藥學(xué)專業(yè)英語視聽教程 課件全 lecture 1-4 Physiology and Pathology-Pharmacology

LectureOnePhysiologyandPathologyendocrinehomeostasisparabiosisdepolarizationpancreasthrombusruptureatherosclerosisglucagonendothelialitmakesenzymesforthedigestionoffats,carbohydratesandproteinsthataresecretedintothelumenoftheduodenumitproducesglucagonfromalphacellsandamylinandinsulinfrombetacells,whichallgetsecretedintothebloodGLUT2transportersmetabolizedtoproduceATPATPsensitivepotassiumchannelsinthemembraneandclosethemdepolarizationsincethepotentialforpotassiumtoleavehasdecreasedacorrespondingnumberofcalciumvoltage-gatedchannelstoopenpre-synthesizedvesiclescontaininginsulinandamylinenterthebloodGLUT2exocytosis中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversitybindtoinsulinreceptorslocatedonmuscleandfatcellstranslocationoftheglucosetransporterGLUT4intothecellmembraneglucosetoleavethebloodtoenterthemuscleandfatcellsfatstoredasglycogenorbeutilizedtomakeATP中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversitystemorganismspermsubcellular中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversitymitochondrianutrientsembryonic中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversitycontractbonemarrow中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity

Vocabularymedication[?med??ke??n]藥物anemia[??nimi?]貧血osteoporosis[??sti??p??r??s?s]骨質(zhì)疏松癥fracture[?fr?kt??(r)]骨折GERD:gastroesophageal[g?str??i?s?f?d???l]refluxdisease胃食管返流病asthma[??sm?]哮喘gravity[?ɡr?v?ti]重力sphincter[?sf??kt?(r)]括約肌nicotine[?n?k?ti?n]尼古丁中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversityTrueorFalse1.Heartburnisamedicalconditionrelatedtotheheart.2.Medicationistheonlywaytostopheartburn.3.Medicationsforheartburncanbetakenforlongperiodwithoutanyadversereactions(不良反應(yīng)).4.Chewingbeforeswallowingisagoodeatinghabit.5.Whatisportionsize?Trytogetsomecluesfromthepicture.中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversityServingSizeversusPortionSize（食物份量)（食物分量)中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity1.Isstickingtomedicationsalwaysagoodwaytodealwithheartburn?Andwhy?No.Medicationscouldbeprettyharmfultopeople.Thesemedicineswork,buttheyareonlysupposedtobetakenforashortperiodoftime.Patientsthatoverusethesemedicationshaveahigherincidenceofanemia,osteoporosis,andhipfractures.中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity2.AccordingtoDoctorJorgeRodriguez,whatwillcauseGERD?FoodingestionAcidproductionAcidrefluxfromstomachtoesophagusburningsensationirritationtorespiratorytractandtriggeringofasthmapre-cancersorcanceroftheesophagus3.WhatwillbetheconsequencesofGERD?中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity4.Whatarethepossiblewaystostopheartburn?Don’tgotobedorliedownrightafteryoueat;PropthebedPortionsizeChewthefoodbeforeswallowingLoosenyourbeltandsitupstraightTakeyourtimetoeatDon’tgethunchedover(彎腰駝背)Nolate-nighteatingCutdownthestressReducetheconsumptionofalcoholandnicotine…中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity

Vocabularyrejuvenate[r??d?u?v?ne?t]使年輕，使更有活力cognition[k?ɡ?n??n]認(rèn)知neurodegenerativedisease神經(jīng)退行性疾病neuropathologist神經(jīng)病理學(xué)家Alzheimer’sdisease[??ltsha?m?zd?zi?z]阿爾茨海默病dementia[d??men??]癡呆susceptibility[s??sept??b?l?ti]（疾?。┮赘行詁ioinformatics[?ba?????nf??m?t?ks]生物信息學(xué)chronological[?kr?n??l?d??kl]按時(shí)間順序的，按時(shí)間計(jì)算的inflammation[??nfl??me??n]炎癥中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity1.Whatcanwelearnfromtheverybeginningofthespeechwhenthespeakertalksaboutthepaintingfromthe16thcentury—theFountainofYouth?Everyculture,everycivilizationhasdreamedoffindingeternalyouth.ThereseemstobeaFountainofYouthformice.

----oldmusclefromamousecanberejuvenated,

ifit’sexposedtoyoungbloodthrougha

commoncirculation;----similarrejuvenatingeffectscouldbeobserved

inthepancreas,theliverandtheheart;----anoldmouseexposedtoayoungblood

showsayoungerbrain,andabrainthat

functionsbetter中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity2.Whatchangesoccurwhenpeoplegetolder?Cognitiveabilitiesaredeclining.Thesynapsesstarttodeteriorate,neuronsdieandthebrainstartstoshrink.Thesusceptibilityfortheseneurodegenerativediseasesincreases.中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity3.Howwastheexperimentabouttheanalysisofbloodsamplesfromhealthyhumanbeingswiththeageof20–89conducted?Whatwasrevealedfromtheexperiment?Almost300bloodsamplesfromhealthyhumanbeingswerecollectedandover100ofcommunicationfactorsweremeasured.

Abouthalfofthesefactorschangedsignificantlybetweentheyoungestandtheoldestgroup.

Thereisagoodcorrelationbetweenthechronologicalageandthebiologicalagepreidctedfromthesefactors.

Thereareoutliersthatarefarfromthecorrelationcurve.中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity1.Whatdidtheresearchersfindoutintheexperimentusingthemodelofparabiosis?Andwhatarethereasonsfortheseresults?Therearemoreneuralstemcellsthatmakenewneuronsintheseoldbrains.Therearemoregenesexpressedthatareknowntobeinvolvedintheformationofnewmemories.Thereislessbadinflammation.Itmustbethesolublefactorsintheblood—plasma—thatcausedthesechanges.中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity2.Whatdidtheresearchersdototestthememoryofoldmice?Andwhatdidtheresultsreveal?Abigtableisdesignedtohavelotsofholesinit,butonlyoneofholesisconnectedwithatubemountedunderneath.Micecanbetrainedtofindthissingleholesincetheywanttoescapefromthebrightlight.Thetimeittakesforthemousetofindthiswholeisameasurementofmemory.中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversityTheoldmousetreatedwithyounghumanplasmashowedabettermemory.Younghumanplasmaalsocontainssomethingthatcanrejuvenateoldbrain.Youngbloodfactorscanreverseaging.

Old-bloodfactorscanaccelerateaging.中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity3.Whatdoyouthinkofagereversal?Pleasemakeabriefcomment.MaybetheFountainofYouthisactuallywithinus.Ifthesefactorscouldbeidentified,wecouldchemicallysynthesizethemandusethemtotreatdiseasesofaging,suchasAlzheimer’sdisease.Toimprovethequalityoflifefortheelderly.Toincreaselifeexpectancyofhumans.中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversityAssignments:PartITask3InterpretationPartIITask3HomeostasisPartIIITask1PathogenesisofAtherosclerosis中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversityLectureTwoMicrobiology中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversitymacrophagecytokineepidemicconjugationchromosome中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity

colony

phageproteaseplaceboallergy中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversitybeingsmallestinsizeaffectingneworganismsviruseshavetoinvadebodycellformultiplicationbeingunabletosurviveoutsidethehostforlong中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversitydon’tcauseanydiseasedigestionyouhaveweakimmunitymostlysimpleandcomplaintssubsidebythemselvesareonlyeffectiveagainstbacterialinfectionwashingyourhands,coveringyourmouthwithtissuepaperorclothwheneveryoucoughorsneezetakingpropercareoflittlewoundsbydisinfectingthemVaccine中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversityprogenychromosomes,genomesself-transmissiblehorizontal中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversitycomplementaryextracellularCompetencygeneticrecombination中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity

Vocabularyspore[sp??(r)]孢子germinate[?d???m?ne?t]萌芽，開始生長incubator[???kjube?t?(r)]（細(xì)菌）培養(yǎng)箱allergic[??l??d??k]過敏的species[?spi??i?z]種genus[?d?i?n?s]屬rash[r??]皮疹中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity1.WhatdidFlemingfindwhenhereturnedtothelabaftervacation?HefoundaPetridishwascontaminatedbyacolonyofmoldandnobacteriagrewinthezonesurroundingthiscolonyofmold.Fleminghypothesizedthatthemoldwassecretingsomekindofcompoundthatcouldkillthebacteria.PenicilliumcolonyStaphylococciundergoinglysisNormalStaphylococcalcolony中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity2.Howdoespenicillindestroybacteria?Penicillindisruptsthesynthesisofthecellwallandpreventsitfrombeingreconstructedatacriticalphase.Meanwhile,penicillinstimulatesthe

releaseofhighlyreactivemolecules

thatcauseadditionaldamage.Thetwomechanismsworktogethertomakethecell’sstructurebreak

downcompletely.中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversityBecausemethodsfortheisolationandmassiveproductionofpenicillinhadn’tbeensuccessfullydeveloped.3.WhydidpenicillinremainalaboratorycuriositymanyyearsafterFleming’sdiscovery?4.Whydomanypeoplehavethemisperceptionthattheyareallergictopenicillin?Manypatientsmistakenlyattributethedevelopmentofrashafterpenicillintreatmenttoallergy.Actually,themorelikelyculpritistheoriginalinfection,orareactionbetweentheinfectionandtheantibiotic.Genuinepenicillinallergiesrarelyoccur.中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity

Vocabularyemergencyuseauthorization緊急使用授權(quán)（atoolthattheFDAcanusetomakeaproductavailableduringapandemicwithoutfullevidenceofsafetyandeffectiveness）Paxlovid帕克洛維nirmatrelvir奈瑪特韋ritonavir利托那韋remdesivir瑞德西韋hospitaladmission[?h?sp?tl?d?m??n]入院、住院tolerate[?t?l?re?t]（對藥物）耐受antiarrhythmic[‘,?nt??’r?em?k]抗心律失常藥antipsychotic[?nt?sa?k?t?k]抗精神病藥中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity1.ForthepurposeofdealingwithCOVID-19,whatdoyouthinkaretheadvantagesoforaldrugsovervaccines?EasyandconvenientstorageandtransportationSelf-administeredandpain-free

Thesimplest,mostconvenient,andsafestmeansofdrugadministration

Providetreatmentoptionwhenvaccinesfailtopreventtheinfection中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity2.DoyouknowotherdrugcombinationsthatcanproducesynergisticeffectasinthecaseofPaxlovid?PaxlovidNirmatrelvir:apotentproteaseinhibitortargetingaproteasethatcutsproteinsneededbySARS-CoV-2forviralreplicationRitonavir:apotentinhibitorofP450thatisinvolvedinthemetabolismofnirmatrelvir中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversityAssignment:searchforthesynergisticmechanismoflevodopaandcarbidopacombinationforthetreatmentofParkinson'sdiseaseLevodopaisaprodrugofdopamine;Levodopaisabletocrosstheblood-brainbarrierandthenmetabolisedbydecarboxylasetodopamine;Carbidopaisadecarboxylaseinhibitorlikethatpreventslevodopametabolismuntilafterithascrossedtheblood-brainbarrier.中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity3.WhatarethemajorclinicalbenefitsofPaxlovidaccordingtotheinterimdataofphase2andphase3studies?PatientswhotookPaxlovidwithinthreedaysofCOVIDsymptomshadan89%lowerriskofhospitaladmissionordeathwhencomparedtoaplacebogroup;Patientstreatedwithinfivedaysofsymptomonsethadsimilarreductionsintheriskofhospitaladmissionordeath;SimilarratesofadverseeventswerereportedforPaxlovid

andplacebogroups,indicatingthatthetreatmentwaswelltolerated;PatientswhoreceivedPaxlovidhadasignificantlylowerrateofseriousadverseevents.中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity

Vocabularyedge（微弱的）優(yōu)勢staphylococcusaureus[?st?f?l??k?k?s][???r??s]金黃色葡萄球菌MRSA(methicillin-resistantstaphylococcusaureus)耐甲氧西林金黃色葡萄球菌salmonella[s?lm?nel?]沙門氏菌

E.coli[?i??k??la?]大腸桿菌pneumonia[nju??m??ni?]肺炎

sepsis[?seps?s]膿毒癥β-lactamantibiotics[?l?kt?m]β-內(nèi)酰胺類抗生素oxacillin[??ks??s?l?n]苯唑西林

quinolone[?kw?n??l??n]喹諾酮類抗生素中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversityTrueorFalse1.Therearemoremicrobialcellsinaperson'sbodythanhumancells.2.Mostofthehugenumberofbacterialcellsinsideyoucancauseharmfulinfections.3.Allantibioticsareproducedfromnaturalsourceslikemold.4.Antibioticscankillorinhibitthegrowthofbacteria,andtheyarealsoharmfultohumancells.5.Someantibioticsstopworkingbecausetherearesomeproblemswiththeseantibioticsthemselves.6.Abacteriumoftenundergoesmutationsandmanyofthese

mutationsaremeaningful,forexample,makingitresistanttoacertainantibiotic.7.Reproductionistheonlywaytopasstheresistantgene.中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity1.Howdobacteriabecomeresistantandhowdotheypasstheresistantgenes?----vertical(reproduction)----horizontal(DNAreleasedbydeadbacteriaispickedupbyanotherbacterium,conjugation/connectingthroughpilitosharethegenes)----mutations;----killingofnon-resistancebacteriainantibiotic-richenvironmentleavesmoreroomandresourcesfortheresistantonesCauses:Transferofresistantgenes:中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity2.Accordingtothevideoclip,whatarethemechanismsthatbacteriausetobecomesuperbugs?BacteriaMechanismofresistanceMRSASalmonellaE.coliagenethatreplacestheprotein(that)beta-lactamsnormallytargetandbindtokeepsthecellwallsynthesisunaffectedproduceenzymeslikebeta-lactamasethatbreakdownantibioticattackersbeforetheycandoanydamagepreventtheentryofsomeantibioticslikequinolonesbyactivelybootinganyinvaders中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity3.Whatmeasureshavebeentakentocurbthedevelopmentofresistance?ThedevelopmentofnoveltreatmentsisprioritizedbyWHO;Alternativesolutionssuchasphagetherapyorusingvaccinestopreventinfectionsarebeinginvestigated;Restrictexcessiveandunnecessaryuseofantibiotics;Changemedicalpracticetopreventhospitalinfections中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity4.What’syourunderstandingofthelastsentenceinthevideoclip—“Inthewaragainstsuperbacteria,de-escalationmaysometimesworkbetterthantheevolutionaryarmsrace”?“De-escalation”meanstoreducetheuseofforceandtheriskofinjury;“Armsrace”referstothesituationinwhichtwoormorecountriestrytohavemoreandstrongerweaponsthaneachother;So,whatisthe“evolutionaryarmsrace”?在對抗超級細(xì)菌的戰(zhàn)爭中，緩解沖突有時(shí)可能比進(jìn)化軍備競賽更有效。中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversityAssignments:PartITask3InterpretationPartIITask3HowDoVaccinesWork?PartIIITask1ViralInvasionandtheImmuneResponse中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversityLectureThreeBiochemistry中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversityholoenzymelocuscatalystkinasedeoxyribose中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversityplaque

geneticsbiologictriglycerideautophosphorylation中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversityacaseofemergentproperties3Dstructure-basedfunction中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversitystructuralsupport,catalysis,signalingandimmunefunctionenergyproductionandstructuralsupportenergystorage,cushioningandstructuralsupportstorageofgeneticinformationcarbonatomsarecovalentlybondedtogetherinverystablestructureshangofftheskeletonandparticipateinchemicalreactions中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversitysugarnucleicacidinheritedproteinsdeoxyribonucleicacidnucleotidespurinespyrimidinesdoublehelix中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity1.Howdoesanenzymespeedupachemicalreaction?Anenzymespeedsupachemicalreactionbyloweringthereaction’sactivationenergy,thatis,theamountofenergyneededforthereactiontobegin.中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity2.Whatistheactivesiteofanenzyme?Activesiteiswherethesubstratebindsandreal-timereactiontakesplace.Ithasspecificarrangementofaminoacidswhichrendersspecificsize,shapeandchemicalbehavior.Anenzyme’sactivesiteisuniqueonlytoaparticularsubstrate.中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity3.Whatarethenon-proteinpartsofsomeenzymes?Manyenzymesconsistofanon-proteinpartcalled“Cofactor.”Cofactorsmaybe:cations,positivelychargedmetalions;activators,boundstemporarilytotheactivesitetoactivatetheenzyme;organicmolecules,vitaminsorvitaminproducts;coenzymesthatjoinenzymessubstratescomplextemporarily;prostheticgroups,permanentlyenzyme-bound.中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity4.What’sthedifferencebetween“LockandKeyHypothesis”and“InducedFitHypothesis”?IntheLockandKeymodel,thesubstratesimplyfitsintotheactivesitetoformareactionintermediate,justlikethekeyfitsinitsspecificlock.Thereisnochangeintheirshapes.

InInducedFitmodel,theenzymechangesitsshapeuponbindingofsubstrateandthenbindsmoretightlytothesubstrate.中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity5.HowdoenvironmentalfactorsliketemperatureandpHaffectenzymeactivity?Theoptimumtemperatureforenzymefunctionis37℃.Ahigherorlowertemperaturewillmaketheactivesitelesssuitedtobindsubstrate,thusdecreasingenzymeactivity.Hightemperaturecanevendenatureenzymes,makingthemlessactiveoreveninactive.Aminoacidspresentintheactivesiteareacidicorbasic.FluctuationinpHcanaffecttheseaminoacids,makingithardforsubstratestobind.ExtremepHvaluescanalsodenatureenzymes.中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity6.Howdoenzymeinhibitorsinterferewithbiochemicalreactions?Competitiveinhibitorsoccupytheactivesiteandpreventasubstratemoleculefrombindingtotheenzyme.

Non-competitiveinhibitorsattachtopartoftheenzymeotherthantheactivesitetodistorttheshapeofanenzyme.中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity

Vocabularyactivepharmaceuticalingredient活性藥物成分generic[d???ner?k]

仿制藥brandnamedrug/originatorproduct品牌藥、專利藥、原研藥ibuprofen[?a?bju??pr??fen]

布洛芬osteoporosis[??sti??p??r??s?s]骨質(zhì)疏松multiplesclerosis[?m?lt?plskl??r??s?s]多發(fā)性硬化tolerate[?t?l?re?t]（對藥物）耐受rheumatoidarthritis[?ru?m?t??dɑ??θra?t?s]類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎mastercellbank主細(xì)胞庫（theprimarysourceofcellsforbiologicdrugs）Molecularweight:206.27中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity1.Howdobiologicaldrugsdifferfromtraditionalchemicalmedicines?ComparisonBiologicaldrugs(e.g.monoclonalantibody)Traditionalchemicalmedicines(e.g.ibuprofen)RouteofadministrationMolecularsizeStructureManufacturing

injectionorinfusionoral(pill,tablet,orcapsule)largesmallsimplecomplexbiotechnologychemicalsynthesis中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity2.Whycan’tbiosimilarsbemanufacturedidenticaltotheoriginatorproduct?Biosimilarsarebiologicdrugsthatarehighlysimilartoaparticularoriginatorbiologic,butnotthesame.Theproducingcelllineisdifferent.Themanufacturingprocessisdifferent.中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity3.Whydoestheproductionofbiologicalmedicinesrequireahighlevelofmonitoringandtesting?Ahighlevelofmonitoringandtestingthroughouttheprocessisnecessaryforassuringthequalityandconsistencyinthefinalproduct.Ithelpsensurethateachdoseisbotheffectiveandsafeforpatients.Evenminorchangesinthemanufacturingprocesscanimpacthowthemedicineworksinthebody.Ithelpstotrackpossibledefectsinthemanufacturingprocessthatmaycauseadverseevents.

Vocabularyclusteredregularlyinterspacedshortpalindromicrepeats(CRISPER)成簇的規(guī)律間隔的短回文重復(fù)序列TheyareshortpalindromicrepeatingsequencesofDNAfoundinmostbacterialgenomesthatareinterruptedbyspacers—sequencesofgeneticcodederivedfromthegenomesofpreviouslyencounteredbacterialpathogens.analogue[??n?l?ɡ]相似物，類似的事情，類似物complex[?k?mpleks]復(fù)合物sicklecellanemia[?s?klsel??ni?m??]鐮狀細(xì)胞性貧血Huntington’sdisease亨廷頓舞蹈癥off-target[?f?tɑ?ɡ?t]脫靶中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversityTrueorFalse1.Whenvirusesinfectabacterium,thewholesequenceoftheirDNAwillbeinsertedintothechromosomeofthebacterium.2.TheCRISPRsystemcanonlyprotectbacteriafromvirusesforonegeneration.3.ItistheCas9componentoftheCRISPRsystemthatcutsuptheviralDNA.4.Whenadouble-strandedbreakinDNAisinducedbyCRISPRtechnologyinaplantorananimalcell,itcannolongerberepaired.5.ThespeakerthinksthatthefirstapplicationsoftheCRISPRtechnologyaregoingtohappeninthetreatmentofblooddisordersbecauseit’seasiertodeliverthesystemtobloodcellsthansolidtissuecells.6.TheCRISPRtechnologyhasbeensuccessfullyappliedindifferenttypesoftissuesandanimals.7.TherearestillsomechallengestoovercomebeforeclinicalapplicationoftheCRISPRtechnologybecomespossible.中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity1.HowdoestheCRISPRsystemprotectbacteriaagainstviralinfection?DNAofinfectingvirusispluckedoutandinsertedinlittlebitsintoCRISPRsiteofbacterialchromosome;ThebitsofinsertedDNAaretranscribedintoRNA;ThoselittlebitsofRNAbindtoproteinscalledCas9toformacomplexthatsearchesthroughalloftheDNAinthecelltofindsiteswithmatchingsequences;

TheCas9cutuptheviralDNA.中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity2.WhataretheadvantagesofCRISPRtechnologyoverpreviousgenomeengineeringtechnologies?----Oldertechnologieswereeitherinefficientortoodifficulttobeadoptedindifferentlaboratoriesorforclinicalapplications;----CRISPRtechnologyismuchsimpler.It’sjustlikesoftwareforthegenome,whichallowseasyprogrammingusingtheselittlebitsofRNA;中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity3.ConsideringthecurrentprogressinCRISPRtechnology,whatdoyouthinkarethepossibleapplicationsofthistechnologyinmedicineandwhatarethepossiblerisks?Applications:Tomakeagenesilencedtostudyitsfunction;CRISPRsystemcanbedesignedtoinducecutandrepairatspecificsiteofthechromosome,makingitpossibletocorrectdisease-causingmutations;

ThefirstapplicationsoftheCRISPRtechnologyaregoingtohappeninthebloodwhereit’srelativelyeasiertodeliverthistoolintocellscomparedtosolidtissues;TocreatemodelsforhumandiseasePossiblerisks:DNAisnotrepairedintheintendedway;Off-targeteffect中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity4.CRISPRtechnologyalsohasthepotentialtobeusedforenhancement,forexample,toengineerhumanstohavelesssusceptibilitytoacertaindisease,strongerbones,andevensmarterbrains.Areyoufororagainsttheapplicationofthistechnologyforthepurposeof“designerhumans”?Andwhy?ProsItisanewwaytobattlediseasesthatarechallenginganddeadly.Itcouldextendthelifespanofhumans.Itcouldbeawaytotreatgeneticdisorderedinthegeneralpopulation.Itwouldgiveparentsachancetogivetheirchildsomethingnew.Itcouldreduceissueswithsocietaldiscrimination.…ConsItofferssafetyconcernswhichwecannotignore.Itwouldreducethediversityofhumanity.Itcouldbeaviolationoftherightsofthechild.Itcouldenhancethesocioeconomicdifferencesinsociety.…中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversityAssignments:PartITask3InterpretationPartIITask3TheGoodandBadCholesterolPartIIITask1InsulinSignalingPathwayLectureFourPharmacologypharmacodynamicshistaminehypothalamuspermeabilitymembraneligandbioavailabilityendogenousacetylcholineendocytosisanyman-made,naturalorendogenoustheinteractionbetweenalivingorganismandchemicalsmoleculewhichexertsabiochemicalorphysiologicaleffectonthecell,tissue,organororganismhowalivingorganismaffectsthedrughowthedrugaffectstheorganismtherateandtheamountofadrugthatisabsorbedfromthegivendosageformandreachesthesystemiccirculationreleaseofdrugfrompharmaceuticalsimplediffusionsubstanceenteringthebloodcirculationthedispersionordisseminationofsubstancesthroughoutthefluidsandtissuestherecognitionbytheorganismthatformulationandpassthroughthemembranefacilitateddiffusionactivetransporttheroutethatadrugenterstheorganismitsbioavailabilityofthebodybiotransformationinactivationforeignsubstanceispresentinanirreversibletransformationofparentcompoundintodaughtermetabolitestheremovalofsubstancefromthebodysugarnucleicacidlockandkeyhydrophilicdeoxyribonucleicacidnicotinicsodiumgradientdepolarizationdimerizationautophosphorylationeffectortranscription

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