法律英語案例賞析加

法律英語案例賞析李想1精品PPT·值得借鑒第一頁，共二十四頁。Syllabus1.Briefintroductionoflaw2.CasesforConstitution/CriminalLaw/CivilLaw/ContractLaw/CompanyLaw/CopyrightLaw/EnvironmentProtectionLaw/PropertyLaw/LawofMarriage/3.Fourdebateordiscussionovermoives.2精品PPT·值得借鑒第二頁，共二十四頁。NoticeNohomeworkbutdoreviewthelecture.Attendenceisveryimportant.(Absence:3times).3精品PPT·值得借鑒第三頁，共二十四頁。ContactsE-mailaddress:fiona-pisces@4精品PPT·值得借鑒第四頁，共二十四頁。LadyJusticeisthesymbolofthejudiciary.Justiceisdepictedasagoddessequippedwiththreesymbolsoftheruleoflaw:aswordsymbolizingthecourt'scoercivepower;scalesrepresentingtheweighingofcompetingclaims;andablindfoldindicatingimpartiality.KingHammurabiisrevealedthecodeoflawsbytheMesopotamiansungodShamash,alsoreveredasthegodofjustice5精品PPT·值得借鑒第五頁，共二十四頁。IntroductiontolawLawisasystemofrules,usuallyenforcedthroughasetofinstitutions.Itshapespolitics,economicsandsocietyinnumerouswaysandservesasaprimarysocialmediatorinrelationsbetweenpeople.Contractlawregulateseverythingfrombuyingabustickettotradingonderivativesmarkets.Propertylawdefinesrightsandobligationsrelatedtothetransferandtitleofpersonal(oftenreferredtoaschattel)andrealproperty.Trustlawappliestoassetsheldforinvestmentandfinancialsecurity,whiletortlawallowsclaimsforcompensationifaperson'srightsorpropertyareharmed(oftenconsideredcivilcaseiffiledunderanissueoftortlawvs.criminal).Iftheharmiscriminalisedinpenalcode,criminallawoffersmeansbywhichthestatecanprosecutetheperpetrator.Constitutionallawprovidesaframeworkforthecreationoflaw,theprotectionofhumanrightsandtheelectionofpoliticalrepresentatives.Administrativelawisusedtoreviewthedecisionsofgovernmentagencies,whileinternationallawgovernsaffairsbetweensovereignnationstatesinactivitiesrangingfromtradetoenvironmentalregulationormilitaryaction.Writingin350

BC,theGreekphilosopherAristotledeclared,"Theruleoflawisbetterthantheruleofanyindividual."6精品PPT·值得借鑒第六頁，共二十四頁。Legalsystemselaboraterightsandresponsibilitiesinavarietyofways.Ageneraldistinctioncanbemadebetweencivillaw

jurisdictions,whichcodifytheirlaws,andcommonlawsystems,wherejudgemadelawisnotconsolidated.Insomecountries,religionstillinformsthelaw.Lawprovidesarichsourceofscholarlyinquiry,intolegalhistory,philosophy,economicanalysisorsociology.Lawalsoraisesimportantandcomplexissuesconcerningequality,fairnessandjustice."Initsmajesticequality",saidtheauthorAnatoleFrancein1894,"thelawforbidsrichandpooraliketosleepunderbridges,beginthestreetsandstealloavesofbread."Inatypicaldemocracy,thecentralinstitutionsforinterpretingandcreatinglawarethethreemainbranchesofgovernment,namelyanimpartialjudiciary,ademocraticlegislature,andanaccountableexecutive.Toimplementandenforcethelawandprovideservicestothepublic,agovernment'sbureaucracy,themilitaryandpolicearevital.Whilealltheseorgansofthestatearecreaturescreatedandboundbylaw,anindependentlegalprofessionandavibrantcivilsocietyinformandsupporttheirprogress.7精品PPT·值得借鑒第七頁，共二十四頁。DifferentCategoriessubstantivelawandprocedurallaw;civillawsystemandcommonlawsystem;departmentsoflaw:Constitution/Administrativelaw/TortLaw/CriminalLaw/CivilLaw/InternationalLaw/ContractLaw/CompanyLaw/CopyrightLaw/EnvironmentProtectionLaw/ConsumerLaw/PropertyLaw/LawofMarriage,etc.8精品PPT·值得借鑒第八頁，共二十四頁。PPT內(nèi)容概述法律英語案例賞析。精品PPT·值得借鑒。E-mailaddress:fiona-pisces@。Civillawsystem第九頁，共二十四頁。SubstantivelawandprocedurallawSubstantivelawisthestatutoryorwrittenlawthatgovernsrightsandobligationsofthosewhoaresubjecttoit.Substantivelawdefinesthelegalrelationshipofpeoplewithotherpeopleorbetweenthemandthestate.Substantivelawstandsincontrasttoprocedurallaw.Procedurallawcomprisestherulebywhichacourthearsanddetermineswhathappensincivil

lawsuit,criminaloradministrativeproceedings.Therulesaredesignedtoensureafairandconsistentapplicationofdueprocess(intheU.S.)orfundamentaljustice(inothercommonlawcountries)toallcasesthatcomebeforeacourt.whichcomprisestherulesbywhichacourthearsanddetermineswhathappensincivilorcriminalproceedings.Procedurallawdealswiththemethodandmeansbywhichsubstantivelawismadeandadministered.Thetimeallowedforonepartytosueanotherandtherulesoflawgoverningtheprocessofthelawsuitareexamplesofprocedurallaws.Substantivelawdefinescrimesandpunishments(inthecriminallaw)aswellascivilrightsandresponsibilitiesincivillaw.Itiscodifiedinlegislatedstatutesorcanbeenactedthroughtheinitiativeprocess.procedurallaw10精品PPT·值得借鑒第十頁，共二十四頁。DifferenceAnotherwayofsummarizingthedifferencebetweensubstantiveandproceduralisasfollows:Substantiverulesoflawdefinerightsandduties,whileproceduralrulesoflawprovidethemachineryforenforcingthoserightsandduties.However,thewaytothiscleardifferentiationbetweensubstantivelawand,servingthesubstantivelaw,procedurallawhasbeenlong,sinceintheRomancivilproceduretheactioincludedbothsubstantiveandproceduralelements.11精品PPT·值得借鑒第十一頁，共二十四頁。CivillawsystemCivillawisthelegalsystemusedinmostcountriesaroundtheworldtoday.Incivillawthesourcesrecognisedasauthoritativeare,primarily,legislation—especiallycodificationsinconstitutionsorstatutespassedbygovernment—andcustom.12精品PPT·值得借鑒第十二頁，共二十四頁。CommonlawsystemCommonlawandequityarelegalsystemswheredecisionsbycourtsareexplicitlyacknowledgedtobelegalsources.The"doctrineofprecedent",orstaredecisis(Latinfor"tostandbydecisions")meansthatdecisionsbyhighercourtsbindlowercourts.Commonlawsystemsalsorelyonstatutes,passedbythelegislature,butmaymakelessofasystematicattempttocodifytheirlawsthanina"civillaw"system.CommonlaworiginatedfromEnglandandhasbeeninheritedbyalmosteverycountryoncetiedtotheBritishEmpire

13精品PPT·值得借鑒第十三頁，共二十四頁。DepartmentsoflawTheFrenchDeclarationoftheRightsofManandoftheCitizen(人權(quán)宣言),whoseprinciplesstillhaveconstitutionalvalue.ThejudgesoftheInternationalCourtofJusticeintheHague

14精品PPT·值得借鑒第十四頁，共二十四頁。LegalinstitutionsLawislessabodyofstaticrulesthana"dynamicprocessbywhichrulesareconstantlychanged,created,andmoldedtofitparticularsituations."Changesarecontinuouslymadebyvariousinstitutionsinasociety.Law'smaininstitutionsinliberaldemocraciesaretheindependentjudiciaries,thejusticesystems,therepresentativelegislaturesorparliaments,anaccountableexecutive,acompetentandnon-corruptbureaucracy,apoliceforce,aciviliancontrolofthemilitaryandarobustlegalprofessionensuringpeople'saccesstojusticeandapluralisticcivilsociety—atermusedtorefertothesocialinstitutions,communitiesandpartnershipsthatformlaw'spoliticalbasis.[

15精品PPT·值得借鑒第十五頁，共二十四頁。JudiciaryAjudiciaryisanumberofjudgesmediatingdisputestodetermineoutcome.Mostcountrieshavesystemsofappealcourts,answeringuptoasupremelegalauthority.IntheUnitedStates,thisistheSupremeCourt;inAustralia,theHighCourt;intheUK,theHouseofLords.InChina,最高法院。Somecountriesallowtheirhighestjudicialauthoritytoover-rulelegislationtheydeterminedasunconstitutional

16精品PPT·值得借鑒第十六頁，共二十四頁。Ajudiciaryistheoreticallyboundbytheconstitution,muchaslegislativebodiesare.Inmostcountriesjudgesmayonlyinterprettheconstitutionandallotherlaws.Butincommonlawcountries,wheremattersarenotconstitutional,thejudiciarymayalsocreatelawunderthedoctrineofprecedent.Incommuniststates,suchasChina,thecourtsareoftenregardedaspartsoftheexecutive,orsubservienttothelegislature;governmentalinstitutionsandofficersexertthusvariousformsofinfluenceonthejudiciary.17精品PPT·值得借鑒第十七頁，共二十四頁。Legislature

ProminentexamplesoflegislaturesaretheHousesofParliamentinLondon,theCongressinWashingtonD.CTopasslegislation,amajorityofMembersofParliamentmustvoteforabill(proposedlaw)ineachhouse.Normallytherewillbeseveralreadingsandamendmentsproposedbythedifferentpoliticalfactions.Ifacountryhasanentrenchedconstitution,aspecialmajorityforchangestotheconstitutionwillberequired,makingchangestothelawmoredifficult.Agovernmentusuallyleadstheprocess,whichcanbeformedfromMembersofParliament(e.g.theUKorGermany).Butinapresidentialsystem,anexecutiveappointsacabinettogovernfromhisorherpoliticalallieswhetherornottheyareelected(e.g.theUnitedStatesorBrazil),andthelegislature'sroleisreducedtoeitherratificationorveto

18精品PPT·值得借鑒第十八頁，共二十四頁。ThedebatingchamberoftheEuropeanParliament

19精品PPT·值得借鑒第十九頁，共二十四頁。ExecutiveTheexecutiveinalegalsystemserveasagovernment'scentreofpoliticalauthority.Inaparliamentarysystem,aswithBritain,Italy,Germany,India,andJapan,theexecutiveisknownasthecabinet,andcomposedofmembersofthelegislature.TheexecutiveischosenbythePrimeMinisterorChancellor,whoseofficeholdspowerundertheconfidenceofthelegislature.Becausepopularelectionsappointpoliticalpartiestogovern,theleaderofapartycanchangeinbetweenelections.Theheadofstateisapartfromtheexecutive,andhe/sheusuallylacksformalpoliticalpoweryetsymbolicallyenactslawsandactsasrepresentativeofthenation.ExamplesincludetheGermanpresident(appointedbytheParliament);theQueenoftheUnitedKingdom(ahereditarytitle).Theotherimportantmodelisthepresidentialsystem,foundinFrance,theU.S.andRussia.Inpresidentialsystems,theexecutiveactsasbothheadofstateandheadofgovernment,andhaspowertoappointanunelectedcabinet.Underapresidentialsystem,theexecutivebranchisseparatefromthelegislaturetowhichisnotaccountable.Althoughtheroleoftheexecutivevariesfromcountrytocountry,usuallyitwillproposethemajorityoflegislation,andproposegovernmentagenda.Inpresidentialsystems,theexecutiveoftenhasthepowertovetolegislation.Mostexecutivesinbothsystemsareresponsibleforforeignrelations,themilitaryandpolice,andthebureaucracy.Ministersorotherofficialsheadacountry'spublicoffices,suchasaforeignministryorinteriorministry.Theelectionofadifferentexecutiveisthereforecapableofrevolutionisinganentirecountry'sapproachtogovernment.20精品PPT·值得借鑒第二十頁，共二十四頁。representativesofeachcountry'sexecutivebranch.G8:八國集團(tuán)，由美國、英國、法國、德國、意大利、加拿大、日本和俄羅斯八國組成。21精品PPT·值得借鑒第二十一頁，共二十四頁。TheUnitedNations'NewYorkheadquartershousescivilservantsthatserveits192memberstates.22精品PPT·值得借鑒第二十二頁，共二十四頁。LegalProfessionAcorollaryoftheruleoflawistheexistenceofalegalprofessionsufficientlyautonomoustobeabletoinvoketheauthorityoftheindependentjudiciary;therighttoassistanceofanadvocateinacourt—inEnglandthefunctionofbarristeroradvocateisdistinguishedfromlegalcounselor(solicitor).AstheEuropeanCourtofHumanRightshasstated,thelawshouldbeadequatelyaccessibletoeveryoneandpeopleshouldbeabletoforeseehowthelawaffectsthem.Inordertomaintainprofessionalism,thepracticeoflawistypicallyoverseenbyeitheragovernmentorindependentregulatingbodysuchasabarassociation,barcouncilorlawsociety.Modernlawyersachievedistinctprofessionalidentitythroughspecifiedlegalprocedures(e.g.successfullypassingaqualifying