Results-basedMonitoringandEvaluation結(jié)果導(dǎo)向的監(jiān)測與評價2

Chapter3:

BuildingaResults-BasedMonitoringandEvaluationSystem

模塊3:

建立結(jié)果導(dǎo)向的監(jiān)測與評價體系12456789103

Results-basedMonitoringandEvaluation結(jié)果導(dǎo)向的監(jiān)測與評價1Chapter3:

BuildingaResultIntroduction

引言ImportanceofResults-BasedM&E結(jié)果導(dǎo)向的監(jiān)測與評價的重要性WhatIsResults-BasedM&E?什么是結(jié)果導(dǎo)向的監(jiān)測與評價？Traditionalvs.Results-BasedM&E傳統(tǒng)的監(jiān)測與評價和結(jié)果導(dǎo)向的監(jiān)測與評價的比較TenStepstoBuildingResults-BasedM&E建立結(jié)果導(dǎo)向的監(jiān)測與評價的十個步驟2Introduction

引言ImportanceofRImportance

重要性Growingpressuresindevelopingcountriestoimproveperformanceofpublicsectors發(fā)展中國家面臨著越來越大的提高公共部門績效的壓力Tracksresultsofgovernmentsandotherentitiesovertime跟蹤政府和其它實(shí)體在一段時期內(nèi)的結(jié)果-budgeting,humanresources預(yù)算、人力資源organizationalculture組織文化Isamanagementtool是一種管理工具3Importance

重要性GrowingpressurePlanningforImprovement

SelectingRealisticTargets為提高績效進(jìn)行規(guī)劃——選擇切合實(shí)際的具體目標(biāo)51ConductingaReadinessAssessment實(shí)施就緒度評價3SelectingKeyIndicatorstoMonitorOutcomes選擇監(jiān)測成效的關(guān)鍵指標(biāo)7TheRoleofEvaluations評價的作用9UsingFindings利用發(fā)現(xiàn)2AgreeingonOutcomestoMonitorandEvaluate對監(jiān)測與評價成效達(dá)成一致意見4BaselineDataonIndicators—WhereAreWeToday?指標(biāo)的基準(zhǔn)數(shù)據(jù)——我們現(xiàn)在處于什么情況？6MonitoringforResults結(jié)果導(dǎo)向的監(jiān)測8ReportingFindings匯報(bào)發(fā)現(xiàn)SustainingtheM&ESystemWithintheOrganization組織內(nèi)部維持監(jiān)測與評價體系104PlanningforImprovementSelThePowerofMeasuringResults

結(jié)果衡量的效力Ifyoudonotmeasureresults,youcannottellsuccessfromfailure如果不衡量結(jié)果，就無法區(qū)分成功與失敗Ifyoucannotseesuccess,youcannotrewardit如果看不到成功，就不能得到獎勵I(lǐng)fyoucannotrewardsuccess,youareprobablyrewardingfailure如果得不到成功的獎勵，就可能會受到失敗的獎賞Ifyoucannotseesuccess,youcannotlearnfromit如果看不到成功，就無法從中汲取經(jīng)驗(yàn)Ifyoucannotrecognizefailure,youcannotcorrectit如果認(rèn)識不到失敗，就無法進(jìn)行糾正Ifyoucandemonstrateresults,youcanwinpublicsupport如果能夠證明結(jié)果，就能贏得公眾支持5ThePowerofMeasuringResultsReasonstoDoR-BM&E

實(shí)施結(jié)果導(dǎo)向的監(jiān)測與評價的原因Providescrucialinformationaboutpublicsectorperformance提供關(guān)于公共部門績效的重要信息Providesaviewovertimeonthestatusofaproject,program,orpolicy提供項(xiàng)目、計(jì)劃或政策在某段時期內(nèi)的狀態(tài)信息Promotescredibilityandpublicconfidencebyreportingontheresultsofprograms匯報(bào)計(jì)劃的結(jié)果，提高可信度，增強(qiáng)公眾信心Helpsformulateandjustifybudgetrequests幫助制定和論證預(yù)算要求Identifiespotentiallypromisingprograms

orpracticesbystudyingpilots通過研究試點(diǎn)發(fā)現(xiàn)具有潛力的計(jì)劃或做法(continuedonnextslide)(轉(zhuǎn)下頁)6ReasonstoDoR-BM&E

實(shí)施結(jié)果導(dǎo)向的監(jiān)Reasons:

(cont.)

原因:

(續(xù))Focusesattentiononachievingoutcomesimportanttotheorganizationanditsstakeholders著重達(dá)成對組織和利益相關(guān)者具有重要意義的成果目標(biāo)Providestimely,frequentinformationtostaff向工作人員提供及時且頻繁的信息Helpsestablishkeygoalsandobjectives幫助制定關(guān)鍵的長期目標(biāo)和短期目標(biāo)Permitsmanagerstoidentifyandtakeactiontocorrectweaknesses允許管理者發(fā)現(xiàn)并改正不足Supportsadevelopmentagendathatisshiftingtowardsgreateraccountabilityforaidlending支持促進(jìn)援助貸款問責(zé)制的發(fā)展議程7Reasons:(cont.)

原因:(續(xù))FocuseResults-BasedMonitoring

結(jié)果導(dǎo)向的監(jiān)測Results-basedmonitoring(whatwecall“monitoring”)isacontinuousprocessofcollectingandanalyzinginformationtocomparingactualresultstoexpectedresultsinordertomeasure

howwellaproject,program,orpolicyisbeingimplemented結(jié)果導(dǎo)向的監(jiān)測（簡稱“監(jiān)測”）是一個收集和分析信息的持續(xù)過程，比較實(shí)際結(jié)果和預(yù)期結(jié)果，以衡量一個項(xiàng)目、計(jì)劃或政策的實(shí)施好壞情況的過程。8Results-BasedMonitoring

結(jié)果導(dǎo)向的Results-BasedEvaluation

結(jié)果導(dǎo)向的評價Results-basedevaluationisanassessmentofaplanned,ongoing,orcompletedinterventiontodetermineitsrelevance,efficiency,effectiveness,impact,andsustainability結(jié)果導(dǎo)向的評價是對計(jì)劃中的、實(shí)施中的或已經(jīng)完成的干預(yù)措施的評價，以此判定其相關(guān)性、效率、效果、影響和可持續(xù)性。9Results-BasedEvaluation

結(jié)果導(dǎo)向的DifferencebetweenResults-BasedMonitoringandEvaluation

結(jié)果導(dǎo)向的監(jiān)測和評價之間的區(qū)別Monitoringisfocusedontrackingevidenceofmovementtowardstheachievementofspecific,predeterminedtargets監(jiān)測注重于跟蹤取得預(yù)定的具體目標(biāo)的進(jìn)展證據(jù)Evaluationtakesabroaderviewofanintervention,consideringnotonlyprogresstowardstatedgoals,butalsothelogicoftheinitiative,aswellasitsconsequences.評價對干預(yù)措施進(jìn)行更廣泛的考量，不僅考慮實(shí)現(xiàn)預(yù)定目標(biāo)的進(jìn)展情況，還考慮措施的邏輯及其后果Bothareneededtobeabletobettermanagepolicy,program,andproject為能更好地管理政策、計(jì)劃和項(xiàng)目，二者都需要10DifferencebetweenResults-BasComparison

比較Traditional傳統(tǒng)的監(jiān)測與評價inputs投入activities活動outputs產(chǎn)出Results-Based結(jié)果導(dǎo)向的監(jiān)測與評價combinestraditionalwithassessmentresults將傳統(tǒng)的監(jiān)測與評價和評價結(jié)果相結(jié)合allowsorganizationtomodifyandmakeadjustmentstoimplementationprocesses允許組織對實(shí)施過程進(jìn)行修改和調(diào)整11Comparison

比較TraditionalResultComplementaryRolesofandMonitoringEvaluation

監(jiān)測與評價的互補(bǔ)作用Monitoring監(jiān)測Clarifiesprogramobjectives明確計(jì)劃的目標(biāo)Linksactivitiesandtheirresourcestoobjectives建立各項(xiàng)活動及其資源投入與目標(biāo)之間的聯(lián)系Translatesobjectivesintoperformanceindicatorsandsettargets將目標(biāo)轉(zhuǎn)化為績效指標(biāo)并設(shè)定具體目標(biāo)Routinelycollectsdataontheseindicators,comparesactualresultswithtargets定期收集有關(guān)這些指標(biāo)的數(shù)據(jù)，比較實(shí)際結(jié)果和具體目標(biāo)Reportsprogresstomanagersandalertsthemtoproblems向管理者匯報(bào)進(jìn)展情況并提醒其注意出現(xiàn)的問題Evaluation評價Analyzeswhyintendedresultswereorwerenotachieved分析預(yù)期結(jié)果實(shí)現(xiàn)或未實(shí)現(xiàn)的原因Assessesspecificcausalcontributionsofactivitiestoresults

評價活動對結(jié)果產(chǎn)生的特定的因果作用Examinesimplementationprocess

檢查實(shí)施過程

Exploresunintendedresults研究超出預(yù)期的結(jié)果

Provideslessons,highlightssignificantaccomplishmentorprogrampotential,andoffersrecommendationsforimprovement

總結(jié)經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)，突出重大成就或計(jì)劃潛力，提出改進(jìn)建議12ComplementaryRolesofandMonBriefIntroductiontoTheoryofChange

變革理論簡述Theoryofchangeisarepresentationofhowanorganizationorinitiativeisexpectedtoleadtotheresultsandidentificationofunderlyingassumptionsbeingmade變革理論體現(xiàn)了一個組織或一項(xiàng)倡議是如何按照預(yù)期計(jì)劃產(chǎn)生結(jié)果的并確定背后的基本假設(shè)13BriefIntroductiontoTheoryoComponentsofTheoryofChange

變革理論的組成Activities

–whatwedo活動：做什么Outputs–whatweproduce產(chǎn)出：產(chǎn)生什么Results

–whywedoit結(jié)果：為什么做Otheroptionalcomponents其他可選成分Inputs-whatresourcesareused投入：使用了什么資源ReachorTargetgroups–whothetargetisdirectedtoward目標(biāo)團(tuán)體：目標(biāo)是指向誰的Internal/ExternalFactors–factorswithinandoutsidecontrolorinfluence內(nèi)部/外部因素：受/不受控制或影響的因素14ComponentsofTheoryofChangKeyTypesofMonitoring

監(jiān)測的主要類型ResultsMonitoring結(jié)果監(jiān)測

ImplementationMonitoring

(MeansandStrategies)實(shí)施情況監(jiān)測

(手段和策略)Outcomes成效Impacts影響Results結(jié)果Inputs投入Activities活動Outputs產(chǎn)出Implementation實(shí)施情況15KeyTypesofMonitoring

監(jiān)測的主要類Indicators

指標(biāo)Avariablethatallowstheverificationofchangesinthedevelopment允許核查發(fā)展中變化的變量interventionorshowsresultsrelativetowhatwasplanned干預(yù)活動或者顯示相對于計(jì)劃的結(jié)果Examinethecumulativeevidenceofaclusterofindicatorstoseeifaprogramismakingprogress檢查一組指標(biāo)的累積證據(jù)來判斷一個計(jì)劃是否進(jìn)展順利16Indicators

指標(biāo)AvariablethataTenStepstoBuildingaResults-BasedM&ESystem

建立結(jié)果導(dǎo)向監(jiān)測與評價體系的十個步驟17TenStepstoBuildingaResultStep1:ConductingaReadinessAssessment

步驟1:實(shí)施就緒度評價PlanningforImprovement

SelectingRealisticTargets為改善績效進(jìn)行規(guī)劃——選擇切合實(shí)際的具體目標(biāo)51ConductingaReadinessAssessment實(shí)施就緒度評價3SelectingKeyIndicatorstoMonitorOutcomes選擇關(guān)鍵指標(biāo)對成效進(jìn)行監(jiān)測7TheRoleofEvaluations評價的作用9UsingFindings使用發(fā)現(xiàn)2AgreeingonOutcomestoMonitorandEvaluate對要監(jiān)測與評價的成效達(dá)成統(tǒng)一意見4BaselineDataonIndicators—WhereAreWeToday?指標(biāo)的基準(zhǔn)數(shù)據(jù)——我們現(xiàn)在處于什么情況？6MonitoringforResults結(jié)果導(dǎo)向的監(jiān)測8ReportingFindings匯報(bào)發(fā)現(xiàn)SustainingtheM&ESystemwithintheOrganization監(jiān)測與評價體系在組織內(nèi)的持續(xù)發(fā)展1018Step1:ConductingaReadinessWhatIsaReadinessAssessment?

什么是就緒度評價？Ananalyticalframeworktoassessacountry’sabilitytomonitorandevaluateitsdevelopmentgoals評估一國在監(jiān)測和評價其發(fā)展目標(biāo)方面的能力的分析框架19WhatIsaReadinessAssessmentIncentives

激勵機(jī)制Sortouttheanswerstothesequestions:弄清楚這些問題的答案：WhatisdrivingtheneedforbuildinganM&Esystem?是什么在推動建立監(jiān)測與評價體系的需求？WhoarethechampionsforbuildingandusinganM&Esystem?誰是建立和使用監(jiān)測與評價體系的擁護(hù)者？WhatismotivatingthosewhochampionbuildingandusinganM&Esystem?是什么在激勵那些擁護(hù)建立和使用監(jiān)測與評價體系的人？Whowillbenefitfromthesystem?誰會從中受益？Whowillnotbenefit?誰不會從中受益？20Incentives

激勵機(jī)制SortouttheanRolesandResponsibilities

角色與責(zé)任Ask:問題：Whataretherolesofcentralandlineministriesinassessingperformance?中央和行業(yè)主管部門在績效評價中扮演什么角色？Whatistheroleofparliament?議會扮演什么角色？Whatistheroleofthesupremeauditagency?最高審計(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)的角色是什么？Doministriesandagenciesshareinformationwithoneanother?政府部門和機(jī)構(gòu)之間是否能實(shí)現(xiàn)信息共享？Isthereapoliticalagendabehindthedataproduced?得出的數(shù)據(jù)后面是否有一個政治議程？Whointhecountryproducesdata?誰負(fù)責(zé)得出數(shù)據(jù)？Whereinthegovernmentaredataused?政府哪些部門會使用這些數(shù)據(jù)？21RolesandResponsibilities

角色與OrganizationalCapacity

組織能力Assesscurrentcapacitytomonitorandevaluate:評價目前的監(jiān)測與評價能力:Technicalskills技術(shù)能力Managerialskills管理技能Existingdatasystemsandtheirquality現(xiàn)有的數(shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng)及其質(zhì)量Technologyavailable可獲得的技術(shù)Fiscalresourcesavailable可獲得的財(cái)政資源Institutionalexperience機(jī)構(gòu)經(jīng)驗(yàn)22OrganizationalCapacity

組織能力AsBarrierstoM&E

實(shí)施監(jiān)測與評價的障礙DoanyoftheseimmediatebarrierstobuildinganM&Esystemnowexist?建立監(jiān)測與評價體系的這些直接障礙是否依然存在？Lackoffiscalresources缺乏財(cái)政資源Lackofpoliticalwill缺乏政治意愿Lackofchampion缺乏擁護(hù)者Lackofexpertise&knowledge缺乏專業(yè)技能和知識Lackofstrategy缺乏戰(zhàn)略Lackofpriorexperience缺乏經(jīng)驗(yàn)Howdoweconfrontthesebarriers?如何消除這些障礙？23BarrierstoM&E

實(shí)施監(jiān)測與評價的障礙DoKeyQuestionsforPredictingSuccess

預(yù)測成功的關(guān)鍵問題DoesaclearmandateexistforM&E?PRSP?Law?CivilSociety?Other?監(jiān)測與評價有明確的規(guī)定嗎？減貧戰(zhàn)略文件（PRSP）、法律、民間團(tuán)體或其它？Istherethepresenceofstrongleadershipatthemostseniorlevelofthegovernment?政府最高層是否有強(qiáng)有力的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)？Areresourceandpolicydecisionslinkedtothebudget?資源和政策決定是否與預(yù)算相關(guān)？Howreliableisinformationthatmaybeusedforpolicyandmanagementdecisionmaking?用于政策制定和管理決策的信息的可靠性如何？Howinvolvediscivilsocietyasapartnerwithgovernment?作為政府的合作方，民間團(tuán)體的參與程度如何？Aretherepocketsofinnovationthatcanserveasbeginningpracticesorpilotprograms?是否存在可作為啟動實(shí)踐或試點(diǎn)計(jì)劃的創(chuàng)新?24KeyQuestionsforPredictingSStep2:AgreeingonPerformanceOutcomestoMonitorandEvaluate

步驟2:對監(jiān)測與評價的成效達(dá)成一致意見

PlanningforImprovement

SelectingRealisticTargets為改善績效進(jìn)行規(guī)劃——選擇切合實(shí)際的具體目標(biāo)51ConductingaReadinessAssessment實(shí)施就緒度評價3SelectingKeyIndicatorstoMonitorOutcomes選擇關(guān)鍵指標(biāo)監(jiān)測成效7TheRoleofEvaluations評價的作用9UsingFindings使用發(fā)現(xiàn)2AgreeingonOutcomestoMonitorandEvaluate要監(jiān)測與評價的成效形成一致意見4BaselineDataonIndicators—WhereAreWeToday?指標(biāo)的基準(zhǔn)數(shù)據(jù)——我們現(xiàn)在處于什么情況？6MonitoringforResults結(jié)果導(dǎo)向的監(jiān)測8ReportingFindings匯報(bào)發(fā)現(xiàn)SustainingtheM&ESystemwithintheOrganization監(jiān)測與評價體系在組織內(nèi)的持續(xù)發(fā)展1025Step2:AgreeingonPerformancWhyanEmphasisonOutcomes?

為什么要強(qiáng)調(diào)成效Makesexplicittheintendedobjectivesofgovernmentaction(“Knowwhereyouaregoingbeforeyougetmoving”)明確政府行動的預(yù)期目標(biāo)(“行動之前應(yīng)該先明確目標(biāo)”)Outcomesarewhatproducebenefits成效帶來效益Clearlysettingoutcomesiskeytodesigningandbuildingresults-basedM&Esystem設(shè)定清晰的成效對于設(shè)計(jì)和建立結(jié)果導(dǎo)向的監(jiān)測與評價體系至關(guān)重要Important!Budgettooutputs,managetooutcomes!重要!

針對產(chǎn)出進(jìn)行預(yù)算，針對成效進(jìn)行管理！26WhyanEmphasisonOutcomes?

為DevelopingOutcomesforOnePolicyArea:Education

政策領(lǐng)域的成效設(shè)定：以教育為例2.Primaryschoollearningoutcomesforchildrenareimproved2.提高兒童小學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)的成效1.Nationschildrenhaveimprovedaccesstopre-schoolprograms1.使全國有更多的兒童加入學(xué)前教育計(jì)劃Targets:具體目標(biāo):Baselines:基準(zhǔn):Indicators:指標(biāo):Outcomes:成效:27DevelopingOutcomesforOnePoOutcomes:

成效:Outcomesareusuallynotdirectlymeasured—onlyreportedon通常無法對成效進(jìn)行直接衡量——只須報(bào)告Outcomesmustbetranslatedtoasetofkeyindicators必須將成效轉(zhuǎn)化為一組關(guān)鍵指標(biāo)Whenchoosingoutcomes,“Donotgoitalone!”–agreementiscrucial選擇成效時，“切忌一意孤行！”——取得一致意見至關(guān)重要28Outcomes:

成效:OutcomesareusuaStep3:SelectingKeyIndicatorstoMonitorOutcomes

步驟3:選擇監(jiān)測成效的關(guān)鍵指標(biāo)PlanningforImprovement

SelectingRealisticTargets為改善績效進(jìn)行規(guī)劃——選擇切合實(shí)際的具體目標(biāo)51ConductingaReadinessAssessment實(shí)施就緒度評價3SelectingKeyIndicatorstoMonitorOutcomes選擇關(guān)鍵指標(biāo)監(jiān)測成效7TheRoleofEvaluations評價的作用9UsingFindings使用發(fā)現(xiàn)2AgreeingonOutcomestoMonitorandEvaluate對要監(jiān)測與評價的成效形成一致意見4BaselineDataonIndicators—WhereAreWeToday?指標(biāo)的基準(zhǔn)數(shù)據(jù)——我們現(xiàn)在處于什么情況？6MonitoringforResults結(jié)果導(dǎo)向的監(jiān)測8ReportingFindings匯報(bào)發(fā)現(xiàn)SustainingtheM&ESystemwithintheOrganization監(jiān)測與評價體系在組織內(nèi)的持續(xù)發(fā)展1029Step3:SelectingKeyIndicatoIndicators

指標(biāo)Aspecificmeasure(orsetofdata)thatindicatesprogress(ornot)towardaspecifictarget用來表明特定目標(biāo)實(shí)現(xiàn)進(jìn)展（或偏離情況）的一種具體的測量方法（或一組數(shù)據(jù)）Indicatorsasksthequestion:Howwillweknowsuccesswhenweseeit?指標(biāo)提出這樣一個問題：當(dāng)我們看到成功時如何得知這就是成功？30Indicators

指標(biāo)AspecificmeasurIndicatorDevelopment

指標(biāo)開發(fā)“CREAM”Claer清晰Relevant相關(guān)Economic經(jīng)濟(jì)Adequate充足Monitorable可監(jiān)測31IndicatorDevelopment

指標(biāo)開發(fā)“CREMatrixforSelectingIndicators

指標(biāo)選擇矩陣Indicator指標(biāo)Datacollectionmethod數(shù)據(jù)收集方法Frequency&costtocollect收集頻率和成本W(wǎng)howillanalyzeandreportdata?誰負(fù)責(zé)分析和匯報(bào)數(shù)據(jù)Whowillcollectdata?誰負(fù)責(zé)收集數(shù)據(jù)Whowillusethedata?誰將使用數(shù)據(jù)Difficultytocollect收集的難度Datasource數(shù)據(jù)來源1.2.3.

32MatrixforSelectingIndicatorDevelopingSetofOutcomeIndicatorsforOnePolicyArea:Education

為教育這一政策領(lǐng)域開發(fā)一套成效指標(biāo)1.%ofGrade6studentsscoring70%orbetteronstandardizedmathandsciencetests1.六年級學(xué)生在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的數(shù)學(xué)和自然科學(xué)考試中得到70分或以上成績的人數(shù)比例2.%ofGrade6studentsscoringhigheronstandardizedmathandsciencetestsincomparisontobaselinedata2.六年級學(xué)生在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的數(shù)學(xué)和自然科學(xué)考試中成績高于基準(zhǔn)數(shù)據(jù)的人數(shù)比例1.%ofeligibleurbanchildrenenrolledinpre-schooleducation

1.城市適齡兒童接受學(xué)前教育的比例2.%ofeligibleruralchildrenenrolledinpre-schooleducation2.農(nóng)村適齡兒童接受學(xué)前教育的比例Targets:具體目標(biāo):

Baselines:基準(zhǔn):Indicators:指標(biāo):Outcomes:成效:2.Primaryschoollearningoutcomesforchildrenareimproved2.提高兒童小學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)的成效1.Nationschildrenhaveimprovedaccesstopre-schoolprograms1.使全國有更多的兒童加入學(xué)前教育計(jì)劃33DevelopingSetofOutcomeIndiDevelopingIndicators

開發(fā)指標(biāo)Developyourownindicatorstomeetyourneeds開發(fā)滿足自己需要的指標(biāo)Developinggoodindicatorsusuallytakesmorethanonetry開發(fā)好的指標(biāo)通常要進(jìn)行多次嘗試Arrivingatfinalindicatorswilltaketime開發(fā)出最終的指標(biāo)要花費(fèi)一定的時間Stateallindicatorsneutrally–not“increasein…”or“decreasein…”用中性詞語描述所有的指標(biāo)，而非“在……增長了……”或“在……下降了……”之類的表達(dá)Pilot,Pilot,andPilot!試點(diǎn)，試點(diǎn)，再試點(diǎn)！34DevelopingIndicators

開發(fā)指標(biāo)DeveStep4:GatheringBaselineDataonIndicators

步驟4:收集指標(biāo)的基準(zhǔn)數(shù)據(jù)PlanningforImprovement

SelectingRealisticTargets為改善績效進(jìn)行規(guī)劃——選擇切合實(shí)際的具體目標(biāo)51ConductingaReadinessAssessment實(shí)施就緒度評價3SelectingKeyIndicatorstoMonitorOutcomes選擇關(guān)鍵指標(biāo)監(jiān)測成效7TheRoleofEvaluations評價的作用9UsingFindings使用發(fā)現(xiàn)2AgreeingonOutcomestoMonitorandEvaluate對要監(jiān)測和評價的成效形成一致意見4BaselineDataonIndicators—WhereAreWeToday?指標(biāo)的基準(zhǔn)數(shù)據(jù)——我們現(xiàn)在處于什么情況？6MonitoringforResults結(jié)果導(dǎo)向的監(jiān)測8ReportingFindings匯報(bào)發(fā)現(xiàn)SustainingtheM&ESystemWithintheOrganization監(jiān)測與評價體系在組織內(nèi)的持續(xù)發(fā)展1035Step4:GatheringBaselineDatBaselineDataand

Sources

基準(zhǔn)數(shù)據(jù)及來源Baselinedata:Measurementtofindoutwherearewetoday?基準(zhǔn)數(shù)據(jù)：明確我們現(xiàn)在處于什么情況的測量結(jié)果Primarysource::gatheredspecificallyfortheproject主要來源：專門為項(xiàng)目收集的數(shù)據(jù)Secondarysource::collectedforanotherpurpose,butcanbeusedfrom:withinorganization,government,internationaldatasources,etc.cansavemoneybutbecarefultoensurethatitistrulytheinformationyouneed次要來源：為其它目的收集的數(shù)據(jù)，但也可以使用來源：組織內(nèi)部、政府和國際數(shù)據(jù)來源等可以節(jié)約資金，但要注意確保這些信息是你真正需要的36BaselineDataandSources

基準(zhǔn)數(shù)PossibleSources

可能的數(shù)據(jù)來源Writtenrecords書面記錄Individualsinvolvedwiththeintervention參與干預(yù)措施的個人Thegeneralpublic公眾Trainedobservers訓(xùn)練有素的觀察員Mechanicalmeasurements機(jī)械測量Geographicalinformationsystem地理信息系統(tǒng)37PossibleSources

可能的數(shù)據(jù)來源WritteConversation

with

concerned

individuals與相關(guān)人員交談CommunityInterviews社區(qū)訪談Field

visits實(shí)地調(diào)研Reviewsofofficialrecords(MISandadmindata)查閱官方數(shù)據(jù)

(管理信息系統(tǒng)和管理數(shù)據(jù))Participant

Observation參與式觀察Keyinformant

interviews與關(guān)鍵知情者面談FocusGroupInterviews焦點(diǎn)組訪談Questionnaires問卷調(diào)查PanelSurveys同樣本調(diào)查Census人口普查Field

experiments現(xiàn)場試驗(yàn)

Informal/LessStructuredMethods非正式性/結(jié)構(gòu)性較差的方法

MoreStructured/FormalMethods更具結(jié)構(gòu)性/正式的方法One-Time

Survey一次性調(diào)查Direct

observation直接觀察38Field

visitsParticipant

ObserContinuingExample,DevelopingBaselineDataforOnePolicyArea:Education

開發(fā)基準(zhǔn)數(shù)據(jù)：以教育為例1。47%in2002scored70%orbetterinmath.50%in2002scored70%orbetter

1.2002年在數(shù)學(xué)和自然科學(xué)考試中取得70分或以上成績的學(xué)生比例分別為47%和50%2.Mean%scorein2002forGrad6studentsformathwas68%,and53%forscience2.2002年六年級學(xué)生數(shù)學(xué)和自然科學(xué)平均成績分別為68分和53分1.75%urbanin1999

1.1999年城市兒童接受學(xué)前教育的比例為75%2.40%ruralin2000

2.2000年農(nóng)村兒童接受學(xué)前教育的比例為40%1.%ofGrade6studentsscoring70%orbetteronstandardizedmathandsciencetests1。六年級學(xué)生在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的數(shù)學(xué)和自然科學(xué)考試中得到70分或以上成績的人數(shù)比例2.%ofGrade6studentsscoringhigheronstandardizedmathandsciencetestsincomparisontobaselinedata2.六年級學(xué)生在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的數(shù)學(xué)和自然科學(xué)考試中成績高于基準(zhǔn)數(shù)據(jù)的人數(shù)比例1.%ofeligibleurbanchildrenenrolledinpre-schooleducation

1.城市適齡兒童接受學(xué)前教育的比例2.%ofeligibleruralchildrenenrolledinpre-schooleducation2.農(nóng)村適齡兒童接受學(xué)前教育的比例Targets:具體目標(biāo):Baselines:基準(zhǔn):Indicators:指標(biāo):Outcomes:成效:2.Primaryschoollearningoutcomesforchildrenareimproved2.提高兒童小學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)的成效1.Nationschildrenhaveimprovedaccesstopre-schoolprograms1.使全國有更多的兒童加入學(xué)前教育計(jì)劃39ContinuingExample,DevelopingStep5:PlanningforImprovements—SettingRealisticTargets

步驟5:為改善績效進(jìn)行規(guī)劃

——設(shè)定切合實(shí)際的具體目標(biāo)PlanningforImprovement

SelectingRealisticTargets為改善績效進(jìn)行規(guī)劃——選擇切合實(shí)際的具體目標(biāo)51ConductingaReadinessAssessment實(shí)施就緒度評價3SelectingKeyIndicatorstoMonitorOutcomes選擇關(guān)鍵指標(biāo)監(jiān)測成效7TheRoleofEvaluations評價的作用9UsingFindings使用發(fā)現(xiàn)2AgreeingonOutcomestoMonitorandEvaluate對要監(jiān)測和評價的成效形成一致意見4BaselineDataonIndicators—WhereAreWeToday?指標(biāo)的基準(zhǔn)數(shù)據(jù)——我們現(xiàn)在處于什么情況？6MonitoringforResults結(jié)果導(dǎo)向的監(jiān)測8ReportingFindings匯報(bào)發(fā)現(xiàn)SustainingtheM&ESystemWithintheOrganization監(jiān)測與評價體系在組織內(nèi)的持續(xù)發(fā)展1040Step5:PlanningforImprovemeTargets:

具體目標(biāo):Thequantifiablelevelsoftheindicatorsthatacountryororganizationwantstoachieveatagivenpointintime一個國家或組織希望在某一時點(diǎn)能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)的量化指標(biāo)水平Example:Agriculturalexportswillincreaseinthenextthreeyearsby20%overthebaseline示例：未來3年農(nóng)業(yè)出口將在基準(zhǔn)出口水平的基礎(chǔ)上增加20%41Targets:

具體目標(biāo):ThequantifiableIdentifyingExpectedorDesiredLevelofImprovementRequiresTargets

需要具體目標(biāo)來確定期望或理想的改善程度Baseline

Indicator

Level指標(biāo)的基準(zhǔn)水平Desired

Levelof

Improvement預(yù)計(jì)的改善水平Assumesa

finiteand

expectedlevelofinputs,activities,andoutputs假設(shè)投入、活動和產(chǎn)出的期望水平是給定的Target

Performance具體的績效目標(biāo)Desiredlevelofperformancetobereachedwithinaspecifictime特定時期內(nèi)所要達(dá)到的預(yù)定績效水平+=42IdentifyingExpectedorDesireCaution:

請注意:Ittakestimetoobservetheeffectsofimprovements,therefore:BerealisticwhensettingtargetsAvoidpromisingtoomuchandthusprogrammingyourselftofail需要一定時間才能看到改進(jìn)效果，因此：設(shè)定具體目標(biāo)時要切合實(shí)際避免過多承諾，以免使自己陷于失敗43Caution:

請注意:IttakestimetoContinuingExample,SettingPerformanceTargetsforOnePolicyArea:

Education

設(shè)定具體目標(biāo)：以教育為例1.80%by2006inmath-7%by20061.2006年之前在數(shù)學(xué)和自然科學(xué)考試取得70分或以上成績的學(xué)生比例要分別達(dá)到80%和70%2.MeanMathtestscorein2006is78%--meansciencescorein2006is65%2.2006年數(shù)學(xué)和自然科學(xué)平均成績分別要達(dá)到78分和65分1.85%urbanin20061.2006年城市兒童接受學(xué)前教育的比例要達(dá)到85%2.60%ruralin20062.2006年農(nóng)村兒童接受學(xué)前教育的比例要達(dá)到60%1.47%in2002scored70%orbetterinmath.50%in2002scored70%orbetter1.2002年在數(shù)學(xué)和自然科學(xué)考試中取得70分或以上成績的學(xué)生比例分別為47%和50%2.Mean%scorein2002forGrad6studentsformathwas68%,and53%forscience2.2002年六年級學(xué)生數(shù)學(xué)和自然科學(xué)平均成績分別為68分和53分1.75%urbanin19991.1999年城市兒童接受學(xué)前教育的比例為75%2.40%ruralin2000

2.2000年農(nóng)村兒童接受學(xué)前教育的比例為40%1.%ofGrade6studentsscoring70%orbetteronstandardizedmathandsciencetests1.六年級學(xué)生在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的數(shù)學(xué)和自然科學(xué)考試中得到70分或以上成績的人數(shù)比例2.%ofGrade6studentsscoringhigheronstandardizedmathandsciencetestsincomparisontobaselinedata2.六年級學(xué)生在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的數(shù)學(xué)和自然科學(xué)考試中成績高于基準(zhǔn)數(shù)據(jù)的人數(shù)比例1.%ofeligibleurbanchildrenenrolledinpre-schooleducation

1.城市適齡兒童接受學(xué)前教育的比例2.%ofeligibleruralchildrenenrolledinpre-schooleducation2.農(nóng)村適齡兒童接受學(xué)前教育的比例

Targets:具體目標(biāo):

Baselines:基準(zhǔn):Indicators:指標(biāo):Outcomes:成效:2.Primaryschoollearningoutcomesforchildrenareimproved2.提高兒童小學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)的成效1.

Nationschildrenhaveimprovedaccesstopre-schoolprograms1.使全國有更多的兒童加入學(xué)前教育計(jì)劃44ContinuingExample,SettingPeStep6:MonitoringforResults

步驟6:結(jié)果導(dǎo)向的監(jiān)測PlanningforImprovement

SelectingRealisticTargets為改善績效進(jìn)行規(guī)劃——選擇切合實(shí)際的具體目標(biāo)51ConductingaReadinessAssessment實(shí)施就緒度評價3SelectingKeyIndicatorstoMonitorOutcomes選擇關(guān)鍵指標(biāo)監(jiān)測成效7TheRoleofEvaluations評價的作用9UsingFindings使用發(fā)現(xiàn)2AgreeingonOutcomestoMonitorandEvaluate對要監(jiān)測和評價的成效形成一致意見4BaselineDataonIndicators—WhereAreWeToday?指標(biāo)的基準(zhǔn)數(shù)據(jù)——我們現(xiàn)在處于什么情況？6MonitoringforResults結(jié)果導(dǎo)向的監(jiān)測8ReportingFindings匯報(bào)發(fā)現(xiàn)SustainingtheM&ESystemWithintheOrganization監(jiān)測與評價體系在組織內(nèi)的持續(xù)發(fā)展1045Step6:MonitoringforResultsKeyTypesofMonitoring

監(jiān)測的主要類型ResultsMonitoring結(jié)果監(jiān)測

ImplementationMonitoring

(MeansandStrategies)實(shí)施情況監(jiān)測

(手段和策略)Outcomes成效Impacts影響Results結(jié)果Inputs投入Activities活動Outputs產(chǎn)出Implementation實(shí)施情況46KeyTypesofMonitoring

監(jiān)測的主要類ImplementationMonitoringLinkstoResultsMonitoring

實(shí)施監(jiān)測與結(jié)果監(jiān)測相關(guān)聯(lián)MeansandStrategies

(Multi-yearandAnnualWorkPlans)方法和策略

(多年期和年度工作計(jì)劃)MeansandStrategies

(Multi-yearandAnnualWorkPlans)方法和策略

(多年期和年度工作計(jì)劃)MeansandStrategies

(Multi-yearandAnnualWorkPlans)方法和策略

(多年期和年度工作計(jì)劃)MonitorResults監(jiān)測結(jié)果

Monitor

Implementation監(jiān)測實(shí)施Target1具體目標(biāo)1Target2具體目標(biāo)2Target3具體目標(biāo)3Outcome成效47ImplementationMonitoringLinkTarget1具體目標(biāo)1Partner1合作伙伴1Partner2合作伙伴2Partner3合作伙伴3Means&Strategy方法與策略Partner1合作伙伴1Partner2合作伙伴2Partner3合作伙伴3Means&Strategy方法與策略Partner1合作伙伴1Partner2合作伙伴2Partner3合作伙伴3Means&Strategy方法與策略Target2具體目標(biāo)2Outcome成效Outcome成效Outcome成效Impact影響48Target1具體目標(biāo)1Partner1Partner2PSuccessfulMonitoringSystems

成功的監(jiān)測體系Tobesuccessful,everymonitoringsystemneedsthefollowing:每個成功的監(jiān)測體系都需要：Ownership所有權(quán)Management管理Maintenance維護(hù)Credibility可信度49SuccessfulMonitoringSystems

Step7:TheRoleofEvaluations

步驟7:評價的作用PlanningforImprovement

SelectingRealisticTargets為改善績效進(jìn)行規(guī)劃——選擇切合實(shí)際的具體目標(biāo)51ConductingaReadinessAssessment實(shí)施就緒度評價3SelectingKeyIndicatorstoMonitorOutcomes選擇關(guān)鍵指標(biāo)監(jiān)測成效7TheRoleofEvaluations評價的作用9UsingFindings使用發(fā)現(xiàn)2AgreeingonOutcomestoMonitorandEvaluate對要監(jiān)測和評價的成效形成一致意見4BaselineDataonIndicators—WhereAreWeToday?指標(biāo)的基準(zhǔn)數(shù)據(jù)——我們現(xiàn)在處于什么情況？6MonitoringforResults結(jié)果導(dǎo)向的監(jiān)測8ReportingFindings匯報(bào)發(fā)現(xiàn)SustainingtheM&ESystemWithintheOrganization監(jiān)測與評價體系在組織內(nèi)的持續(xù)發(fā)展1050Step7:TheRoleofEvaluationEvaluationMeansInfoon:

評價提供下列信息：Strategy戰(zhàn)略Whetherwearedoingtherightthings我們是否在做正確的事Rationale/justification原理/理由Cleartheoryofchange清晰的變革理論Operation操作Whetherwearedoingthingsright我們是否在正確地做事Effectivenessinachievingexpectedoutcomes達(dá)到預(yù)期成效方面的效果Efficiencyinoptimizingresources優(yōu)化資源方面的效率Clientsatisfaction客戶滿意度Learning學(xué)習(xí)Whethertherearebetterwaysofdoingit是否有更好的方法Alternatives其它方法Bestpractices最佳實(shí)踐Lessonslearned經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)51EvaluationMeansInfoon:

評價提供EvaluationandMonitoring–WhentoUse?

評價和監(jiān)測——何時實(shí)施?Anytimethereisanunexpectedresultthatrequiresfurtherinvestigation出現(xiàn)預(yù)期之外的結(jié)果并且需要進(jìn)一步調(diào)查研究的時候Whenresourceorbudgetallocationsarebeingmadeacrossprojects,programs,orpolicies在不同項(xiàng)目、計(jì)劃或政策之間進(jìn)行資源或預(yù)算分配的時候Whenadecisionisbeingmadewhetherornottoexpandapilot進(jìn)行是否擴(kuò)大試點(diǎn)范圍決策的時候Whenthereisalongperiodwithnoimprovement,andthereasonsforthisarenotclear在很長時期內(nèi)未提高績效，并且原因不明的時候Whensimilarprogramsorpoliciesarereportingdivergentoutcomes類似計(jì)劃或政策匯報(bào)的成效各不相同時52EvaluationandMonitoring–WhStep8:ReportingFindings

步驟8:匯報(bào)發(fā)現(xiàn)PlanningforImprovement

SelectingRealisticTargets為改善績效進(jìn)行規(guī)劃——選擇切合實(shí)際的具體目標(biāo)51ConductingaReadinessAssessment實(shí)施就緒度評價3SelectingKeyIndicatorstoMonitorOutcomes選擇關(guān)鍵指標(biāo)監(jiān)測成效7TheRoleofEvaluations評價的作用9UsingFindings使用發(fā)現(xiàn)2AgreeingonOutcomestoMonitorandEvaluate對要監(jiān)測和評價的成效形成一致意見4BaselineDataonIndicators—WhereAreWeToday?指標(biāo)的基準(zhǔn)數(shù)據(jù)——我們現(xiàn)在處于什么情況？6MonitoringforResults結(jié)果導(dǎo)向的監(jiān)測8ReportingFindings匯報(bào)發(fā)現(xiàn)SustainingtheM&ESystemWithintheOrganization監(jiān)測與評價體系在組織內(nèi)的持續(xù)發(fā)展1053Step8:ReportingFindings

步驟AnalyzingandReportingData

數(shù)據(jù)的分析與匯報(bào)Givesinformationonthestatusofprojects,programs,andpolicies提供項(xiàng)目、計(jì)劃和政策的狀態(tài)信息Providescluestoproblems提供問題線索Createsopportunitiestoconsiderimprovementsinthe(projects,programs,orpolicy)implementationstrategies為考慮改進(jìn)（項(xiàng)目、計(jì)劃或政策）實(shí)施策略創(chuàng)造機(jī)會Providesimportantinformationovertimeontrendsanddirections提供某段時間內(nèi)發(fā)展趨勢和方向方面的重要信息Helpsconfirmorchallengetheoryofchangebehindtheproject,programorpolicy幫助確證或質(zhì)疑項(xiàng)目、計(jì)劃或政策背后的變革理論54AnalyzingandReportingData

數(shù)AnalyzingData

分析數(shù)據(jù)ExaminechangesovertimeComparepresenttopastdatatolookfortrendsandotherchangesThemoredatapointsyouhave,themorecertainyouareofyourtrends研究隨時間發(fā)生的變化比較當(dāng)前和過去的數(shù)據(jù)，觀察趨勢和其它變化擁有的數(shù)據(jù)點(diǎn)越多，對趨勢的判斷就越準(zhǔn)確?TimeImprovingaccess

toruralmarkets時間增加進(jìn)入農(nóng)村市場的機(jī)會進(jìn)入機(jī)會AccessTimeImprovingaccess

toruralmarkets時間增加進(jìn)入農(nóng)村市場的機(jī)會進(jìn)入機(jī)會Access55AnalyzingData

分析數(shù)據(jù)ExaminechaPresentingData

呈報(bào)數(shù)據(jù)Presentmostimportantdataonly只呈報(bào)最重要的數(shù)據(jù)Useanappendixoraseparatereportfordetailedtechnicaldata使用附件或單獨(dú)報(bào)告來呈報(bào)詳細(xì)的技術(shù)數(shù)據(jù)Usevisualpresentations(charts,graphs,maps)toillustrateandhighlightkeypoints使用有形的呈報(bào)形式（圖表、圖形、地圖）來說明和突出關(guān)鍵數(shù)據(jù)Avoid“datadumps”避免出現(xiàn)“數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)儲”56PresentingData

呈報(bào)數(shù)據(jù)PresentmoStep9:UsingFindings

步驟9:使用發(fā)現(xiàn)PlanningforImprovement

SelectingRealisticTargets為改善績效進(jìn)行規(guī)劃——選擇切合實(shí)際的具體目標(biāo)51ConductingaReadinessAssessment實(shí)施就緒度評價3SelectingKeyIndicatorstoMonitorOutcomes選擇關(guān)鍵指標(biāo)監(jiān)測成效7TheRoleofEvaluations評價的作用9UsingFindings使用發(fā)現(xiàn)2AgreeingonOutcomestoMonitorandEvaluate對要監(jiān)測和評價的成效形成一致意見4BaselineDataonIndicators—WhereAreWeToday?指標(biāo)的基準(zhǔn)數(shù)據(jù)——我們現(xiàn)在處于什么情況？6MonitoringforResults結(jié)果導(dǎo)向的監(jiān)測8ReportingFindings匯報(bào)發(fā)現(xiàn)SustainingtheM&ESystemWithintheOrganization監(jiān)測與評價體系在組織內(nèi)的持續(xù)發(fā)展1057Step9:UsingFindings

步驟9:使TenUsesofResultsFindings

結(jié)果的10個用途Respondstoelectedofficials’andthepublic’sdemandsforaccountability回應(yīng)官員和公眾對問責(zé)機(jī)制的要求Helpsformulateandjustifybudgetrequests幫助制定和論證預(yù)算要求Helpsinmakingoperationalresourceallocationdecisions幫助進(jìn)行可用資源分配決策Triggersin-depthexaminationsofwhatperformanceproblemsexistandwhatcorrectionsareneeded引發(fā)對存在的績效問題和所需的改進(jìn)進(jìn)行深入研