倒裝反義疑問句

十六、否定（Negation）否定句在英語中一向占有很重要的一席之地，有一些句子只要?jiǎng)釉~加上not，即可構(gòu)成否定句；有一些句子本身即含有否定詞，如：no，neither，none，never，nothing等等。另外，還有一部分句子含有seldom，rarely，hardly等詞眼，雖然表面文字不是否定形態(tài)，但意思卻是否定的。例如：seldom意思是notoften，而scarcely（hardly）意思為almost…not/no。1十六、否定（Negation）否定句在英語中一向占有很重要的1、否定句的形成種類句型例句1一般動(dòng)詞的否定donotdoesnot+原型VdidnotThehousedoesn’tbelongtome.Hedidn’tgotothemovielastnight.2祈使句的否定Don’t+原型VLethimgo.Don’tlethimgo.Pleasesmokeintheroom.Pleasedon’tsmokeintheroom.21、否定句的形成種類句型例接上表種類句型例句3Be動(dòng)詞的否定am/is/was+notare/were+notI’mnotleavingyet.我還沒有離開。4助動(dòng)詞的否定will/shall/can/must+notWecan’tstopnoworwewon’tgetthereintime.5完成式的否定hashave+not+p.p.hadIhaven’tpackedmypackage.我的行李尚未打好。6Let’s的否定Let’snot+原型VLet’snotstarttooearly.7不定式的否定Not+to+原型VIwarnedhimnottogothere.3接上表種類句型例句3Be動(dòng)詞的否定am/is/was+no2、全部否定A)

否定單數(shù)普通名詞時(shí)要用nota，否定不可數(shù)的抽象名詞、物質(zhì)名詞和復(fù)數(shù)普通名詞用notany：Hesaidhehadn’tanymoney.Ihavenotanybooks.Note:否定詞not用于否定疑問句中,如果不用縮略形式don’t,doesn’t,didn’t等，not則置于主句后。如用縮略形式則置于主句前：Haveyounottraveledbyseabefore？對(duì)動(dòng)詞-ing形式和動(dòng)詞不定進(jìn)行否定，否定詞not總是置于所修飾的非限定形式之前：Theteacherwarnedthestudentsnottobelatefortheexamination.Heapologizedforhisnotbeingabletocome.Nothavingseenhimbefore,Ididn’tknowhewastheprofessorIwasexpectingtosee.42、全部否定4少數(shù)由not構(gòu)成的疑問句和否定句是習(xí)慣用法,這是其否定意思弱化,甚至消失,實(shí)際上等于肯定：Whathavewenotdone？=Wehavedoneeverything！Howoftenhavewenotseenhim？=Wehaveoftenseenhim.B)no可用作限定詞，置于名詞前，這時(shí)no=nota/notany：Hehasnobook.=Ihavenotabook.Hehasnobooks.=Ihavenotanybooks.Note:動(dòng)詞用be時(shí)，not是一般句型，no…是強(qiáng)勢(shì)句型：Tomisnotamodestman.湯姆不是個(gè)謙虛的人。Tomisnomodestman.湯姆是個(gè)很不謙虛的人。但是no不能置于冠詞前修飾名詞：Thedriverswentonstrike,but___porters.a.notheb.notc.noothersd.notthe5少數(shù)由not構(gòu)成的疑問句和否定句是習(xí)慣用法,這是其告示用語中常用no+-ing結(jié)構(gòu)，意思是“不準(zhǔn)許…”或“禁止…”,不能用notany代替no：Thenoticesaid,“___smokinginthewaiting-room”.a.Notb.Notac.Notanyd.No類似的句子還有Noparking.不準(zhǔn)停車Nothoroughfare.禁止通行C)nothing做主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。有形容詞修飾它時(shí)，放在其后：Thereisnothingwrongwiththismachine.Note:nothing常用于簡(jiǎn)略回答，一般情況下，回答以what提問的問句：“Whatareyoutryingtohidefromme?”“Nothing.”但nothing在特定結(jié)構(gòu)中能從反面?zhèn)鬟_(dá)“最”的概念：Thereisnothinglikefrequentfailureforteachingonecaution.ThereisnothingIlikesomuchasplayingbasketball.6告示用語中常用no+-ing結(jié)構(gòu)，意思是“不準(zhǔn)許…”D)nobody,noone做主語,謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。它們通常用單數(shù)代詞來替代：Nobody/Noonelikeshisfriendstotakeadvantageofhim.但是在反意疑問句中用復(fù)數(shù)代詞來代替：Nobodywasworkingintheworkshop,werethey?用于簡(jiǎn)略回答時(shí),常用于回答以who開頭的句子：“Whoisknockingatthedoor?”“Nobody.”E)none既可指人,又可指物,做主語時(shí)其謂語動(dòng)詞可視具體情況用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)形式：Ineedsomepencilsbadlybutthereisnoneathand.Twelveguestsareexpected,butnonehavearrived.Note:none用于簡(jiǎn)短回答時(shí),一般用來回答以howmany或howmuch引起的問句:“Howmanystudentsareintheroom?”“None.”“Howmuchwaterisleftinthepool?”“None.”7D)nobody,noone做主語,謂語動(dòng)詞要用單F)never用于強(qiáng)勢(shì)句型:Ourgreatmotherlandhasneverbeforebeensoprosperousasitistoday.在expect,hope,intend,plan,remember等動(dòng)詞+不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)中,如用never否定,則將其置于不定式前:Iexpectednevertohearfromhim.Jackintendednevertobehavehimselfinclass.G)neither作代詞用時(shí),在談到兩個(gè)人或物時(shí),意思是“哪個(gè)也不”,動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。作限定詞用時(shí)，所修飾的名詞也用單數(shù)：Thefirstonewasnoteasy，neitherwasthesecondone.Neitherboyhaswonthe100meterrace.H)neither…nor…是一組并列連詞。連接兩個(gè)主語時(shí)，動(dòng)詞的數(shù)和靠近它的主語人稱一致，用正常語序：8F)never用于強(qiáng)勢(shì)句型:8Neitherhenorwehaveanydoubtofit.3、部分否定英語中部分否定的構(gòu)成可以用all,always,both,each,every,everybody,everything,many,much,often等一類詞加not

構(gòu)成，請(qǐng)看下表：句型1allall所有both…not=notboth…(并非…兩者…)everyevery每一例句Allmenarenothonest.人并非都是誠(chéng)實(shí)的。Bothhisparentsarenotliving.并非他的父母親兩者都健在。Thistraindoesn’tstopateverystation.這班火車并不是每站都停。9Neitherhenorwehaveany接上表4、轉(zhuǎn)移否定

A)

有些表示“主觀臆測(cè)”的及物動(dòng)詞如assume,believe,expect,fancy,feel,guess,imagine,reckon,seem,suppose,think等,用于復(fù)合句的主句中時(shí),其后面用that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中的謂語若是否定意句型2Notalways(未必是)Notnecessarily例句Thericharenotalwayshappy.有錢的人未必是快樂的。Leavesarenotnecessarilygreen.樹葉未必是綠的。10接上表句型Notalways例句Therichare義,通常把否定詞前移到主句中去,這叫做轉(zhuǎn)移的否定結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：Georgedoesn’tbelieve(that)Marywillobjecttotheplan.Idon’tsuppose(that)hewillfinishtheworkintime.Idon’tthink(that)youcancatchthetrain.B)

但主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是say,tell等同否定詞not連用時(shí),則不是轉(zhuǎn)移的否定結(jié)構(gòu),而且兩個(gè)句子的意義不同,試比較:Hedidnotsayhewascoming.他沒說過他要來。Hesaidhewasnotcoming.他說過他不來了。C)

動(dòng)詞hope沒有轉(zhuǎn)移否定現(xiàn)象。如：Idon’thopeshe’llcome.(

)Ihopeshewon’tcome.(

)IhopeI’mnotdisturbingyoubyaskingyousomanyquestions.(

)11義,通常把否定詞前移到主句中去,這叫做轉(zhuǎn)移的否定結(jié)構(gòu)

D)

把not用在appear,assume,beafraid,believe,expect,fear,guess,hope,seem,suppose,think,trust等動(dòng)詞之后,not是對(duì)省略的從句進(jìn)行否定:“Willhebeabletopasstheexam?”“I’mafraidnot.”“Willitraintomorrow?”“Ihopenot.”5、委婉否定

當(dāng)句子里具有barely,few,hardly,little,rarely,scarcely,seldom,等詞時(shí),應(yīng)將這些句子視作否定句,其語氣比較委婉：Peterseldomdoeshishomeworkintime,andTomdoesnoteither.Shehardlyevereatsbreadorpotatoes.Mybrotherseldomdrinksanyalcoholinthemorning,doeshe?

也應(yīng)注意不要增加多余的否定詞：12D)把not用在appear,assume,beThevisibilitybecamesobadthatI___hardlyseethemanwhowaswalkingonefootinfrontofme.a.couldnob.couldnotc.couldd.couldneverTheboathassurvivedtherecentflood___seriousdamage.a.withoutscarcelyb.scarcelywithout

c.withscarcelyd.withnotscarcely但不包括修辭手法的“雙重否定”：Youcan’tmakesomethingoutofnothing.---“IhavestudiedEnglisheverydayforhalfayear.”---“That’sgood,butthatdoesn’tmeanyoudon’tstillhavealottolearn.”6、兩個(gè)否定等于肯定句型：(1)主語+never+V…+but+從句…(每…必…)(2)主語+never+V…+without+V-ing…(每…必…)13Thevisibilitybecamesobad(3)Thereisno+名詞+but+V…(沒有一個(gè)…不…)(4)…few+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+but+V…(幾乎每個(gè)…都…)例句：Henevergoestoabookstorebuthebuyssomebooks.=Henevergoestoabookstorewithoutbuyingsomebooks.他每次進(jìn)書店一定買些書。Thereisnomotherbutlovesherchildren.沒有一個(gè)母親不愛她的子女。Iknowfewpeoplebutareconcernedabouttheairpollution.幾乎我所認(rèn)識(shí)的每個(gè)人都關(guān)心空氣污染。7、無否定詞的否定有些詞匯雖無否定形式，卻含否定意味。A)

連接詞有before,lest,than,unless等:HebecameveryangrybeforeIcouldexplainwhyIwaslateforthemeeting.14(3)Thereisno+名詞+but

B)

含有否定意義的動(dòng)詞有:deny,doubt,fail,hesitate,lack,refuse,wonder,等。在表示否定時(shí)，不能再與don’t連用，否則句子意思發(fā)生變化:Idoubtifhewillcome.我懷疑他是否能來。Idon’tdoubtthathewillcome.我確信他能來。Hefailedtofollowmyadvice.他沒有遵從我的勸告。Ineverfailtokeepmyword.=Ikeepmywordwithoutfail.我一定守信。還有些對(duì)表示“勸阻、抑制”等的動(dòng)詞與from搭配使用時(shí)，介詞后含否定意義，無需再加not，如：deter(勸阻)，dispense(免除)，dissuade(勸阻)，excuse（使免除），keep，prevent，protect，restrain，save，stop等：Peoplebegantopreventfactoriesandcarsfromsendingpoisonousgasesintotheair.

C)

帶有否定意義的介詞有:above(超過…之外),

15B)含有否定意義的動(dòng)詞有:deny,doubt,beyond,except,insteadof,without等:Don’tworry.Fatherisquiteabovetryingtoinfluenceyourchoiceinthismatter.(…父親不至于在這件事上干涉你的選擇。）I’llgotothemovieinsteadofwatchingTV.Heisabovesuchconduct.他不屑這種舉動(dòng)。Sheisnotaboveaskingquestions.他不恥下問。

D)

含有否定意義的形容詞有：farfrom，freefrom，shortof等：Heisfarfromhonest.他一點(diǎn)也不誠(chéng)實(shí)。Hisexplanationisfarfromsatisfactory.他的解釋一點(diǎn)也不令人滿意。

E)含有否定意義的副詞有:invain,too…to,vainly等:Theyweretooyoungtounderstandthat.16beyond,except,insteadof,wHeistoocarefulnottohavenoticedit.他很細(xì)心,不會(huì)注意不到這一點(diǎn)。

F)

句型:thelast+名詞…+to+V+thatS+V(再怎么說也不會(huì)的;最不可能的)例句:Heisthelastmanformetoinvite.ThiswasthelastthingIwoulddo.8、否定句其他重要句型

句型1：Itgoeswithoutsayingthat…=Needlesstosay不用說例句:

Itgoeswithoutsayingthateducationisimportant.

句型2：cannot…too愈…愈好;再…也不為過例句:Astudentcannotbetoodiligent.

Whiledriving,youcannotbetoocareful.17Heistoocarefulnottoh

句型3:notsomuch(A)as(B)

與其說A不如說B例句:Heisnotsomuchdiligentasclever.

句型4:Thereisno+V-ing=Itisimpossibleto+V例句:Thereisnoknowingwhatmayhappeninthefuture.

無法知道將來會(huì)發(fā)生什么。

句型5:leavenothingtobedesired=beperfect例句:Yourworkleavesnothingtobedesired.

你的工作已十全十美。

句型6:nothingbut=only例句:Heisnothingbutachild.

句型7:cannotbut(不得不;禁不住)例句:Hecannotbutlaugh.18句型3:notsomuch(A)as(B)Conclusion:Sofarwe’vediscussedNegation.Wehavealreadyknownwhatnegationmeansandhowitisformed.Wealsotalkedabouttheusesofnegationandsomeexceptions.Nowlet’spractice…Exercises:Hedesirednothing___TVintheevening.a.butwatchb.butwatchedc.buttowatchd.buttowatching(nothingbut意為“只有…;只不過…;除了…以外什么也不”,后接不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式。）Pavlov’scontributiontomodernpsychologycanscarcelybe___.a.notoverratedb.overratedc.overratednotd.rated19Conclusion:19(cannot與副詞enough,over,perfectly,sufficiently,too,toomuch等詞連用,含有“無論怎樣也不為過”的意思。）I___tohelpyou,whennecessary.a.failnotb.shallnotfailc.shallrefused.shallhesitateWemust___askingquestionaboutthingswedonotunderstand.a.beaboveb.notbeabovec.abovebenotd.benotabove（不懂的事情，不要怕提出來問。）Heis___beingbraveandhonest.Inaword,youcan’tbelieveinhim.a.notfarfromb.farfromnotc.farnotfromd.farfromIcannotthankyou___much.a.veryb.so20(cannot與副詞enough,over,pe

c.tood.ratherIdislikebeingtalkedtolikethat.___mybrother.a.Doesnotb.Neitherdoesc.Nordoesd.Sodoes(按否定范圍否定可分為詞否定和句否定。詞否定是用否定意義的詞綴構(gòu)成。如：disagree,illegal,impolite,inactive,irregular,unhappy,hopeless等。這時(shí)應(yīng)注意，帶否定詞綴的詞只是在意義上否定，但在語法結(jié)構(gòu)中可視為肯定句。）___waskilledandonlythreewounded.a.Notmanb.Anymanc.Notamand.Nomen(否定單數(shù)普通名詞時(shí)要用nota,否定不可數(shù)的抽象名詞,物質(zhì)名詞和復(fù)數(shù)普通名詞用notany。）Leastofall___thatheowesadutytothecommunityinsuchmatter.21c.too

a.doeshesuspectb.hesuspectsc.suspecthed.suspectdoeshe(他尤其沒想到在這類事情上面,他對(duì)社會(huì)負(fù)有責(zé)任。leastofall尤其不）Heunbuttonedhiscoat,___he?a.didb.didn’tc.wouldn’td.wouldSilencemust___asconsent.a.notalwaysreadb.notalwaysreadsc.notalwaysisreadd.notalwaysberead(沉默未必表示同意。Notalways表示部分否定。）12.Johncanhardlydoit;___.a.norcanMaryb.socanMaryc.neithercan’tMaryd.Marycan,too

(end)22a.doeshesuspect十七、倒裝（InvertedOrder）為了強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的某一部分,或?yàn)榱嗽~序的方便,而將一般陳述句句型的位置改變,這樣的句子稱為倒裝句。在下列情形需用倒裝句型：用法例句否定副詞放在句首LittledidIdreamofit.我做夢(mèng)也沒想到這件事。Only在句首時(shí)Onlybyworkinghardcanwesucceedinanything.表示“也”,“也不”Youcan’tdoit;norcanI.Tomswimswell;sodoI.23十七、倒裝（InvertedOrder）為了強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的某一接上表1)全部倒裝在全部倒裝的句子中,整個(gè)謂語都放在主語前面。全部倒裝多用于下列情況：A)表示地點(diǎn)副詞的倒裝句型地點(diǎn)副詞放在句首Herecomesthebus。讓步狀語從句Hardasheworked，hefailed.虛擬語氣Wereheyourgoodfriend,hewouldhelpyou.主語補(bǔ)語Soangrywashethathecouldnotspeak.24接上表地點(diǎn)副詞放在句首Herecomesthebus。句型1.here,there

Herecomesyourbus.你要乘的公共汽車來了。Hereyouare.句型2表示地點(diǎn)的介副詞(如:up,down,off,in,out,on,away…)+V+主語(名詞)/主語(代詞)+V

Downfellthetrees!(=Thetreefelldown.)Downitfell.(主語為代詞)它倒了。句型3副詞短語（如：onthedesk…）

Underthetreelayanoldman.(=Anoldmanlayunderthetree.主語為名詞)B)在以now,then,thus,hence以及nextto等詞開頭的句子里。NexttohimstoodCaptainRodney，whousedtocommandaship.SpringbeginsinMarch;thencomeAprilandMay.25句型1.here,there25C)在形容詞、分詞和表示地點(diǎn)的介詞短語作表語并置于句首時(shí)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)通常與表示存在的動(dòng)詞或系動(dòng)詞be連用。Presentatthemeetingwerethosepeoplewhohadmadecontributionstothescientificresearchinourcountry.Acrosstheriverliesanewly-builtbridge.2)部分倒裝在部分倒裝的句子中,只把助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或系動(dòng)詞be置于主語之前，稱為部分倒裝。部分倒裝多用于下列情況：A)否定詞或否定意義的介詞短語在句首時(shí)。a)否定詞語:

barely,hardly,invain,little,nosooner,not,notonly,notuntil,nowhere,scarcely,seldom等:SeldomdidImakeanymistakesduringmypastfouryearsofstudythere.26C)在形容詞、分詞和表示地點(diǎn)的介詞短語作表語并置于句首時(shí)。b)含有no的介詞短語:atnotime,bynomeans=bynomannerofmeans(決不,并沒有),fornoreason(決不,無論如何),innocase,in(under)nocircumstances,innosense(決不),innoshape(決不,無論如何),innoway,onnoaccount=notonanyaccount,on(under)noconsideration,onnoterms=notonanyterms等:Onnoaccountwillweagreetosuchasillydecision.NotoncedidhementionhistriptoBeijing.B)only的倒裝句型狀語從句Only+狀語副詞短語置于句首時(shí)。介詞短語Yourealizeitsvalueonlywhenyouloseyourhealth.=Onlywhenyouloseyourhealthdoyourealizeitsvalue.Wecansucceedonlybyworkinghard.=Onlybyworkinghardcanwesucceed.27b)含有no的介詞短語:atnotime,byno與only有關(guān)的慣用語:①Ifonly+從句(通常用于虛擬語氣)IfonlyIhadalittlemoremoney,Icouldbuyit.Ifonlyitwouldstopraining.②onlythat+從句(=butthat)(若非)(only所引導(dǎo)的從句用直陳法)

Iwouldhavegone,only(that)itrained.要不是下雨,我就會(huì)去。Only(that)Ihaveameeting,Iwouldcometotheparty.③onlytoo=very(用在happy,glad,pleased等之前)I’monlytoogladtocome.④onlyto+V(表反意結(jié)果)Hechallengedthechampiononlytobedefeated.28與only有關(guān)的慣用語:28C)“often,manyatime,well”等副詞在句首時(shí)：Manyatimehasgivenmyteachermegoodadvice.OftenhaveIwarnedhernottogoswimmingalone.D)在“so…that”和“such…that”引起的結(jié)果狀語從句中,當(dāng)so或such置于句首時(shí)。Sofastdoeslighttravelthatitisdifficultforustoimagineitsspeed.Suchwashisbehaviourthateveryonedislikeshim.E)“tosuchadegree”和“tosuchanextent”做程度狀語置于句首時(shí):Tosuchanextentdidthetemperaturerisethatthefiremenhadtoleavetheburningbuilding.F)讓步從句的倒裝句型①(al)though+主+V+副詞/形容詞/名詞,…=副詞/形容詞/名詞+as+主+V…29C)“often,manyatime,well”(Note:名詞放在句首時(shí),冠詞要省略。)Althoughheworkedhard,hefailed.=Hardasheworded,hefailed.Althoughherich,heisnothappy.=Richasheis,heisnothappy.Althoughsheisawoman,sheisbrave.=Womenassheis,sheisbrave.②Be+主語+表語(通常含并列連詞or)(Note:充當(dāng)表語成分的詞類可以是形容詞、名詞、介詞短語、動(dòng)詞的非謂語形式等。當(dāng)表語是名詞時(shí)，該名詞前一般省略冠詞。）Beshepoororrich,I’lltakeherasmywife.Beheteacherorstudent,heshouldbeblamedforit.③Be+主語+everso+形容詞

(Note:這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)=Let+主語+be+everso+adj.)30(Note:名詞放在句首時(shí),冠詞要省略。)30Beiteversolate,wemustcarrythroughtheprojecttotheend.Beamaneversocleverifhedoesn’tlearnheknowsnothing.G)虛擬語氣的倒裝句型

werewere

If+S+had…h(huán)ad+S+…shouldshould(Note:在虛擬語氣中,當(dāng)連詞if省略時(shí),助動(dòng)詞移到句首。WereJohnherenow，hewouldgivemeahand.Hadyoustudiedhard,youwouldhavepassedtheexam.Shoulditraintomorrow,Iwillstayhome.H)當(dāng)so,neither,nor,nomore用來避免重復(fù)時(shí),用倒裝句型Marylikesflowers,andsodoI.31Beiteversolate,wemustcaAndersonhadnomoney,nordidheknowanyonehecouldborrowfrom.I)“justas…,so…”句型中,so引導(dǎo)主句時(shí)通常用部分倒裝。（Note：有時(shí)可以省略加強(qiáng)語氣用的just，或so；此句型意為“正如……一樣,正如……也”）Justasthesoilisapartoftheearth,soistheatmosphere.JustasDarwindiscoveredthelawofdevelopmentoforganicnature,sodidMarxdiscoverthelawofdevelopmentofhumanhistory.Conclusion:Soinvertedorderarediscussedinthislecture.Generally,inversioncanbedividedintotwokinds:completeinversionandpartialinversion.Sincewe’vealreadytalkedaboutsomeexamplesineachpart,nowlet’sdomoreexercises…32Andersonhadnomoney,nordidExercise:___withwhomwearefamiliar.a.Heretheprofessorcomesb.Herecomestheprofessorc.Comesheretheprofessord.TheprofessorcomeshereLook,here___.a.comesheb.hecomesc.iscomingtheteacherd.willhecome(在以here,there等副詞開頭的句子里,常用全部倒裝。但如果主語是人稱代詞，主語和謂語的位置不變，只將副詞放在句首。在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，多用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。）___fromthetenthfloorwhenthepolicemanpointedhispistolathim.a.Downjumpedtheburglarb.Downtheburglarjumpedc.Downdidtheburglarjumpd.Jumpeddowntheburglar33Exercise:33Thestudiodoor___abreathlesswomanandagiantofaFrenchofficer.a.openflewandinrushedb.flewopenandinrushedc.flewopenandrushedind.wideflewopenandrushedin___whenChinahadtodependonforeigncountriesforoil.a.Forevergonearethedaysb.Foreverarethedaysgonec.Goneforeverthedaysared.GoneforeverarethedaysMostpeoplewouldagreethat___inexceptionalcircumstancesshouldadoctorhidethetruthfromapatient.a.ifb.providedc.incased.only___,Icouldn’tliftthebox.a.AsImighttryb.TryalthoughImightc.AstryImightd.TryasImight8.Thereisalwayssomeelectricityneeded,___.34Thestudiodoor___abreathless

a.beitdayornightb.itisdayornightc.isitdayornightd.whetherbeitdayornight9.Weshouldnothavesucceeded,___itnotbeenfortheleadershipoftheParty.a.hadb.shouldc.wouldd.if10.Hecan’taffordanewcar,and___.a.Icannomoreb.nomorecanIc.Inomorecand.canInomore11.Justaspeopledifferintheirabilitytohearsound,___intheirappreciationofsounds.a.alsotheydiffersob.alsodotheydifferc.soalsodotheydifferd.sodiffertheyalso12.Onlywhenyouhaveobtainedsufficientdata___cometoasoundconclusion.a.youwillb.canyouc.youcand.wouldyou35a.beitdayornight13.___theexperimenttomorrow,heshouldreadtheinstructionscarefully.a.Washedoingb.Ifhedoesc.Werehetodod.wouldhedo14.Ihopetosettledowninthecountry,and___.a.sodoesmywifeb.neitherdoesmywifec.mywifedoessod.mywifedoes,either___Ilefttheschoolthanitbegantorain.a.Nosoonerhadb.Soonerhadnoc.Hadnosoonerd.SoonernohadNotforamoment___thetruthofyourstory.a.hehasdoubtedb.hedoubtc.didhedoubtd.hediddoubt

(end)3613.___theexperimenttomor十八、反意疑問句(tagquestion)反意疑問句附在陳述句之后，對(duì)陳述句所說的的事實(shí)或觀點(diǎn)提出疑問。這種疑問句由be,have或助動(dòng)詞加主語構(gòu)成，前有逗號(hào)，后有問號(hào)。句末常用升調(diào)。反意疑問句的結(jié)構(gòu)實(shí)際上是一種簡(jiǎn)略的疑問句，所以其答語一般須用yes或no。反意疑問句常常是反義的，也就是說，陳述句如是肯定結(jié)構(gòu)，其后的反意疑問句即用否定結(jié)構(gòu)。反之，陳述句如是否定結(jié)構(gòu)，其后的反意疑問句即是肯定結(jié)構(gòu)。反意疑問句多用以證實(shí)一種情況。37十八、反意疑問句(tagquestion)反意疑問句附在陳1、陳述句改為反意疑問句

①肯定的陳述句----用否定的反意疑問句

②否定的陳述句----用肯定的反意疑問句Peterisverypopularinschool,isn’the?Heseldomgoesthere,doeshe?Shecutherself,didn’tshe?(Note:表示否定的詞有:no,never,nothing,seldom,little,few,scarcely,hardly,etc.另外,還要注意動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的一致。）2、反意疑問句的動(dòng)詞陳述句的動(dòng)詞反意疑問句的動(dòng)詞1be動(dòng)詞be動(dòng)詞2一般動(dòng)詞do（does，did）3動(dòng)詞短語第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞381、陳述句改為反意疑問句陳述句的動(dòng)詞反意疑問句的動(dòng)詞1接上表：例如：You’recoming,aren’tyou?Shetoldyou,didn’tyou?Yourhomeworkhasbeenfinished,hasn’tit?Youhadbettergoforadoctor,hadn’tyou?Youhadbetternotstayhere,hadyou?Hehadtohelpyou,didn’the?4have當(dāng)助動(dòng)詞時(shí)用“have”當(dāng)本動(dòng)詞時(shí)用“do”5hadtodid6hadbetter

had39接上表：have當(dāng)助動(dòng)詞時(shí)用“have”3、反意疑問句的主語例如:陳述句的主語反意疑問句主語1therethere2these,those或復(fù)數(shù)主語they3this,thatV-ing,to-V或非人稱的單數(shù)主語Ｉit4名詞代詞5代詞代詞403、反意疑問句的主語陳述句的主語反意疑問句主語1thereThereissomeoneintheroom,isn’tthere?Thesearegoodbooks,aren’tthey?StudyingEnglishisnoteasy,isit?Maryischarming,isn’tshe?4、反意疑問句以陳述句的主語來決定

①

Ithink（believe,guess,suppose…),要以后面的名詞從句形成反意疑問句,但若主語為“I”以外的主語時(shí),則反意疑問句仍以陳述句作變化。

②如有從句時(shí)，要以主句形成反意疑問句。

③如以并列連詞（or，and，but）連接的句子，要以最接近的句子形成反意疑問句。例如：

IthinkJohnhasleft,hasn’the？wethinkthatheisnice,don’twe?41Thereissomeoneintheroom,Hewaseatingwhenyoucame,wasn’the?Theywereabsentyesterday,butMarywasn’t,wasshe?5、祈使句的反意疑問句例如:陳述句反意疑問句1let‘sshallwe？2letuswillyou？3letmewillyou？4let’snotallright或O.K?5原型動(dòng)詞（祈使句）willyou？42Hewaseatingwhenyoucame,wLet’sgo,shallwe?我們走吧!(表示提議)Letusgo,willyou?讓我們走吧!好嗎?(表示請(qǐng)求)Let’snottellhim,allright?咱們別告訴他,好嗎?(表示否定的提議)Passmethesugar,willyou?把糖遞給我好嗎?(表示請(qǐng)求)Haveacupofcoffee,won’tyou?喝杯咖啡,好嗎?(表示邀請(qǐng))6、反意疑問句中人稱使用上的特殊情況①當(dāng)陳述部分的主語是指物的合成代詞，如：something，everything，nothing，anything時(shí)，疑問部分的主語用it。例如：Somethingoughttobedoneaboutit,

shouldn’tit?

我們應(yīng)該對(duì)此作些什么,不是嗎？43Let’sgo,shallwe?我們走吧!(表示②當(dāng)陳述部分的主語是指人的合成代詞，如：somebody，anyone，everybody，everyone，noone，nobody時(shí)，疑問部分的主語用they。例如：Nobodysaidawordabouttheaccident,didthey?沒有人對(duì)這個(gè)事件發(fā)表意見,是不是?

③當(dāng)陳述部分式“Iam…”時(shí),疑問部分用“aren’tI”;如果陳述部分式“I’mnot…”時(shí),疑問仍用“amI?”例如:I’mjustifiedinamusinghim,aren’tI?I’mnotverykeenonnovels,amI?6、反意疑問句中助動(dòng)詞使用上的特殊情況①當(dāng)陳述部分的助動(dòng)詞是dare,need,hadbetter,wouldrather,wouldlike時(shí),疑問部分則要重復(fù)44②當(dāng)陳述部分的主語是指人的合成代詞，如：somebody，這些助動(dòng)詞。例如：Therearen‘tmanycafes.We’dbetterstopat

thenextplacewesee，hadn’twe？②當(dāng)陳述部分謂語助動(dòng)詞是“wish,want,hope+todo”結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),疑問部分的謂語要用may,而且通常用肯定形式。例如：Iwishtocallonyoutonight，mayI？

③當(dāng)陳述部分謂語助動(dòng)詞是usedtodo(be)時(shí),疑問部分則用did(didn‘t)或usedto(usedn