科技論文英文摘要寫作方法課件

NormsofWritingaResearchPaper科技論文英文摘要寫作方法ComponentsofResearchPaperAuthors’NameReferencesBody

KeyWordsAbstractAuthors’AffiliationTitle科技論文英文摘要寫作方法BroughttoyoubythePurdueUniversityOnlineWritingLab

AStep-by-StepProcedureThePreliminaries(前期準備)___1.Chooseatopic___2.Beginpreliminaryreading___3.Restrictthesubject___4.Developapreliminarythesisstatement科技論文英文摘要寫作方法GatheringData(材料收集)___1.Compiletheworkingbibliography___2.Preparethebibliographyoncardsincorrectform(3"x5"cards)___3.Beginextensiveworkinthelibraryreferenceroom;besuretocheck:___a.generalbibliographies___b.tradebibliographies___c.indexes(booksandcollections,literatureinperiodicals,newspaperindexes,pamphletindexes)___d.libraryelectroniccatalogue科技論文英文摘要寫作方法TakingNotes(做好記錄)___1.Developapreliminaryoutline___2.Evaluateyoursourcematerial;whichisprimarymaterialandwhichissecondarymaterial?___3.Beginnote-takingoncards(4"x6"cards)___4.Avoidplagiarism(剽竊)科技論文英文摘要寫作方法WritingthePaper(寫作開始)___1.Developthefinaloutline;testyouroutline___2.Preparetowrite:___a.putyournotecardsintheorderthatyouroutlineisin___b.consideryour(realandimagined)readersandhowtheirexpectationsmayaffectyourtoneandstyle___3.Writetheroughdraft___4.Checkyourdocumentationcarefully___5.Reviseandrewrite___6.Checktheformatofthetext,citations,notes,andbibliography___7.Proofread科技論文英文摘要寫作方法翻譯論文的英文標題應注意以下四點：(1）不能按漢語的語序逐字對照翻譯，應按英語的表達方式用名詞短語表達，一般不用完整的句子。

1)ThePaperTitle科技論文英文摘要寫作方法(2)標題應力求簡練，實詞10個左右，省略沒有實際意義的詞，如：thestudyof研究,theinvestigationof成果調(diào)查,theobservationof觀察,theresearchof研究,theanalysisof分析,thecomparisonof比較,等。如果標題過長，可以分出一部分作為副標題?？萍颊撐挠⑽恼獙懽鞣椒?3)

盡量避免用縮寫詞，因為英文縮寫詞太多，容易使讀者費解。國外核心學術(shù)期刊中，對縮寫詞的使用非常謹慎，第一次出現(xiàn)必須先寫全名，縮寫附后加括號。國外學術(shù)期刊論文標題使用縮寫的情況不占1%，而我國學術(shù)期刊中論文標題用縮寫詞的卻達10%以上，這也是不能與國際接軌的一個方面。

科技論文英文摘要寫作方法(4）標題中常用的介詞有of（表示動賓關系，所屬關系，或同位關系）,on（表示對…的作用或影響）,in（在某范圍或人群中）,with（患有某種疾?。?for（其目的或以便…）等?？萍颊撐挠⑽恼獙懽鞣椒?5)利用檢索工具統(tǒng)計分析醫(yī)學論文英文標題利用Wordsmith及Range32等對所收集的2000個論文標題進行統(tǒng)計分析，得到具體數(shù)據(jù)如下：總形符19475個，標題平均長度為9.72個詞，平均詞長為5.59個字母。其中AmericanJournalofMedicine中出現(xiàn)重復標題4個，AnnalsofInternalMedicine重復標題有41個，ArchivesofInternalMedicine沒有重復標題，BritishMedicalJournal上有10個重復的標題。下表

醫(yī)學論文英文標題中頻率最高的前10個詞科技論文英文摘要寫作方法RankWordlistFreqencypercentage1of10385.33%2and7363.77%3in7243.72%4the6082.55%5for4452.88%6A3881.99%7to2761.41%8with2611.34%9patients1830.93%10disease1610.82科技論文英文摘要寫作方法of(表示動賓關系，所屬關系，或性質(zhì)特征等)in/among(在某范圍中或人群中)for(作為…，對于)with(患有某種疾病，用某種研究方法,搭配需要等)on(表示對?的作用、影響，關于)等To(詞語搭配需要,如relatedto,)由于論文標題一般由名詞詞組組成，所以比較多地使用介詞。論文標題中使用最多的介詞有科技論文英文摘要寫作方法1duringcardiacsurgery.4:5:6:Managementof

venousthrombo-.2foracuteandchroniclowbackpain:areviewof

theevidencefo3foranAmericanPainSociety/AmericanCollege

of

Physicians4foracuteandchroniclowbackpain:areview

of

theevidenceforan5AmericanPainSociety/AmericanCollegeof

Physiciansclinical6guideline.13:Diagnosisandtreatmentof

lowbackpain:ajoint7practiceguidelinefromtheAmericanCollege

of

Physiciansand8geriatricmedicine.15:Cost-effectiveness

of

screeningand9growthfactorindeterminingthecauseof

obstructivecholestasis.10ofobstructivecholestasis.17:Validity

of

modelsforpredicting檢索19475個詞,

of

共出現(xiàn)1038次，分析以下各行中of

的使用科技論文英文摘要寫作方法第1、2、4、6行均為動賓關系，其共同特征為前邊有一個由動詞變化而來的名詞。第3、5、7、8、9、10均為所屬關系。介詞in

的使用頻率僅次于介詞of，共出現(xiàn)724次，后面跟人群，患者，疾病的范圍或者指某一方面或部位?？萍颊撐挠⑽恼獙懽鞣椒▽W術(shù)論文的標題一般有短語構(gòu)成，如名詞短語、動名詞短語、介詞短語等。少數(shù)也有完整的句子，以陳述句居多，間或有疑問句。英漢論文標題對比科技論文英文摘要寫作方法*Blindnessaftertreatmentofmalignanthypertension惡性高血壓治療后的視覺缺失（研究）*Self-accessEnglishLearninginwebenvironment網(wǎng)絡環(huán)境下的自主英語學習*Secondarypreventionofprimarylivercancer:Randomizedcontrolledprospectivestudy原發(fā)性肝癌二級預防的隨機分組前瞻性研究*Essentialfattyacidsinfullterminfantsfedbreastmilkorformula足月嬰兒母乳喂養(yǎng)和配方喂養(yǎng)必需脂肪酸對比研究a.名詞短語（N+Preposition）科技論文英文摘要寫作方法*Recentlytrainedgeneralpediatricians:perspectivesonresidencytrainingandscopeofpractice.*

EvaluationandmanagementoftheinfantexposedtoHIV-1intheUnitedStates.*

Utilityoflumbarpunctureforfirstsimplefebrileseizureamongchildren6to18monthsofage.*

Effectsoftheaccreditationcouncilforgraduatemedicaleducationduty-hourlimitsonsleep,workhours,andsafety.科技論文英文摘要寫作方法*UnderstandingtheDevelopmentandPreventionofType2DiabetesinYouth

青春期II型糖尿病的發(fā)生和預防措施研究

Preventingstrokeinpatientswithatrialfibrillation房顫患者中風預防*

Screeningforenvironmentaltobaccosmokeexposureamonginner-citychildrenwithasthma.b.動名詞短語科技論文英文摘要寫作方法*MalignantHypertensionandCigarettesmoking惡性高血壓與抽煙

相關性研究Gastroesophagealrefluxandcow’smilkallergyininfants:Aprospectivestudy

嬰兒胃食管返流與牛奶過敏有關的前瞻性研究c.名詞并列結(jié)構(gòu)科技論文英文摘要寫作方法*Abnormalpainintheemergencyroom:176consecutivecases腹痛急診連續(xù)176例研究*Qualityofinpatientcareforasthma:challengesandopportunities.哮喘住院病人護理質(zhì)量調(diào)查:面臨的挑戰(zhàn)和機遇*DiabetesMellitus:NewDiagnosticCriteria

糖尿病新的診斷標準d.副標題的應用科技論文英文摘要寫作方法e．其它句式*OnControllingRectalCancer

關于控制直腸癌的探討*BiologistsofChinaarealsoconsideringstrengtheningtheresearchonbiodiversity(次類動詞接動名詞/名詞，還有：admit,avoid,appreciate,deny,escape,forbid,imagine,mind,miss,postpone,practice,recollect,understand,suggest,etc.)

*HomeorHospitalBirth?*Isthetreatmentofborderlinehypertensiongoodorbad?科技論文英文摘要寫作方法１）流行病學回顧性研究與藥物濫用２）（前瞻性縱向評估）嬰兒臥勢的變化３）高中生運動員腦外傷研究4）兒科癌癥幸存者的長期隨訪鑒護研究

試翻譯下列論文標題：next科技論文英文摘要寫作方法RetrospectiveStudyofEpidemiologyandDrugAbuse2)Traumaticbraininjuryinhighschoolathletes3)Changesinsleeppositionduringinfancy:Aprospectivelongitudinalassessment4)Long-termfollow-upcareforpediatriccancersurvivors.標題參考譯文:科技論文英文摘要寫作方法1.大量名詞詞組的連接都是由介詞和并列連接詞來完成。2.英文中為副標題，而漢語不一定是副標題；3.注意信息的等價性,而不是字數(shù)相等;標題翻譯提示科技論文英文摘要寫作方法

用漢語拼音署名已被國際上認可，因此,不必把姓和名倒置，為了區(qū)別姓和名，現(xiàn)在慣用的方法是：姓在前，全部大寫漢語拼音，名在后，只大寫第一個字母。中國人復名較多，連節(jié)一起即可。如：WANGFang（王方）;LINGuoyou

（林國友）;ZHANGHui-fang。署名三人為易，三人以上的作者省去，加etal

(等)。如：BakerS.P./BraverE.R./ChenL.H.etal.2)英文署名(Author’sName)科技論文英文摘要寫作方法作者單位在作者之后，按從小到大順序排列，實詞大寫第一個字母，如：DepartmentofNephrology,ShanghaiChildren’sHospital,Shanghai200040,P.R.China上海市兒童醫(yī)院腎病科（附所在城市，郵編，中國）。3.作者單位(Author’sAffiliation)科技論文英文摘要寫作方法關鍵詞:

體育鍛煉;減肥;肌肉總量;智力發(fā)展Keywords:physicaltraining;weightloss;mentaldevelopment;musclemass4)關鍵詞科技論文英文摘要寫作方法

寫好英文摘要的正文有助于稿件的采用，目前美國兒科核心期刊文摘（CoreJournalsinPediatrics）英文摘要有５０％以上是結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要，摘要的長度在200至400詞左右。摘要正文的寫作按照論文IMRAD(Introduction,Methods,ResultsandDiscussion)的格式對重點進行加工整理，以引導詞（Objective,Methods,ResultsandConclusion）所提示的內(nèi)容描述。5)摘要(Abstract)科技論文英文摘要寫作方法

而英國一些期刊的結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要力求祥實，大都有七部分組成：Objectives;Design;Setting;Subjects;Mainoutcomemeasurements;Results;Conclusion.摘要的長度在400詞左右。有的作者對寫摘要不夠重視，三言兩語，不能體現(xiàn)文中的主要內(nèi)容，這樣不易采用。英文摘要的寫作既有格式和內(nèi)容的要求，又有科技英語語言特點的要求，舉例說明如下：科技論文英文摘要寫作方法英文摘要的類別與組成要素傳統(tǒng)式

Summary:oneparagraph結(jié)構(gòu)式Objective(s):Method(s):Result(s):Conclusion(s)Backgroundandpurpose:DataSource:StudySelectionDataExtraction:DataSynthesisConclusionsBackground/Purposes:CaseReport:Conclusion科技論文英文摘要寫作方法ScreeningforHIV:AReviewoftheEvidencefortheU.S.PreventiveServicesTaskForceAbstract:BackgroundandPurpose:HIVinfectionaffects850,000to950,000personsintheU.S.ThemanagementandoutcomesofHIVinfectionhavechangedsubstantiallysincetheU.S.PreventiveServicesTaskForceissuedrecommendationsin1996.ThestudyistosynthesizetheevidenceonrisksandbenefitsofscreeningforHIVinfection.DataSources:MEDLINE,theCochranceLibrary,referencelists,andexperts.StudySelection:Studiesexample科技論文英文摘要寫作方法ofscreening,riskfactorassessment,accuracyoftesting,follow-uptesting,andefficacyofinterventions.DataExtractions:Dataonsettings,patients,interventions,andoutcomeswereabstractedforincludedstudies;qualitywasgradedaccordingtocriteriadevelopedbytheTaskForce.DataSynthesis:NotrialsdirectlylinkscreeningforHIVwithclinicaloutcomes.ManyHIV-infectedpersonsintheUnitedStatescurrentlyreceivediagnosisatadvancedstagesofdisease,andalmostallwithprogresstoAIDSifuntreated.Screeningbasedonriskfactorscouldidentifypersonsatsubstantiallyhigherriskbutwould科技論文英文摘要寫作方法missasubstantialproportionofthoseinfected.ScreeningtestsforHIVareextremelyaccurate(>99%).Acceptanceratesforscreeninganduseofrecommendedinterventionvarywidely.Highlyactiveantiretroviraltherapy(HAART)substantiallyreducestheriskforclinicalprogressionordeathinpatientswithimmunologicallyadvanceddisease.Alongwithotheradverseevents,HAARTisassociatedwithanincreasedriskforcardiovascularcomplications,althoughabsoluteratesarelowafter3to4years.Limitations:Dataareinsufficienttoestimatetheeffectsof科技論文英文摘要寫作方法screeningandinterventionsontransmissionratesorinpatientswithlessimmunologicallyadvanceddisease.LongtermdataonadverseeventsassociatedwithHAARTarenotyetavailable.Conclusions:BenefitsofHIVscreening

appeartooutweighharms.Theyieldfromscreeninghigher-prevalencepopulationswouldbesubstantiallyhigherthanthatfromscreeningthegeneralpopulation.finished科技論文英文摘要寫作方法Objectives

的語言特點是以動詞不定式開頭，言簡意賅。如：1)Toidentifytheefficacyandsafetyof…2)Todescribecomplicationof….3)Toassesstheeffectivenessof…..4)Todeterminewhether/if…..5)Toexaminetherelationbetween….6)Toevaluatethesystemicavailabilityand…Languagefeaturesofanabstract科技論文英文摘要寫作方法7)Toinvestigatetheefficacyandsafetyof8)Toestablishaanimalmodel…9)Tomeasuretheserumconcentrationsof10)undertakeaprospective,singleblind,randomizedtrial11)Tosummarizetheevidenceontheefficacyof12)Toascertain（findout）theoutcomeassociatedwith13)Toreviewtheclinicalfeatures,treatment,andoutcomeofchildren…科技論文英文摘要寫作方法Methods

語言特點是用完整的句子敘述，謂語動詞用一般過去時,被動語態(tài)。該部分包括設計如：experimentalstudy;casecontrolstudy;prospective,double-blindstudy;cross-overstudyofdurationofsixweeks;包括研究對象：subjects,patients,rats…;分組studygroupandcontrolgroup；包括用藥時間，檢測方法byradioimmunoassay等.科技論文英文摘要寫作方法Immunofuorescencemethod免疫熒光法Immunoelectroabsorption免疫電吸附法Immunoelectrophoresis免疫電泳法Immunoelectromicroscopicmethod免疫電鏡法Radioimmunoassay放射免疫測定法Radioallergeosorbenttest放射變應原吸附實驗Radioactiveisotopescanning放射性核素掃描Radioisotopescanning放射性同位素掃描Radionuclideangiography放射性核素血管造影臨床檢查方法科技論文英文摘要寫作方法Radionuclideemissioncomputedtomography

放射性核素計算機體層掃描Quantitativegeldiffusiontest定量凝膠擴散實驗Quantitativemaculo-perimetry定量黃斑視野檢查法Quantitativeperimetry定量視野檢查法Quantitativeprecipitationtest定量沉淀實驗Immunologicsurveillance免疫監(jiān)視Immunogold-silverstaining免疫金銀染色法科技論文英文摘要寫作方法Results

語言特點是用完整的句子敘述，謂語動詞用一般過去時，提供研究數(shù)據(jù)對比。如：increasedby20%;droppedremarkably;remainedthesame;thefindingswerecorrelatedwith;therewasanincrease/decreaseinpatient’sheartrate/respiratoryvolume;therewasacorrelationbetweensmokingandcarcinoma…科技論文英文摘要寫作方法Conclusion

謂語動詞用現(xiàn)在時或?qū)頃r，完整的句子表明該研究的臨床意義、前景、尚未解決的問題。Forexample:Itcanbeconcludedthat…；Thefindings/thestudysuggest(s)that．．．Thereportdemonstratesthat…;weconcludethat…ExampleofafullAbstract:科技論文英文摘要寫作方法PaperTitle:AdultWeightChangeandRiskofPostmanopausalBreastCancer

A.HeatherAliassen,etal.JAMA2006;296:193-201

ABSTRACTContextEndogenous(內(nèi)源的)hormonesareaprimarycauseofbreastcancer.Adiposityaffectscirculatinghormones,particularlyinpostmenopausalwomen,andmaybeamodifiableriskfactorforbreastcancer.Objective

Toassesstheassociationsofadultweightchangesince18yearsandsincemenopausewiththeriskofbreastcanceramongpostmenopausalwomen.Example:科技論文英文摘要寫作方法Design,Setting,andParticipantsProspectivecohortstudy(定群研究)withintheNurses’HealthStudy.Atotalof87143postmenopausalwomen,aged30to55yearsandfreeofcancer,werefollowedupforupto26years(1976-2002)toassessweightchangesince18years.Weightchangesincemenopausewasassessedamong49514womenwhowerefollowedupforupto24years.MainOutcomeMeasureIncidenceofinvasivebreastcancer.科技論文英文摘要寫作方法Results

Overall,4393casesofinvasivebreastcancerweredocumented.Comparedwiththosewhomaintainedweight,womenwhogained25.0kgormoresinceage18yearswereatanincreasesriskofbreastcancer(relativerisk[RR],1.45;95%confidenceinterval[CI],1.27-1.66;P<.001fortrend),withastrongassociationamongwomenwhohavenevertakenpostmenopausalhormones(RR,1.98;95%CI,1.55-2.53).科技論文英文摘要寫作方法Comparedwithweightmaintenance,womenwhogained10.0kgormoresincemenopausewereatanincreasedriskofbreastcancer(RR,1.18;95%CI,1.03-1.35;P=.002fortrend).Womenwhohadneverusedpostmen