美國(guó)文學(xué)史選讀

集團(tuán)文件發(fā)布號(hào)：(9816-UATWW-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DQQTY-HistoryAndAnthologyofAmericanLiterature(VolumeⅠ)explorersCaribbeanIslands,ericatheSpanish17th早期EnglishsettlementsinVirginiaandMassachusetts尼亞和馬薩諸塞)開始了美國(guó)歷史earliestsettlersincludedDutchSwedesnsFreunchSpaniardsItaliansandPortugueses要為thenarrativesandjournalsofthesentsindiariesandinjournalsthelandwithdenseforestsanddeep-bluelakesandrichsoil.ablishedatJamestownVirginiainexplorationth真intheearly1600s,havebeendescribedasthefirstdistinctlyAmericanliteraturewritteninEnglishfilledwiththemesmyths,images,scenes,characterandevents徒前往lurethePilgrimsandthePuritans.Smith在弗吉尼亞墾荒以來發(fā)生的各種事實(shí)介紹》“ATrueRelationofSuchOccurrencesandAccidentsofNoteasHathHappenedinVirginiaSincetheFirstPlantingofThatColony”.2年《弗吉尼亞地圖，附：一個(gè)鄉(xiāng)村的描述》“AMapofVirginia:withaDescriptionoftheCountry”.中有關(guān)于新英格蘭的歷史及描述。其破產(chǎn)后做soughtapostasguidetothePilgrims年《弗吉尼亞通史》“GeneralHistoryofVirginia傳奇故事howtheIndianprincessPocahontas(波卡洪特斯)savedhim.xploredtheriversdbaysaroundtheChesapeakeregionhesawfromthebeginningwhatwaseventuallytobeabasicprincipleofAmericanhistory,theneedof“workers”insteadof“gentlemen”forthetoughjobofplantingcoloniesandpushingthefrontierswestward.11.theologicalmoral,historicalandpolitical.ansinNewEnglanddhardshipstogetherwiththedisciplineofaharshchurch社會(huì)foundatheocracy，不屈不撓地斗爭(zhēng)theyhadtoughnesspurposeandcharacter,theygrappledstronglywithchallengestheysetthemselves，虔誠(chéng)和節(jié)制hardwork,thrift,pietyandPlymouthPlantation630年開始寫起anaccountofthesmallgroupofPuritanswhomigratedfromEnglandtoAmsterdamdthentotheNewWold簡(jiǎn)潔，認(rèn)真負(fù)責(zé)，直接敘述，可讀性強(qiáng)simplicityandtnessofthebookwithitsdirectreportingmakeitableandacommonblessingandfathertothemall”England”.1630年登上“阿貝亞”(Arbella)toMassachusettseepajournalandtotherestofhisbleforitscandidsimplicityandsty是記錄歷史，但卻運(yùn)用了直接生動(dòng)的散文格式文學(xué)作品theneedtorecordimportanteventsinpermanentformYetthroughadirectandvigorousprosestyle,eachaccountliteraryexcellence.清教徒(Puritan):就是要凈化他們的宗教信仰和行為方式，要純潔自Puritanswantedtomakepuretheirreligiousbeliefsandpractices,ThePuritanwas“Would-bepurifier”.lookeduponthemselvesasachosenpeople式提出異議就是反對(duì)上帝旨意anyonewhochallengedtheirwayoflifewasopposingGod’sWillandwasnottobeaccepted.對(duì)自己的信仰視之如命，對(duì)別人信仰不能容忍theywerezealousindefenseoftheirownbeliefsbutoftenerantofthebeliefsofothersmadelawsaboutprivatemoralityaswellaspublicbehavior“黑眉毛的古板的清教徒”“sternandblack-browedPuritans”.sPatriarchofNewEngland1633年到Boston，他所宣講的由宗教來統(tǒng)治國(guó)家的神權(quán)思想hewasthe“teacher”(spiritualderofthecommunityanditsguidinginfluencetowardtheidealoftheocracyastateruledbythechurchhisprimaryinfluencewasthroughthepulpit.theyweremuchmoreconcernedwithauthoritythanwithdemocracy.Massachusetts逐到現(xiàn)羅德島Rhode認(rèn)為行為上的德，信仰上的誠(chéng)并沒有給任何權(quán)力，沒有任何政治秩序和教會(huì)體制能夠直接theideathatsimplytobevirtuousinconductnddevoutinbeliefdidnotgiveanyonetherighttoforcebeliefonothersHealsofeltthatnopoliticalorderorchurchsystemcouldidentifyitselfdirectlywithGod.趣Indianlanguage部分言指南》“AKeyintotheLanguageofAmerica”or“AHelptothelanguageoftheNativesinThatPartofAmericaCalledNewEngland”DudleyBradstreet中最風(fēng)趣的詩人之一oneofthemostinterestingoftheearlypoets1630年乘“Arbella”到Massachusetts.她的文學(xué)創(chuàng)作在撫養(yǎng)八個(gè)子女家庭勞作繁ectionofpoemsinclassicalallusion個(gè)謬斯》“TheTenthMuseLatelySprungUpinAmerica中傳奇故事有點(diǎn)言過其實(shí)，但對(duì)日?，嵤聰⑹鱿喈?dāng)高超poureswereoverambitiousbutwrotewellwhendealtwiththesimpleeventsofherdailylife.Puritanpoets遵循了十七世紀(jì)中期一些杰出hisworkfollowedtheystyleandformsofthesofthemidseventeenthcentury礎(chǔ)進(jìn)mostofTaylor’sworktreatedreligiousthemes,withmanypoemsbaseddirectlyonthePsalms.PartⅡTheLiteratureofReasonAndRevolution理性和革命時(shí)期文學(xué)Independence”美出口原材料，后從英國(guó)購(gòu)回高成本的機(jī)器theyhamperedcolonialeconomybyrequiringAmericanstoshiprawmaterialsabroadandtoimportfinishedgoodsatpriceshigherthanthecostofmakingtheminthiscountry.歸英國(guó)政府統(tǒng)一管理，交各種稅收但在議會(huì)中卻rulingthecoloniesfromoverseasandbytaxingthecolonieswithoutgivingthemrepresentationinParliament.sofsixteen續(xù)了八年(1776-1783)TheWarforIndependence.諾亞·韋伯斯特(NoahWebster)說：文化上的獨(dú)立，藝術(shù)上的著名。ram前惟一的杰出的美國(guó)作家inthecolonialperiod,theonlygoodAmericanauthorbeforetheRevolutionaryWar.協(xié)助杰弗遜起草獨(dú)立宣言和美國(guó)憲法aidedJeffersoninwriting“TheDeclarationofIndependence”andConstitution.writer表達(dá)能力，簡(jiǎn)潔明了，有點(diǎn)幽默，還是一位諷刺天才asanauthorhehadpowerofexpression,simplicity,asubtlehumor.Hewasalsosarcastic.TheAutobiography”CommonerofMankind美國(guó)著名政治小冊(cè)子作家pamphleteer.是政治諷刺的天才apoliticalsatiristofgenius.pamphlets中被廣泛傳閱，極大恢復(fù)士氣鼓舞民兵斗志wasreadatoncetoallregimentsitrestoredoraleandinspiredthesuccessofthatcitizensarmynfluencedhiscountrymanmoredeeplyandremainedmoreeffectivelyalive樣具人道主義精神vigoroushumanitariansympathies物aproductofthescience,mechanics…..haveafreshstarttowardliberty,selfhood.作為行和能力，不看重世俗中特權(quán)ahumanistritandabilityalonenottoprivilege生俱來的權(quán)利thenaturalrightsofmanmustbesecuredbylawinalienablyforall,irrespectiveoftion，政府在普遍贊同下才合法，其目的是為個(gè)人謀削人民。政府須為民提供言論、思想、結(jié)社、出等自由.government,anecessaryevil,foundsanctiononlyinthecommonconsentofasocialcontract,itspurposewasthebenefitoftheindividualnothisploitationitmustprovidefreedomofspeechthoughtassociation,press,worship,education,andenterprise.fofthePostRevolutionaryperiod人也是doubleroleaspoetandpoliticaljournalist典主義類，但本質(zhì)上卻屬浪漫主義類hewasneoclassicalbytrainingandtasteyetromanticinessentialspirit、傷感作家、一個(gè)人道主義者wasalsoatonceasatiristoftheBritishandasentimentalist,ahumanitarian.“美國(guó)革命詩人”(thepoetoftheRevolution);“美國(guó)詩歌之父”(FatherofAmericanPoetry).beenrecognizedasacourageouschampionofAmericanpopulargovernment，他預(yù)示了美國(guó)文學(xué)獨(dú)立的到來asapoet,FreneauheraldedAmericanliteraryindependenceincontrastwiththeornatestyleofhisoupletshelaterdevelopedanaturalsimpleandconcretediction.PartTheLiteratureofRomanticism浪漫主義文學(xué)朝的結(jié)束”thefrontierheroAndrewJacksonasthe7thPresidentoftheUnitedStateshadbroughtaneffectiveendtothe“VirginiaDynasty”ofAmericanPresidents.1861年開始CivilWar.市化國(guó)家，科技創(chuàng)造大量物質(zhì)財(cái)富同時(shí)又蕩theUnitedStateshadbeguntochangeintoanindustrialcausesocietytechnologywouldbringvastmaterialbenefitsandcauseoverwhelmingsocialdisorders.到了新大陸本身所處環(huán)境及歐洲早期浪漫主響TheattitudesofAmerica’swriterswereshapedbytheirNewWorldenvironmentandanarrayofideasinheritedfromtheromanticstraditionsofEurope.romanticssharedcertaingeneralcharacteristics值觀及直覺感社會(huì)是腐敗之源moralenthusiasm,thinthevalueofindividualismandintuitiveperceptiondapresumptionthatthenaturalworldwasasourceofgoodnessandman’ssocietiesasourceofcorruption.30s—theCivilWar)：既不講究邏輯，也不講究系統(tǒng)，它只強(qiáng)調(diào)超越理性的感受，超越相信精神上的超越，相信無所不能的善的力量，萬物都是善的一部分asamoralphilosophy,anscendentalismwasneitherlogicalnorsystematizedItxaltedfeelingoverreasonindividualexpressionovertherestraintsoflawandcustomTheybelievedinthetranscendenceoftheOversoulanallpervadingpowerforgoodnessfromwhichallthingscomeandofwhichallthingsareapart.教類及宣言類作品被長(zhǎng)篇小說、短篇故事這一時(shí)期文學(xué)的主要形式novels,shortstories,andpoemsreplacedsermonsandmanifestosasAmericasprincipalliteraryforms.人們既有各種精神上的幻想，又有日益強(qiáng)烈理念，社會(huì)的沖突及極端想法在血腥的國(guó)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中達(dá)到了頂峰wasalandofparadoxes,alandstirredbyspiritualdreamsandshapedbytherealitiesofagrowingmaterialism.Americanshadsoughtnewlibertiesandnewideasinlifeandart,butconflictsoftheirsocietyhadculminatedinabloodycivilwar.sthefirstgreatprosestylistofAmericanromanticismfamiliarstyle.不是一些業(yè)余作家的平淡無味，這歸因于他始性theapparenteaseofhiswritingisnotsimplythatofthegiftedamateur;itresultsfromhispurposefulidentificationofhiswholepersonalitywithwhathewrote自己大氣，優(yōu)雅的寫作與美國(guó)本土的一些特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行有機(jī)結(jié)合，最后形成自己的風(fēng)格hewasurbaneandworldly,yethumorousandgentle,hisgreatandstylecombinewithAmericanrootsshapedhissonalityhewasthefirstgreatbelletristwritingalwaysforpleasure,andtoproducepleasure.自敘》：“TheAuthor’sAccountof美國(guó)第一位憑著膽識(shí)走上文壇的著名小說家thefirstimportantAmericannovelistbeganhisliterarycareeronadare.奇小說和海上傳奇小Cooperlaunchedtwokindsofimmenselypopularstories:theseaadventuretale,andthefrontiersaga.24年《領(lǐng)航者》最為成功“ThePilot”thebestofhismanyseawrotethefirstofficialhistoryoftheU.S.Navy. 止美國(guó)最接近史詩的一部大作，hisfrontierstories“LeatherStockingTales”includingfivenovelsTheLastoftheMohicans”.AllanNevinscallsthesefivenovels“thenearestapproachyettoanAmericanepic當(dāng)時(shí)美國(guó)人思想意識(shí)，還使歐withavastgroupofsupportingcharactersvirtuousorvillainousCoopermadetheAmericanconsciousofhispastandmadetheEuropeanconsciousofAmerican.4．教材作品：《最后的莫希干人》：“TheLastofTheMohicans”1817年偉大史詩《死之思考》(希臘語)，人們一致認(rèn)為這是當(dāng)時(shí)美國(guó)最杰出的一篇詩作thestatelypoemcalled”Thanatopsis”GreekmeaningviewofdeathintroducedthebestpoettoppearinAmericanuptothattimeBryantmeritsareputationasapoet.“用美國(guó)英語寫作的最完美的短詩”，“ToaWaterfowlisperhapsthepeakofhiswork,“Mostperfectbriefpoeminthelanguage”.歐洲讀者到了相當(dāng)高的詩人稱號(hào)的作家AsIrvinghadshownthatAmericanprosehadcomeofagesoBryantdemonstratedtoEuropeanreadersthatAmericanpoetrywasreadytodemandtionHewasthefirstAmericantogainthestatureofamajorpoet4.教材作品：《死之思考》：“Thanatopsis”《致水鳥》：“ToaWaterfowl”1.(己作為編輯、詩人、文學(xué)評(píng)論家、小說作showedhistruetalentsasaneditorapoet,aliterarycritic,andawriteroffiction.》出版“TheRaven”waspublishedasthetitlepoemofacollection的探路者，對(duì)法國(guó)文壇一些作家影響特別深inEurope,hewashailedasapioneerinpoeticandfictionaltechniquesHisinfluencewasespeciallystrongonmanyFrenchwriters.3.教材作品：《給海倫》：“ToHelen”《烏鴉》：“TheRaven”AnnabelLee”《鄂榭府崩潰記》“TheFalloftheHouseofUsher”入新英格蘭的先驅(qū)，被看作是超驗(yàn)主義運(yùn)動(dòng)的領(lǐng)wasresponsibleforbringingTranscendentalismtoNewEnglandandwasrecognizedthroughouthislifeastheleaderofthemovement先強(qiáng)調(diào)的是個(gè)人主義、思想獨(dú)立和自強(qiáng)hebelievedaboveallinindividualismindependenceofmindandselfreliance，并不忌諱變化和有沖突的思想headmiredcourage,hewasnotafraidofchangingorclashingideas.極富個(gè)性，他的許多隨筆是由日記中的一些詞的東西等缺乏比較好的組織結(jié)構(gòu)；然而他構(gòu)句的水平高超，一些經(jīng)過推敲后的句子不僅思想深刻，而且讓人難以忘懷hisprosestyleissometimesashighlyindividualashispoetry.Manyofhisessayswereputtogetherfromhisjournalentries,speechesandrandomnotes,andtheyareoftensomewhatdisorganizedYethisskillinpolishingeachsentenceintoastrikingthoughtmakeshiswritingmemorable.《論自助》：“Self-Reliance”wasEmersonstruestdisciple,whoputintopracticemanyofEmerson’stheories.WhereILived,andWhatILivedFor闡釋了他去體驗(yàn)這種生活的原因，他認(rèn)為一個(gè)一星期最下的六天時(shí)間則用來思索，他也認(rèn)為人類心靈的自助每個(gè)人都應(yīng)該發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的生活方式heexplainedmanyofthebeliefsthatledhimtotrythiskindoflife.HethoughtitbetterforamantoworkonedayaweekandtherestoftheweekcouldbedevotedtothoughtForThoreau,asforEmersonselfrelianceandindependenceofmindrankedabovealleachshouldfindouthisownwayofliving.來獲得創(chuàng)作素材的，聽人家講的一些新頭故事、民間傳說及各種鬼怪趣事HawthornegatheredhismaterialbyobservingandlisteningtootherswhosetalkwasfilledwithNewEnglandLore,legend,andsuperstition.他能夠通過一些極具象征意義的故事來觸摸最好的例自娛的《紅字》，小說的每一個(gè)字，每一幅畫了一個(gè)特定的效果，它講述了關(guān)于罪的故事些人獲得拯救的故事Hawthorne’suniqueftwasforthecreationofstronglysymbolicstorieswhichhedeepestrootsofmansmoralnatureThefines