，sotheyneedtoexerciseeveryday，whichwillhelpthemstayhealthy.5Astronautshavetousetapetostickeverythingdownwhileworkinginspacebecauseeverythingwouldfloatoffotherwise.6Duringaspacewalk，astronautshavetomoveslowlysothattheycankeeptheirbodiesundercontrol.Activity2DescribepeopleorthingsingreaterdetailDescribespacefactsandeffortstoexplorespaceAstronauts’bonesandmusclescangetveryweakinspaceduetothelackofgravity，sotheyneedtoexerciseeverydayto/inorderto/soastostayhealthy.Astronautshavetousetapetostickeverythingdownwhileworkinginspaceto/inorderto/soastokeepeverythingfromfloatingoff.Duringaspacewalk，astronautshavetomoveslowlyto/inorderto/soastokeeptheirbodiesundercontrol.Completethepassagewiththecorrectformsoftheverbsinbrackets.Sendingpeopletootherplanetsorevenbeyondthesolarsystemisnotaneasygoal____________（achieve）.Oneoftheproblemsisthatthetripwouldtakeaverylongtime.Forexample，____________（use）currenttechnology，itwouldtakeovertwoyears____________（get）totheclosestplanet，Mars，andback.Althoughlightisthefastestthing___________（know）intheuniverse，itcouldtakemorethanfouryearstoreachtheneareststarsystem.Willscientistsfigureoutaway___________（store）sufficientfoodandwaterforthelongjourney?Isitpossibletotravelfasterthanlight?Nooneknowstheanswersyet.However，spacescientistsnevergiveup.Theyareexperimentingwithgrowingcropsinspacesoas___________（help）astronautsgetenoughfoodonlongerjourneysthroughspace.Activity3DescribepeopleorthingsingreaterdetailDescribespacefactsandeffortstoexplorespacetoachieveusingtogetknowntostoretohelpCompletethesentencesusinginfinitivesastheattributeortheadverbial.1Q:WhyisYangLiweifamousinChina?A:Becauseheis____________________________________________(第一個(gè)進(jìn)入太空的的中國宇航員).2Q:Howdoyoufeelaboutthefilm2001：ASpaceOdyssey?A:I'mafraidthefilmis_______________________________________（太長太乏味而無法看它）.3Q:WhywastheRussianspacestationMir（和平號空間站）broughtdownoutoforbit?A:OneofthereasonsisthatMirwastoooldand______________________________________________________（不再是安全的居所）.Activity4DescribepeopleorthingsingreaterdetailDescribespacefactsandeffortstoexplorespacethefirstChineseastronauttogointospace.(WORKBOOKP80EX.1)toolongandboringformetofinish.nolongerasafeplacetolivein.Activity4DescribepeopleorthingsingreaterdetailDescribespacefactsandeffortstoexplorespace(WORKBOOKP80EX.1)holdbuildprovidesetcarryselecttakelaunch1Thespaceshuttle（航天飛機(jī)）wascreatedasareusablelaunchvehicle_________astronautsandotherequipmentintospaceandbackagain.Theshuttlelookslikeanordinaryplanebutithasacargobay(貨倉)thatislargeenough_________asatellite.2Spaceprobes(航天器）areoftensenttoplacesthataretoofarawayortoodangerousforahuman_________footin.Forexamplein1977,theVoyagerIspaceprobewassent_________picturesoftheplanetsSaturnandJupiter.Completethesentencesusingthecorrectformsofthewordsinthebox.Activity5tocarry(WORKBOOKP81EX.2)toholdtosettotakeholdbuildprovidesetcarryselecttakelaunch3TheInternationalSpaceStationwastoobig_________onEarthand_________intospace,sodifferentcountriesworkedtogetherandbuiltabout100modules(分離艙).Afterwards,thesemoduleswerejoinedtogetherinspace_________livingquarters,laboratories,andotherequipmentforastronauts_________formonths.4Asthefirstwoman_________tomakeatripintospace,TereshkovafeltluckyandproudWhenthegreatdayfinallycame,shewasalmosttooexcited_________asleep!Completethesentencesusingthecorrectformsofthewordsinthebox.Activity5tobuild(WORKBOOKP81EX.2)launchtoprovidetoliveselectedtofallmakedobeconnectgetseesendCompletethepassageusingthecorrectformsofthewordsinthebox.Activity6toconnect(WORKBOOKP81EX.3)todotogetsending/tosendtoseebeingmaking核心詞匯

2soasto（dosth.）為了，以便（表示目的）【學(xué)法點(diǎn)撥】動詞不定式的一個(gè)主要作用是在句中作目的狀語。inorderto或soasto則使目的更加明確。（1）soasto一般不放在句首，否定形式是soasnotto。（2）inorderto可以放在句首或句中，否定形式是inordernotto。【歸納拓展】sothat，inorderthat意為“為了，目的是”，引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句。Theteacherexplaineditagainsothatwecouldunderstandthepassage.為了使我們明白那段文章，老師又把它講了一遍。3recyclev.回收利用；再利用recyclethewastematerial回收廢物 recyclethepaper/glass回收紙/玻璃recyclethegarbage循環(huán)利用垃圾 recycledmaterials回收的材料Theecologicalsystemcanrecyclebyitself.生態(tài)系統(tǒng)本身就可以循環(huán)。【詞語積累】（1）recyclingn.回收利用（2）re-可以作動詞前綴，表示“又，再，重新”。cyclen.循環(huán)；周期→recyclev.回收利用；再利用placev.放；置→replacev.取代；把……放回原處movev.移動→removev.移開；挪走usev.使用→reusev.再利用buildv.建；建造→rebuildv.重建4lackn.&vt.（1）n.缺乏；短缺 thelackof...缺乏……搭配 alackof缺少 for/becauseof/throughlackof因?yàn)槿狈Α?otherwiseadv.否則；要不然；用別的方法；在其他方面；除此之外搭配：orotherwise或其他情況，或相反【學(xué)法點(diǎn)撥】（1）otherwise通常用于“祈使句+other