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關(guān)于心臟康復(fù)評定APATIENTCASEEXAMPLE第2頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天1.Whyareyouheretoday?2.Haveyoubeendiagnosedwithacardiacdisorderinthepast?3.Haveyouhadanyspecialteststoexamineyourheartlikeanelectrocardiogram,stresstest,echocardiogram,orcardiaccatheterization?第3頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天4.Doyouexperienceanginaorshortnessofbreathatrest,onlywithactivity/exercise,orbothatrestandwithactivity/exercise?第4頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天5.Ifyouexperienceanginaorbecomeshortofbreathduringactivityorexercisecouldyoupleasedescribethetypeofactivityorexercisewhichproducesyouranginaorshortnessofbreath?第5頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天6.Canyoudescribeyouranginaorshortnessofbreath?Canyouhelpmeunderstandyouranginaorshortnessofbreathbypointingtothenumbers1through4todescribethelevelofanginayouexperienceatrestandexerciseorbypointingtoyourlevelofshortnessofbreathusingthis10-pointscaleorbymarkingthisvisualanalogscale?第6頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天7.CouldIfeelyourpulsetodetermineyourheartrateandthestrengthofyourpulse?8.CouldIplacethisfingerprobeonyourindexfingertoobtainanoxygensaturationmeasurement?第7頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天9.CouldIplacetheseelectrodesonyourchesttoobtainasimplesingle-leadelectrocardiogram(ECG)?第8頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天10.CouldItakeyourbloodpressurewhileyouareseatedandthencompareittothebloodpressurewhileyouarelyingdownandthenstanding?Iwouldalsoliketoobserveyourpulse,oxygensaturation,ECG,andsymptomswhenyouarelyingdownandstanding.第9頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天11.CouldIlistentoyourheartandlungswithmystethoscope?WhileIdothisIwillconcentrateonwatchingyourECGsothatIcanidentifyyourheartsoundsandanychangesintheECGwhileyouarebreathingdeeplywhenlisteningtoyourlungs.第10頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天12.CouldIplace1ofmyhandsonyourstomachand1handonyourupperchesttodeterminehowyoubreathe?13.CouldIplacemyhandsonthelowermostribsoneachsideofyourchesttodeterminehowyoubreathe?14.CouldIplacemyhandsonyourbacktodeterminehowyoubreathe?15.CouldIwrapmytapemeasurearoundyourchestatseveraldifferentsitestodeterminehowyoubreathe?第11頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天16.NowthatIunderstandsomeverybasicinformationaboutthemannerinwhichyoubreathecouldyoupleasebreatheinthemannerIinstructyouviasoundsImake,pressurefrommyhands,methodsIshowtoyou,ordifferentbodypositions?IwilloccasionallyplacemyhandsonyourchestandwrapmytapemeasurearoundyourchesttodeterminehowyoubreatheduringthesesimpletestsandIwillaskyoutoidentifyyourlevelofshortnessofbreathusingthe10-pointscaleorvisualanalogscale—Isthisokwithyou?第12頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天17.CouldImeasurethestrengthofyourbreathingmusclebyhavingyouplacethismouthpieceinyourmouthandbreatheinandoutasdeeplyandasforcefullyasyouareable?第13頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天18.Iwouldlikeyoutonowperformtheactivityorexercisewhichproducesyouranginaorshortnessofbreath.Couldyoupleasedothisnow?第14頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天Thankyouforgivingmethechancetoexamineyoutoday.Iwillcallyourphysiciantogetsomemoreinformationaboutyoulikeelectrocardiogram,echocardiogramandpulmonaryfunctionteststhatyousaidwereperformedlastweekaswellasthearterialbloodgasresults,chestX-ray,andexercisetestresults.第15頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天PhysicalTherapyExaminationMedicalInformationandRiskFactorAnalysis

listeningtothepatientspasthistoryandprimarycomplaintsiscriticalintheexaminationprocess.

第16頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天ExaminationsofPatientAppearancecategorizedbyspecificsignsandsymptoms第17頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天Angina-MethodsToEvaluateAnginafromNonanginalPainIfasuspectedanginalpainchanges(increasesordecreases)withbreathing,palpationinthepainfularea,ormovementofajoint(ie,shoulderflexionandabduction)itisverylikelythatthepainisNOTangina.第18頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天Angina-MethodsToEvaluateAnginafromNonanginalPainitcanbeworsenedbyphysicalexerciseoractivity.Therefore,ifthesuspectedanginalpainisunchangedwiththepreviouslycitedmaneuversandthepainoccurredwithexertion,itisSUSPECTforangina.Ifthesuspectedanginalpainisunchangedbythesemaneuvers,ifthepainoccurredwithexertion,andifthepaindecreasesorsubsideswithrest,itisverylikelythatthepainISangina.Finally,ifthesuspectedpaindecreasesorsubsideswithnitroglycerin,itisevenmorelikelythatthepainISangina.第19頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天第20頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天"Other"SymptomsofHeartDiseasedyspneaFatigueDizzinessLightheadednessPalpitationsasenseofimpendingdoom第21頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天第22頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天ExaminationsofPatientAppearanceskincoloroftheperipheralextremities.Paleorcyanoticskininthelegs,feet,arms,andfingersisassociatedwithpoorcardiovascularfunction.第23頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天ExaminationsofPatientAppearanceDiagonalearlobecrease.Thisphenomenonhasbeeninvestigatedformanyyearsandrecentlywasonceagainfoundtobehighlypredictiveofheartdisease第24頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天AnthropometricmeasurementsbodyweightfingerpressureonanedematousareaGirthmeasurementsskin-foldcalipermeasurementscalculationofthebodymassindexmeasurethepercentageofbodyfatandleanmusclemass第25頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天Jugularvenousdistensionitisoftenduetoright-sidedheartfailure.第26頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天第27頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天第28頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天PalpationoftheRadialPulsePalpationoftheradialpulsecanprovideimportantinformationaboutthestatusofthecardiovascularsystem.MeasurementoftheSystolicBloodPressureandPulseDuringBreathingandSimplePerturbationsoftheBreathingCycle第29頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天MeasurementoftheSystolicandDiastolicBloodPressureandPulseinDifferentBodyPositions第30頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天

ToDeterminetheStatusoftheCardiovascularSystem

observationofadecreaseinsystolicanddiastolicbloodpressurewithoutasubsequentincreaseinheartratewhenchangingbodypositionfromsupinetostandingisconsideredapositivesignforautonomicnervoussystemdysfunction..第31頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天ToDeterminethe

HealthoftheCardiovascularSystemAcardiovascularsystemthatrespondsrapidlytobodypositionchangeislikelyinabetterstateofhealththanacardiovascularsystemthatrespondssluggishly.Bothanunchangedordecreasedheartrateafterstandingfor30seconds(comparedtotheheartrateat15seconds)issuggestiveofautonomicdysfunction.第32頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天asluggishorhypoadaptive(lessthannormal)heartrateandbloodpressureresponseduringachangeinbodypositionsupinetostandingshouldbeconsideredabnormalandsuggestiveofanunhealthycardiovascularsystem.第33頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天amoreadaptiverapidincreaseinheartrateandbloodpressureaftermovingfromasupinetostandingposition(approximately30seconds)islikelyassociatedwithahealthiercardiovascularsystem第34頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天ExaminationofthePulseandArterialBloodPressure

DuringFunctionalTasksandExerciseFrequentmonitoringoftheheartrateandbloodpressuremaybethebestwaytoexaminethesafetyofexerciseandhelptoestablishguidelinesandproceduresforfunctionalorexercisetraining.第35頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天anincreaseinthediastolicbloodpressurewhenthediastolicbloodpressureshouldbedecreased(orlow)isastrongindicatorofcardiovasculardysfunction..第36頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天PotentialindirectmeasuresofcardiacfunctionSymptomsandfunctionalclassificationCold,pale,andpossiblycyanoticextremitiesJugularvenousdistensionandperipheraledemaHeartsoundsPulseElectrocardiographyBloodpressure第37頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天StandardmeasurementofcardiacfunctionCardiaccatheterizationEchocardiographySwan-GanscatheterizationCentralvenouspressureCardiacenzymesANPandBNPRadiologicevidence第38頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天ExerciseTesting第39頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天IndicationsforExerciseTesting:DiagnosisofCoronaryArteryDiseaseAssessmentofPrognosisinCoronaryArteryDiseaseEvaluationofFunctionalCapacityEvaluationofTherapyforCoronaryDiseaseDeterminationofExercisePrescription第40頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天AbsoluteContraindicationstoExerciseTestingAcuteMI(within2days)High-riskunstableanginaUncontrolledcardiacarrhythmiasActiveEndocarditisSevereaorticstenosisDecompensatedheartfailureAcutepulmonaryembolusorinfarction,DVTAcutenoncardiacdisorderaffectingoraggravatedbyexerciseAcutemyocarditis,pericarditisPhysicaldisabilityprecludessafeandadequatetestInabilitytoobtainconsent第41頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天RelativeContraindicationstoExerciseTestingLeftmaincoronarystenosisorequivalentModerateaorticvalvularstenosis(?)ElectrolytedisorderTachyarrhythmiasorBradyarrhythmiasAtrialfibrillationwithuncontrolledventricularresponseHypertrophicCardiomyopathy(?gradient)MentalimpairmentleadingtoinabilitytocooperateHigh-degreeAVblock第42頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天ECGLeadPlacementfor

ExerciseTesting第43頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天ProtocolsforExerciseTesting第44頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天BloodPressureResponses:

ExerciseTestingDependencyoncardiacoutputandperipheralresistanceNormalresponses:IncreaseinSBP(>20-30mmHg)NochangeorfallinDBPInadequateriseinSBP:Myocardialischemia,severeLVsystolicdysfunction,aorticorLVOTobstruction,drugtherapy(?-blockers)Exercise-InducedHypotension(>10mmHgbelowbaseline)Severemyocardialischemia(50%positivepredictivevalueforleftmainor3-vesseldisease),valvularheartdisease,cardiomyopathynoevidenceofclinicallysignificantheartdisease(dehydration,antihypertensivetherapy,prolongedstrenuousexercise)第45頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天HeartRateResponsetoExerciseTestingAcceleratedHeartRateResponse:Deconditioning,prolongedbedrest,anemia,metabolicdisorders,conditionsassociatedwithdecreasedbloodvolumeorlowsystemicvascularresistance,autonomicinsufficencyChronotropicincompetence:Inadequateexerciseeffort,drugtherapy(?-blockers),PrognosticSignificance:(PeakHR-RestingHR)/(220-age-RestingHR)<0.80(Lauer,1999)PeakHR<130bpm(Ellestad)第46頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天EvaluationofExerciseEffortduringExerciseTesting:TheBorgPerceivedExertionScale第47頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天ExerciseCapacity-ExerciseTestingMETcapacity1MET=3.5ml/kg/minO2consumptionFunctionalAerobicImpairment(FAI) (BruceProtocolspecific)PredictedMETlevel(nomograms)PredictedVO2(ACSMformulae)PracticalAspects:LackofassociationbetweenLVEFandexercisecapacityPrognosticvalueofdecreasedexercisecapacityandactiveCADPredictorofpatient’sdisability第48頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天ExerciseTesting-ComplicationsMIordeath:Upto10per10,000tests(1per2,500)Lifethreateningventriculararrhythmias:0-5per100,000Cardiac:Bradyarrhythmias,tachyarrhythmias,acutecoronarysyndromes,heartfailure,hypotension,syncope,deathNoncardiac:Musculoskeletaltrauma,soft-tissueinjuryMiscellaneous:Severefatigue,dizziness,myalgias第49頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天AbsoluteIndicationsforTerminationofExerciseTestST-segmentelevation(>1.0mm)inleadswithoutQ-waves(otherthanV1oraVR)Dropinsystolicbloodpressure>10mmHg(persistentlybelowbaseline)despiteanincreaseinworkload,whenaccompaniedbyanyotherevidenceofischemiaModeratetosevereangina(grades3-4)Centralnervoussystemsymptoms(ataxia,dizziness,nearsyncope)Signsofpoorperfusion(cyanosisorpallor)SustainedventriculartachycardiaTechnicaldifficultiesmonitoringtheECGorsystolicBPPatient’srequesttostop第50頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天RelativeIndicationsforTerminationofanExerciseTestSTchanges(horizontalordownsloping>2mm)ormarkedaxisshiftDropinsystolicbloodpressure>10mmHg(persistentlybelowbaseline)despiteanincreaseinworkload,intheabsenceofotherevidenceofischemiaandnopresyncopalsymptomsIncreasingchestpainFatigue,shortnessofbreath,wheezing,legcramps,orclaudicationHypertensiveresponse(SBP>250mmHgand/orDBP>115mmHg)Developmentofbundle-branchblock(LBBB)thatcannotbedistinguishedfromventriculartachycardia;?EvidenceofanteriorischemiaArrhythmiasotherthansustainedventriculartachycardia(frequentmultifocalPVC’s,ventriculartriplets,SVT,heartblock,orbradyarrhythmias)GeneralAppearance(diaphoresis,peripheralcyanosis)第51頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天CriteriaforReadingST-SegmentChangesontheExerciseECGSTDEPRESSION:Measurementsmadeon3consecutiveECGcomplexes!STlevelismeasuredrelativetotheP-Qjunction3keymeasurements(P-Qjunction,J-point,60-80msecafterJ-point-use60msecforHR>130bpmWhenJ-pointisdepressedrelativetoP-Qjunctionatbaseline:NetdifferencefromtheJjunctiondeterminestheamountofdeviationWhentheJ-pointiselevatedrelativetoP-Qjunctionatbaselineandbecomesdepressedwithexercise:MagnitudeofSTdepressionisdeterminedfromtheP-QjunctionandnottherestingJpoint第52頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天CriteriaforReadingST-SegmentChangesontheExerciseECGSTELEVATION:60msecafterJpointin3consecutiveECGcomplexes第53頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天CriteriaforAbnormalandBorderlineST-SegmentDepressionontheExerciseECGABNORMAL:1.0mmorgreaterhorizontalordownslopingSTdepressionat60msecafterJpointon3consecutiveECGcomplexesBORDERLINE:0.5to1.0mmhorizontalordownslopingSTdepressionat60msecafterJpointon3consecutiveECGcomplexes2.0mmorgreaterupslopingSTdepressionat60msecafterJpointon3consecutiveECGcomplexes第54頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天MorphologyofST-SegmentDeviation

duringExerciseTesting第55頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天ValueofRight-SidedECGLeadsduringExerciseTestingfortheDiagnosisofCAD第56頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天HorizontalST-segmentDepressionduringExerciseTesting第57頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天DownslopingST-SegmentDepressionduringExerciseTesting第58頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天ST-SegmentDepressioninEarlyRecoveryPeriodafterExerciseTesting第59頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天UpslopingST-SegmentDepressionduringExerciseTesting第60頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天MorphologyofST-SegmentDepressionPredictsSeverityofCoronaryArteryDisease

(Goldschlager,1976)第61頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天Exercise-InducedST-SegmentElevationwithPriorAnteriorMyocardialInfarction第62頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天Exercise-InducedST-SegmentElevationintheSettingofPriorInferolateralMI第63頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天Exercise-InducedAnteriorST-SegmentElevationasReflectionofLADIschemia第64頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天Indicationsfor

ExerciseTestingintheDiagnosisofObstructiveCoronaryDiseaseCLASSI:Adultpatients(includingthosewithRBBBorlessthan1mmorrestingST-depression)withanintermediatepretestprobabilityofCAD,basedongender,age,andsymptomsCLASSIIa:PatientswithvasospasticanginaCLASSIIb:PatientswithahighpretestprobabilityofCADbyage,symptoms,andgenderPatientswithalowpretestprobabilityofCADbyage,symptoms,andgenderPatientswithlessthan1mmofbaselineSTdepressionandtakingdigoxinPatientswithECGcriteriaofLVHandlessthan1mmSt-depression第65頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天Pre-testProbabilityofCAD

byAge,Gender,andSymptomsTypical/DefiniteAnginaPectorisAge30-39 Men Intermediate(10-90%)Women IntermediateAge40-49 Men High(>90%)Women IntermediateAge50-59 Men HighWomen IntermediateAge60-69Men HighWomen High第66頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天Pre-testProbabilityofCAD

byAge,Gender,andSymptomsAtypical/PossibleAnginaPectoris:Age30-39Men Intermediate Women VeryLow(<5%)Age40-49 Men Intermediate Women Low(<10%)Age50-50 Men Intermediate Women IntermediateAge60-69 Men Intermediate Women Intermediate第67頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天Pre-testProbabilityofCAD

byAge,Gender,andSymptomsNonanginalChestPain:Age30-39 Men Low Women VeryLowAge40-49 Men Intermediate Women VeryLowAge50-59 Men Intermediate Women LowAge60-69 Men Intermediate Women Intermediate

第68頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天Pre-testProbabilityofCAD

byAge,Gender,andSymptomsAsymptomatic:Age30-39Men VeryLow Women VeryLowAge40-49Men Low Women VeryLowAge50-59Men Low Women VeryLowAge60-69Men Low Women Low第69頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天Indicationsfor

ExerciseTestingintheDiagnosisofObstructiveCoronaryDiseaseClassIII:PatientswiththefollowingECGabnormalities:WPWsyndrome,electronicallypacedventricularrhythm,greaterthan1mmrestingST-depression,completeLBBBPatientswithadocumentedMIorpriorcoronaryangiographydemonstratingsignificantCADhaveanestablisheddiagnosis(?ischemia,prognosis)第70頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天ExerciseTesting;SensitivityandSpecificityfortheDiagnosisofCADSensitivity=[Truepositives/truepositives+falsenegatives]x100Specificity=[Truenegatives/falsepositives+truenegatives]x100StandardExerciseTest(mostlymen)*Sensitivity=68% Specificity=77%PredictiveAccuracy=73%*Basedon1.0mmST-segmentdepression第71頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天ExerciseTestingintheDiagnosisofCoronaryArteryDiseaseinWomenECGAnalysisalone:Sensitivity: 46-79%Specificity: 48-86%UseofDukePrognosticScore:LowRiskscore:19.1%CAD>75%stenosis, 3.5%3-vesselorleftmaindiseaseIntermediateRiskscore:34.9%CAD>75%stenosis,12.4%3-vesselorleftmaindiseaseHighRiskScore:89.2%CAD>75%stenosis,46%3-vesselorleftmaindisease第72頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天RiskAssessmentandPrognosiswithExerciseTestinginPatientswithSymptomsandPriorHistoryofCADClassI:PatientundergoinginitialevaluationwithsuspectedorknownCADincludingthosewithcompleteRBBBandlessthan1mmofrestingECG(exceptions-ClassIIb)PatientswithsuspectedorknowCADpreviouslyevaluated,nowpresentingwithsignificantchangeinclinicalstatusLow-riskacutecoronarysyndromepatients8-12hoursafterpresentationwhohavebeenfreeofactiveischemiaorheartfailuresymptoms(LevelofEvidence=B)Intermediate-riskacutecoronarysyndromepatients2-3daysafterpresentationwhohavebeenfreeofactiveischemiaorheartfailuresymptoms(LevelofEvidence=B)第73頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天RiskAssessmentandPrognosiswithExerciseTestinginPatientswithSymptomsandPriorHistoryofCADClassIIa:Intermediate-riskacutecoronarysyndromepatientswhohaveinitialcardiacmarkersthatarenormal,arepeatECGwithoutsignificantchange,andcardiacmarkers6-12hoursaftertheonsetofsymptomsthatarenormalandnootherevidenceofischemiabyobservation(LevelofEvidence=B)ClassIIb:PatientswiththefollowingECGabnormalities:WPWsyndrome,electronicallypacedventricularrhythm,1mmormoreofrestingST-depression,completeLBBBorIVCDwithaQRSduration>120msecPatientswithastableclinicalcoursewhoundergoperiodicmonitoringtoguidetreatment第74頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天RiskAssessmentandPrognosiswithExerciseTestinginPatientswithSymptomsandPriorHistoryofCADClassIII:Patientswithsevereco-morbiditylikelytolimitlifeexpectancyand/orcandidacyforrevascularizationHigh-riskacutecoronarysyndromepatients(LevelofEvidence=c)第75頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天Short-termRiskAssessmentforDeathorNonfatalMIinPatientswithAcuteCoronarySyndrome

HIGHRISK(atleastoneofthefollowingfeatures):CharacterofPain: Prolongedongoing(>20min)restchestpainClinicalFeatures:Pulmonaryedema,neworworseningMR,S3ornew/worseningrales,hypotension,bradycardia,tachycardia,age>75yrsECGFindings:AnginaatrestwithtransientSTchanges>0.05mV,BBB(neworpresumednew),sustainedventriculartachycardiaBiochemicalMarkers:Elevatedtroponin-I第76頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天Short-termRiskAssessmentforDeathorNonfatalMIinPatientswithAcuteCoronarySyndromeINTERMEDIATERISK:Nohigh-riskfeaturebutmusthaveoneofthefollowing:History:PriorMI,peripheralorcerebrovasculardisease,CABGorprolongedaspirinuseCharacterofPain:Prolonged(>20min)restangina,nowresolved,withmoderatetohighlikelihoodofCADRestangina(<20min)orrelievedbysublingualNTGClinicalFindings:age>70yrsECGFindings:T-waveinversionsgreaterthan0.2mV,pathologicalQ-wavesBiochemicalMarkers:Borderlineelevatedtroponin-I第77頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天Short-termRiskAssessmentforDeathorNonfatalMIinPatientswithAcuteCoronarySyndromeLOWRISK:Nohighorintermediateriskfeaturesbutanyofthefollowing:CharacterofPain:

New-onsetorprogressiveCCSCIIIorIVanginainpast2weekswithmoderatetohighlikelihoodofCADECGFindings:

NormalorunchangedECGduringanepisodeofchestdiscomfortBiochemicalMarkers:

Normal第78頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天PrognosticFactorsfromExerciseTestingElectrocardiographic:MaximumST-depressionMaximumST-elevationST-depressionslope(morphology)NumberofleadsshowingSTchangesDurationofSTdeviationintorecoveryST/HRindexesExercise-inducedventriculararrhythmiasTimetoonsetofSTdeviation第79頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天PrognosticFactorsfromExerciseTestingHemodynamic:MaximumexerciseheartrateMaximumexerciseSBPMaximumexercisedoubleproduct(HRxSBP)Totalexerciseduration(functionalcapacity)ExertionalhypotensionChronotropicincompetenceAbnormalheartraterecovery第80頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天HeartRateRecoveryAfterExerciseTestingPredictsOutcomeinCAD

第81頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天PrognosticFactorsfromExerciseTestingSymptomatic:Exercise-inducedanginaExercise-inducedsymptoms(SOB,dizziness)Timetoonsetofangina第82頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天PrognosticScoreinAssessmentofCardiacEventRiskduringExerciseTestingDukePrognosticScore:TreadmillScore=exercisetimex5(amountofST-segmentdeviation)-4xexerciseanginaindex(0=none,1=presentbutnotlimiting,2=reasontostopthetest)HighRisk:<-11 (5%annualmortality)LowRisk:>+5 (0.5%annualmortality)InformationadditivetocoronaryanatomyandLVEF第83頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天DukePrognosticScoreNomogram第84頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天CombinedPrognosticFactorsIncreasePredictiveValueofExerciseTestingDatainCAD第85頁,共92頁,2024年2月25日,星期天IndicationsforExerciseTestingafterMyocardialInfarctionClassI:Beforedischargeforprognosticassessment,activityprescription,evaluationofmedicaltherapy(submaximalversusmaximal,submaximal4-6days)Earlyafterdischargeforprognosticassessment,activityprescription,evaluationofmedicaltherapy,andcardiacrehabilitationifpre-dischargeexercisetestwasnotdone(symptom-limited,about14-21days)Lateafterdischargeforprognosticassessment,activityprescription,evaluationofmedicaltherapy,andcardiacrehabilitationiftheearlyexercisetestwassubmaximal(symptom-li

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