英語語言學(xué)基本要求

BasicrequirementsforEnglishlinguistics目錄FundamentalsofLinguisticsBasicrequirementsforphoneticsBasicRequirementsforLexicologyBasicrequirementsforgrammar目錄BasicrequirementsofpragmaticsBasicrequirementsforlanguageacq01FundamentalsofLinguisticsTheDefinitionandCharacteristicsofLanguageLanguageisasystemofaviationvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunicationItinsistsofwords,phrases,senses,andtextsthatarecombinationsofwordsLanguageisatoolofexpressionandcommunicationusedbyhumanbeingstoexpressthoughts,ideas,andemotionsItisalsoaculturalheritageandanimportantmeansofsocialinteractionLanguagehasthecharacteristicsofattraction,duality,productivity,andplacementArbitrarinessreferstothefactthattheformoflanguagesymbolsisarbitrary;Dualityreferstothefactthatlanguagesymbolshavebothsoundandmeaning;Productivityreferstotheinfinitecreativityoflanguageuse;DisplayreferencestothefactthatlanguagecanexpressthoughtsandideasbeyondthepresentationcontextPhonologyThestudyofthesoundsystemandstructureoflanguage,includingthestudyofpromotion,introduction,stress,andotheraspectsPhilosophyThestudyoftheinternalstructureandcategoriesofwords,includingthestudyofwordformation,rootandaffixes,andotheraspectsSyntaxThestudyofsentencestructureandrelationshipsbetweenwords,includingthestudyofsentencetypes,graphicalrelationships,andotheraspectsTheresearchscopeoflinguisticsSemanticsThestudyofthemeaningandfunctionoflanguagesymbols,includingthestudyofwordmeaning,presencemeaning,contextualmeaning,andotheraspectsPragmaticsThestudyoflanguageuseincontext,includingthestudyofspeechacts,conversationalimplications,andotheraspectsTheresearchscopeoflinguisticsLinguisticsiscloselyrelatedtomanydisciplines,suchasphilosophy,psychology,sociology,anthropology,andcomputerscienceThestudyoflanguagerequirementsknowledgeandmethodsfromthesedisciplinesForexample,philosophyprovidescoursesandmethodsforstudyingthenatureandfunctionsoflanguage;Psychologyprovidestheoriesandmethodsforstudyinglanguageprocessingandalignment;Sociologyandanthropologyprovidetheoriesandmethodsforstudyinglanguageuseinsocialcontext;ComputerscienceprovidestechnologiesandmethodsforautomaticlanguageprocessingandnaturallanguageunderstandingTheRelationshipbetweenLinguisticsandOtherDisciplines02Basicrequirementsforphonetics01Phoneticsisthestudyofthesoundsoflanguage,theirproduction,andtheirperception02Itisabranchoflinguisticsthatfocusesonthesoundsofspeechandhowtheyareproduced,aswellashowtheyareperceivedbylisteners03Phonicsplaysacriticalroleinlanguagelearning,communication,andspeechpathwayOverviewofPhonicsPhonemesarethebasicunitsofsoundthatdistinguishesonewordfromanotherinagivenlanguageTheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA)isastandardizedsystemusedtorepresentthesoundsoflanguagesusinguniquesymbolsItisimportanttounderstandtheIPAsymbolsandtheircorrespondingsoundstocorrectlypromotewordsandtounderstandnativespeakersPhonemesandPhonicAlphabetAsystolicisaunitofsoundthatconcernsofavowelordiphthongfollowedbyoneormoreconsonantsWordstressreferstotheemphasisoremphasisplacedonspecificsyntaxwithinawordUnderstandingsymmetricalstructureandwordstressisessentialforproperpronunciationandnaturalsoundspeechSyllableandwordstressIntroductionreferstotheriseandfallofthepitchofthevoiceduringspeech,whichcontainsmeansandtitleProposeintroductionandrhythmareessentialforeffectivecommunication,astheycontributetothecomprehensionandemotionalimpactofspokenlanguageRhythmreferstothepatternofstressedandunstressedsyntaxinspeech,whichgiveslanguageitssenseofrhythmIntroductionandrhythm03BasicRequirementsforLexicologyThestudyofthestructure,function,anddevelopmentofthevocabularyofalanguageItinvolvestheinvestmentofwordformationprocesses,theanalysisofwordmeanings,andthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenwordsandtheirmeaningsincontextThegoalofvocabularyistoprovideacomprehensiveunderstandingofthevocabularyofalanguageanditsuseincommunicationOverviewofLexicologyThevocabularyofalanguageconsistencyofwordsandexpressionsthatareusedtocommunicateideasandinformationItincludesbothbasicwordsandtechnicaltermsusedinspecificfieldsordisciplinesThevocabularyofalanguageisconsistentlychanginganddevelopingasnewwordsandexpressionsarecookedorborrowedfromotherlanguages,whileoldwordsfallintodisuseoracquirenewmeansCompositionofVocabularyThesemanticsandpragmaticsofwordsSemanticsrefertothestudyofthemeaningofwordsandphrases,includingtheirnegativemeaningsaswellastheirnegativemeaningsPragmaticsfocusesontheuseoflanguageincontext,includingthesocialandculturalfactorsthataffectlanguageuseThemeaningofawordisdeterminedbyitsdenotation(thedictionarydefinition)aswellasitsannotation(theemotionalorassociativemeaningsassociatedwiththeword)Theuseofawordinaspecificcontextmaychangeitsinherentmeaning,dependingonthesocialandculturalbackgroundofthespeakerandlistenerLanguagechangeisanaturalprocessthatoccursovertimeasaresultofsocial,cultural,andtechnologicaldevelopmentsNewwordsarecreatedtodescribenewconceptsorphenomena,whileexistingwordsmayariseundersemanticshiftsorbeborrowedfromotherlanguagesThedevelopmentofthevocabularyofalanguageisinfluencedbymultiplefactors,includingtheneedtoexpressnewideasorconcepts,changesinsocialandculturalvalues,andtheinfluenceofotherlanguagesorcultures010203ChangesandDevelopmentofVocabulary04BasicrequirementsforgrammarOverviewofGrammarGrammaristhesystemofrulesthatgovernthestructureandorganizationoflanguageItincludesthestudyofwords,theirforms,andthewaytheycombinetoformsensesandlargerunitsoflanguageGrammarisessentialforeffectivecommunication,asitensuresthatmessagesaretransmittedaccuratelyandclearlySentencecomponentsincludethesubject,predicate,object,andcompletion,whichtogetherformthebasicstructureofasentenceUnderstandingthepartofspeechandpresencecomponentsiscrucialforanalyzingandunderstandingpresencestructureandmeaningPartofspeechreferstothecategoryortypeofword,suchasnoun,verb,advisory,oradvisoryPartofspeechandpresencecomponentsSyntheticStructureandSentencePatternsSentencepatternsarethevariouswaysinwhichwordscanbecombinedtocreatedifferenttypesofsentiments,suchassimplesentiments,complexsentiments,andcompoundsentimentsSyntheticstructurereferstothearrangementofwordswithinasensetoformagraphicallycoherentwholeUnderstandingsyntacticstructureandpresencepatternsisessentialforcomprehendingcomplexsensesandanalyzinglanguageatadeeperlevelThehierarchyandselectivityofgrammar010203Thehierarchyofgrammarreferencestotheorderinwhichelementsarecombinedtoformlargerunits,suchaswordscombiningtoformphrasesandclausesSelectivityreferstotheconstraintsthatgovernwhichelementscanbecombinedwithotherstoformgrammaticallyvalidintentionsUnderstandingthehierarchyandselectivityofgrammariscrucialforaccuratelanguageproductionandcomprehension05BasicrequirementsofpragmaticsPragmaticshelpsusunderstandhowlanguageisusedeffectivelyandappropriatelyinrealworldcommunicationsituationsPragmaticsisthestudyofhowlanguageisusedincontextItfocusesonthemeaningthatisconveyedthroughlanguageinadditiontothedenotativeordictionarymeaningsofwordsItexamshowspeakersuselanguagetounderstandtheirintendedmeansindifferentsocialandculturalsettings,takingintoaccountthecontext,listener'sknowledge,andtherelationshipbetweenthespeakerandlistenerOverviewofPragmaticsConversationalmeansaretheinferredmeansthatarisefromtheinteractionofwordsandphraseswithinaconversationTheyarenotexplicitlystatedbutcanbeinferredfromthewordsusedandthecontextoftheconversationTheCooperativePrinciplestatesthatspeakersfollowasetofunstatedrulesthatrequirethemtocontributemeaningfullytotheconversationandtobehonest,informative,relevant,andclearintheirspeechViolationsoftheCooperativePrinciplescanleadtoconversationalimplications,whichareinferredmeaningsthatgobeyondtheexplicitwordsusedConversationalMeansandCooperativePrinciples要點(diǎn)三ThePrincipleofPolitenessisatheorythatexplainshowspeakersuselanguagetomanagepoliticsorimpactinordertomaintainorestablishsocialrelationships要點(diǎn)一要點(diǎn)二Itaccountsforthewaysinwhichspeakersmodifytheirlanguagebasedonthesocialstatus,family,andpowerrelationshipbetweenthemselv