01閱讀理解（細(xì)節(jié)理解題）-2025年高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)能力提升全囊括

閱讀理解細(xì)節(jié)理解題[設(shè)題特點(diǎn)]新高考閱讀理解的4種命題形式中，細(xì)節(jié)理解題所占相對比例最高，但相對容易，重在考查對文章的某一細(xì)節(jié)或事實(shí)的理解，都是對文中具體信息進(jìn)行提問，如who,when,where,which,why,what,howmany/much等。[選項(xiàng)特征]正確選項(xiàng)特征1.同義替換：指對原文句子中的關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行同義替換；有些細(xì)節(jié)理解題把原文中的一些詞變換一下詞性；改變原文中句子的語態(tài)，如主動(dòng)語態(tài)與被動(dòng)語態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換；2.信息歸納：用精煉的語言來概括原文中比較分散或復(fù)雜的信息，設(shè)置為正確答案；3.正話反說：把原文中的意思反過來表達(dá)而成為正確選項(xiàng)；4.原文原詞：利用原文原詞作為正確選項(xiàng)。干擾選項(xiàng)特征1.張冠李戴：是原文信息，但不是題目要求的內(nèi)容；2.無中生有：符合常識(shí)，但不是文章的內(nèi)容；3.曲解文意：與原文的內(nèi)容極其相似，只是在某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)處有些變動(dòng)；4.顛倒是非：在意思上與原文大相徑庭甚至完全相反；5.正誤參半：部分正確，部分錯(cuò)誤?？挤ㄒ恢苯蛹?xì)節(jié)題[設(shè)題特點(diǎn)]直接細(xì)節(jié)題的特點(diǎn)是在原文中可以找到和選項(xiàng)信息幾乎一樣的短語或句子。只需要弄清題干問的是什么,找到題干中的關(guān)鍵信息，然后根據(jù)信息在文中尋找相關(guān)內(nèi)容(有時(shí)需跨段落尋找細(xì)節(jié)信息)。正確選項(xiàng)和原文在表述上沒有太大的變化。常涉及考查直接細(xì)節(jié)題的一般為應(yīng)用文，涉及人與社會(huì)這一主題的：①旅游廣告；②活動(dòng)介紹/通知/啟事；③演出信息；④飛機(jī)/火車等交通工具出行問題。[設(shè)問方式]特殊疑問句形式：以when,where,what,which,who等疑問詞開頭引出問題。[技法點(diǎn)撥]典例1【江蘇省百校聯(lián)考20222023學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期第一次考試】Eventreeplantingcanincreasehealthriskstolocalhumanpopulationsifitfocusestoonarrowlyonasmallnumberofspecies,asisoftenthecaseinmercialforests.Outbreaksofinfectiousdiseasesaremorelikelyinareasofmonocultureplantations,accordingtoanewstudy.Theresearchersofthestudysaidthiswasbecausediseasesarefiltered(過濾)andblockedbyarangeofpredators(食肉動(dòng)物)andhabitatsinahealthy,biodiverseforest.Whenthisisreplacedbyapalmoilplantationorsoyfields,thespecialistspeciesdieoff,leavinggeneralistssuchasratsandmosquitoestothrive(繁殖)andspreadpathogensacrosshumanandnonhumanhabitats.Thenetresultisalossofnaturaldiseaseregulation.Theresearchersexaminedthecorrelationbetweentrendsforforestcover,plantations,populationanddiseasearoundtheglobeusingstatisticsfrominternationalinstitutionssuchastheWorldHealthOrganizationandtheFoodandAgriculturalOrganization.Overtheperiodofstudyfrom1990to2016,thiscovered3,884outbreaksof116diseasesthatcrossedthespeciesbarrierand1,996outbreaksof69vectorborneinfectiousdiseases,mostlycarriedbymosquitoes,ticksorflies.Thenewstudyaddstoagrowingbodyofevidencethatvirusesaremorelikelytotransfertohumansoranimalsiftheyliveinornearhumandisturbedecosystems.Thisisshapedbytradepatternsandconsumerbehaviour.Aquarterofglobalforestlossisdrivenbytheproductionofmoditiessuchasbeef,soy,palmoilandwoodfibre.Morand,leadauthorofthestudy,saidhisstudyshowedthatdiseaserisksneedtobeaddedtoriskbenefitanalysisofnewprojects.“Weshouldtakethecostsofpublichealthintoaccountwhenconsideringnewplantations.Therisksarefirsttolocalpeople,butthenworldwidebecausewehaveseenwithCovidhowquicklydiseasescanspread.”Morandisnowworkingonamoredetailedstudythatwillusesatelliteanalysisofforestcovertoexaminelinkswithdisease.Withmoreinformation,hebelievesitmaybepossibletopredictfutureoutbreaksandtoworkwithlocalmunitiestobuildecologicallydiverseandeconomicallyproductivelandscapesthatreducetherisks.12．Whyareoutbreaksofinfectiousdiseasesmorelikelyinareasofmonocultureplantations?A．Thespecialistspeciesarewipedoutbytheirpredators.B．Biodiversitydeclinedestroysnaturaldiseaseregulation.C．Localhumanpopulationshavenoknowledgeofhealthrisks.D．mercialforestsprovidefoodfordiseasecarryinginsects.13．Howdidtheresearchersgettheirfindings?A．Byconductingdataanalysis. B．Byreferringtoanotherstudy.C．Bymakingfieldinvestigation. D．Byconsultingauthoritativeagencies.【答案】12．B

13．A

12．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Whenthisisreplacedbyapalmoilplantationorsoyfields,thespecialistspeciesdieoff,leavinggeneralistssuchasratsandmosquitoestothrive(繁殖)andspreadpathogensacrosshumanandnonhumanhabitats.Thenetresultisalossofnaturaldiseaseregulation.(當(dāng)這些地方被棕櫚油種植園或大豆田取代時(shí)，專門的物種就會(huì)滅絕，只留下老鼠和蚊子等多面手，并在人類和非人類的棲息地傳播病原體。最終的結(jié)果是自然疾病調(diào)控的喪失。)”可知，物種多樣化的下降會(huì)破壞大自然對疾病的調(diào)節(jié)控制。故選B。13．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Overtheperiodofstudyfrom1990to2016,thiscovered3,884outbreaksof116diseasesthatcrossedthespeciesbarrierand1,996outbreaksof69vectorborneinfectiousdiseases,mostlycarriedbymosquitoes,ticksorflies.(在1990年至2016年的研究期間，涉及跨越物種障礙的116種疾病的3,884次爆發(fā)，以及69種病媒傳染病的1,996次爆發(fā)，主要由蚊子、蜱蟲或蒼蠅傳播。)”可知，研究人員是通過分析數(shù)據(jù)的方式得出研究結(jié)論的。故選A?？挤ǘC合細(xì)節(jié)題[設(shè)題特點(diǎn)]1.綜合細(xì)節(jié)題相比直接細(xì)節(jié)題，命題的隱蔽性更強(qiáng)，正確選項(xiàng)一般都會(huì)在原文基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行改造。?？碱愋停孩偻x轉(zhuǎn)述類：為了增加迷惑性，出題人有時(shí)會(huì)利用同義詞、近義詞甚至反義詞等對題干或正確答案進(jìn)行“包裝”,這就要求考生能夠仔細(xì)分析辨別出關(guān)鍵信息再作答。②數(shù)字計(jì)算類：此類題要求考生對表示時(shí)間、數(shù)量等的數(shù)字信息進(jìn)行加工，考查考生對具體細(xì)節(jié)信息的處理能力，故試題涉及的計(jì)算相對簡單。③綜合細(xì)節(jié)類：此類試題涉及一段內(nèi)的多個(gè)信息點(diǎn)或多段內(nèi)容且各個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)信息都能在文章中找到?？忌邆湟欢ǖ母爬ɑ驓w納能力才能正確作答。2.考查綜合細(xì)節(jié)題的體裁常為記敘文、說明文或議論文，會(huì)涉及人與社會(huì)、人與自我和人與自然三大主題語境。[設(shè)問方式]①特殊疑問句形式：以when,where,what,which,who等疑問詞開頭引出問題。②Whichofthefollowingbestdescribes...?③Howdoesthewriterremend...toreaders?[技法點(diǎn)撥]典例2【南京市第一中學(xué)20222023學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期入學(xué)考試】Thereisan“environmentalsilverlining”asaresultofthecoronavirus(冠狀病毒)—carbonemissionshavebeenreducedbymorethan4%,manywildlifemarketsaroundtheworldhavebeenclosedandairqualityinsomeplaceshasslightlyimproved,DaveFord,founderoftheenvironmentalliteracyorganizationSoulBuffalo,says.However,becauseofanincreaseinpandemicrelated,nonrecyclablematerialssuchastakeoutplasticcontainersandmasks,30%morewastehasenteredouroceans,henotes.“There's129billionfacemasksbeingmadeeverymonth—enoughthatyoucouldcovertheentirecountryofSwitzerlandwithfacemasksattheendofthisyeariftrendscontinue,”hesays.“Andalotofthesemasksareendingupinthewater.”Themaskslooklikejellyfish—inotherwords,food—toturtlesandotherwildlifecreatures,thus,attractivetothoseanimalsandthenendangeringthem,hesays.Verylittleoftheplasticweuseisactuallyrecyclable.SharonLernerofTheIntercepttoldHere&Nowlastyearthat"thevastmajorityofplasticthathaseverbeenproduced—79%—hasactuallyendedupinlandfillsorburned,butnotremadeintonewproducts."Eveniftheplasticswehavecanbereused,Fordsaysrecyclingprogramsacrosstheglobearefacingseverebudgetcuts.“We'restartingtoseerecyclingprogramsstopped,wastepickingmunitiesoperatingat50%oractuallyshuttingdown.Theyarethelastlineofdefensebetweenplasticandtheenvironment,”hesays.Lastyear,Unileverplannedtocutitsuseofnonrecycledplasticsinhalfby2025.InaninterviewwithHere&Now,RichardSlater,Unilever'schiefresearchanddevelopmentofficer,drewontheindustryargumentthatplasticpackagingislighter,whichmeanslessshippingandthereforefewerdangerousemissionsthatcauseclimatechange.Yes,plasticsarelightweightandcancutdownonfuelspending.Butontheotherhand,plasticwasteisbeingfoundineveryaspectoflife—eveninthedeepestocean.29．Whyarefacemasksattractivetosomeseacreatures?A．Thereisacontinuousshortageoffoodintheocean.B．Theycontaincertainuniquechemicals.C．Manyseacreaturesliketochaseplasticbynature.D．Theylookliketheseacreatures'food.30．Whatcanwelearnabouttheplasticwaste?A．Themajorityofitisburiedorburned.B．Mostofitisrecycledintonewproducts.C．129billionfacemasksendupintheocean.D．Thereisenoughbudgetforplasticrecycling.【答案】

29．D

30．A

29．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段“Themaskslooklikejellyfish—inotherwords,food—toturtlesandotherwildlifecreatures,thus,attractivetothoseanimalsandthenendangeringthem,hesays.(很多這樣的口罩最后都掉進(jìn)水里了。”他說,這種口罩看起來像水母——換句話說,是烏龜和其他野生動(dòng)物的食物——因此,吸引了這些動(dòng)物,然后又危及了它們。)”可知,有些海洋生物喜歡口罩,是因?yàn)樗鼈兒芟窈Ｑ笊锏氖澄?。故選D。30．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段“SharonLernerofTheIntercepttoldHere&Nowlastyearthat"thevastmajorityofplasticthathaseverbeenproduced—79%—hasactuallyendedupinlandfillsorburned,butnotrefashionedintonewproducts."(去年,Intercept網(wǎng)站的SharonLerner在接受《Here&Now》采訪時(shí)表示：“絕大多數(shù)已經(jīng)生產(chǎn)出來的塑料——79%——最終都被扔進(jìn)了垃圾填埋場或被焚燒,但沒有被改造成新產(chǎn)品。”)”可知,大部分塑料廢品都被埋了或者燒掉了。故選A。鞏固提高A【江蘇省百校聯(lián)考20222023學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期第一次考試】FromatreehousecampinFrancetoanorganicfarminPortugal,TheGreenTravellerpicksfourresorts(景點(diǎn))tostayduringtheingsummervacation.IlPaluffo,ItalyIt’sacollectionofluxurioussmallvillas(別墅)withinarestored15thcenturybuilding,poweredbyrenewableenergy,amidtherollingChiantiHills.Fromthenaturalpoolyoucanbebathedinthesunshinewhileadmiringviews.Themainvillahasfourelegantdoublerooms,whilefourapartmentseachsleepfourtosixpeopleandewiththeirownprivategardens.LeCamp,FranceItisasafaritentcamp,overlookingthegreenvalleyoftheAveyroninsouthwestFrance.Largehandmadebeds,softsolarlighting,andanoutdoorwoodlandspaarearrangedinabacktonaturesetting.Theownerscanhelpplanyourjourneybytrainandofferafreetransfer(接送)toandfromlocalrailwaystations.LeMasdeSaribou,FranceSwinginthehammock(吊床)bythesplendidnaturalpoolwithviewsofmountainpeaksatthisfourroomecovillainsoutheasternFrance.Thekidswillloveexploringthegardenswhereyousearchforvegetables,fruit,andflowersforyourdinner.Solarpanelssupplytheelectricityandagrassroofandthickwallskeepyoucoolinsidefromthesummerheat.Muxima,PortugalIt’sanAfricaninspiredretreat.ThesolarpoweredsevenguestroomshereareclosetosomespectacularsandyandsurffriendlybeachesalongtheVicentinacoast.Youcanjoinanearlymorningyogaclassbythenaturalpoolandthentakeaseattoenjoyavegetarianbreakfast,madeupofmostlyorganic,homegrownandlocalproduce.1．WhatcanavisitordoinIlPaluffoandLeMasdeSaribou?A．Restoreoldbuildings. B．Dogardeningwork.C．Swinginthehammock. D．Enjoymountainviews.2．Whichofthefollowingofferspersonalizedservices?A．IlPaluffo. B．LeCamp.C．LeMasdeSaribou. D．Muxima.3．Whatdothefourresortshaveinmon?A．Theyofferorganicbreakfast.B．Theysponsorswimmingraces.C．Theyarepoweredbygreenenergy.D．Theyaresurroundedbymountains.【答案】1．D

2．B

3．C【導(dǎo)語】本篇是應(yīng)用文。介紹了四個(gè)夏季休閑度假的好去處。1．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的“amidtherollingChiantiHills.Fromthenaturalpoolyoucanbebathedinthesunshinewhileadmiringviews(在起伏的基安蒂山中。從天然泳池，您可以沐浴在陽光下，欣賞美景)”和第四段的“Swinginthehammock(吊床)bythesplendidnaturalpoolwithviewsofmountainpeaksatthisfourroomecovillainsoutheasternFrance(在這座位于法國東南部的四房生態(tài)別墅中，在壯麗的天然泳池旁的吊床上蕩秋千，可以看到山峰)”可知，游客在IlPaluffo和LeMasdeSaribou都可以欣賞山景。故選D。2．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段的“Theownerscanhelpplanyourjourneybytrainandofferafreetransfer(接送)toandfromlocalrailwaystations(車主可以幫助您計(jì)劃火車旅行，并提供往返當(dāng)?shù)鼗疖囌镜拿赓M(fèi)接送服務(wù))”可知，在LeCamp游客可以享受到定制服務(wù)。故選B。3．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的“poweredbyrenewableenergy(由可再生能源提供動(dòng)力)”，第三段的“softsolarlighting(軟太陽能照明)”，第四段的“Solarpanelssupplytheelectricity(太陽能電池板提供電力)”和最后一段的“Thesolarpoweredsevenguestrooms(太陽能發(fā)電的七間客房)”可知，這四個(gè)度假村的共同之處是它們由綠色能源提供動(dòng)力。故選C。B【江蘇省百校聯(lián)考20222023學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期第一次考試】Allowingwomentogivebirthinhospitalwiththeirpetdogbytheirsidecouldmakethemlessanxious,oneofthefirstwomentousea“birthdog”hassaid.CharlotteBeard,24,whosuffersfromnonepilepticseizures,wassupportedthroughher50hourlabourbyheraidpetFlump,whoistrainedtodetectseizuresbeforetheyhappen.Flumpwaspreparedforthebirthbybeingplayedaudiotracksofbabiescryingathomeandbeingintroducedtostaffatthematernityward(產(chǎn)房)inPoolehospital.Beardjoked.“Hewasvisitingthematernityhospitalonaveryregularbasis,gettingtoknowstaff,gettingtoknowthedifferentroomsandthesetups.”Itisalegalrequirementthatassistancedogsareallowedintohospitals,butBeardsaidalotofhospitalswerenotawareofthis.“ItwouldhavecausedhighlevelsofanxietyifFlumpwasnotthere,”shesaid.“Iwouldhavecertainlybeenmoreconcernedaboutmysafety.”“IamnotsuggestingthatifIweretohaveaseizure,staffwouldnothavebeenabletolookafterme.Butnostaffmembercandetectbeforehandwhetheryouaregoingtohaveaseizureornot.ThatissomethingthatFlumpcandothatnobodyelsecan,anditgivesthemsuchvaluabletimetomakesurethatIamsafeandhavetherightsupportinplacebeforeithappens.Preventionisalwaysmuchbetterthantreatment.”BeardgotFlumpat10weeksandhastrainedhimsincethen.“FromahumanstandpointIcannothelpbutthinkhowlovelyitisthatFlumpwasthere.HewasoneofthefirsttoseeAlfie,”Beardsaid.“BeingpresenttherefromthebirthandmeetingAlfiewithinmomentsofhimbeingborn,whetherithasincreasedthebondornot,itwassuchalovelyexperienceforeveryone.Flumpwasabsolutelybesotted(癡戀)withAlfiefromthemomenthefirstsawhim.”8．WhydidBeardhaveanassistancepetpresentduringbirth?A．Tocureherdisease. B．Tomonitorthedoctors.C．Toeaseheranxiety. D．Tokeepthedoor.9．Whatwastheassistancedogtrainedtodobeforedoingthejob?A．Understandhumanvoices. B．Getfamiliarizedwiththehospital.C．Playmusicforbabies. D．Learnaboutmedicaldevices.10．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“it”inparagraph6referto?A．Detectingthedisease. B．Medicaltreatment.C．Lookingafterthepatient. D．Aseizure.11．WhatdoesBeardthinkoffuture