《現(xiàn)代大學(xué)英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力4》聽(tīng)力原文及題目答案Unit-2

Unit2

Task1:

【答案】

June5th,theUnitedNations,1972,worldleadersandcitizenshowtoprotecttheenvironment,

SanFrancisco,California,"PlanthePlanet"，"GreenCities”,mostpeoplenowlive,morethan75

percent,theformervicepresident,musicconcerts,parades,treeplantings,representativesfrom

manyenvironmentalorganizations

【原文】

EveryyearonJunefifthmanycountriescelebrateWorldEnvironmentDay.TheUnited

Nationsestablishedthisspecialdayinnineteenseventy-twotogetpeopletothinkabouttaking

careoftheplanet.FaithLapidustellsusmore.

“PubliceventsforWorldEnvironmentDayaretakingplacefromJunefirstthroughJune

fifth.Theeventsandconferenceshelpteachworldleadersandcitizenshowtoprotectthe

environment.

“EveryyearWorldEnvironmentDayiscelebratedinadifferentcity.Thisyearitisbeing

heldinSanFrancisco,California.ThisisthefirsttimesincethebeginningofWorldEnvironment

DaythattheconferenceisbeingheldintheUnitedStates.ThemainmessageofWorld

EnvironmentDaythisyearis"PlanforthePlanef.Theeventsandconferenceswillshowhowto

have"GreenCities9.Thismeansthatpeoplewilltalkaboutwaysthatcitiescanhavehealthy

environments.

“Mostpeopleintheworldliveincities.Thismakesthemespeciallyimportantareasof

environmentalconcern.Citiesusemorethanseventy-fivepercentoftheworld'snaturalresources

suchaswaterandgasoline.WorldEnvironmentDaywillcenteronhowpeopleincitiescanwork

togethertohelpsavetheplanet.

“SanFranciscoisholdingpublictalkstodiscusspollutionreduction,cleanenergysources

andtheimportanceofhealthyparksandgardens.Specialexpertsareamongthespeakers.For

example,formervice-presidentAlGorewilltalkaboutclimatechange.Therealsoarefunevents

suchasmusicconcerts,movies,artshows,parades,bicycleridesandtreeplantings.Localfarmers

andrestaurantownerswillservefoodthathasbeennaturallygrown.

“TheMayorofSanFrancisco,GavinNewsom,invitedcityleadersfromallovertheworld

toattendthisconferenceandshareideas.Representativesfrommanyenvironmentalorganizations

alsoareattending.TheUnitedNationshopestocreateaninternationalagreementthatcountries

andcitizenswillfollowtohelpimprovetheEarth*senvironment.9,

Task2:

【答案】

A.

l)d

2)a

3)b

4)c

B.

1)Occupationalnoise

2)Aircraftnoise

3)Trafficnoise

【原文】

Thesenseofsoundisoneofourmostimportantmeansofknowingwhatisgoingonaround

us.Soundhasawastedproduct,too,intheformofnoise.Noisehasbeencalledunwantedsound.

Noiseisgrowinganditmaygetmuchworsebeforeitgetsandbetter.

Scientists,forseveralyears,havebeenstudyinghownoiseaffectspeopleandanimals.They

aresurprisedbywhattheyhavelearned.Peaceandquietarebecominghardertofind.Noise

pollution-thecrashing,squeaking,banging,hammeringofpeople-isnojoke.Itisathreatthat

shouldbelookedatcarefully.Soundismeasuredinunitscalled"decibels”.Atalevelof140

decibelspeoplefeelpainintheirears.

Automobiles,trucks,buses,motorcycles,airplanes,boats,factories,bands-allthesethings

makenoise.Theybothernotonlyourears,butourmindsandbodiesaswell.Thereisasaying

aboutitbeingsonoisythatyoucan'thearyourselfthink.Doctorswhostudynoisebelievethatwe

mustsometimeshearourselvesthink.Ifwedon'twemayhaveheadaches,otherachesandpains,

orevenworsementalproblems.Noiseaddsmoretensiontosocietythatalreadyfacesenough

stress.Butnoiseisnotanewproblem.InancientRome,peoplecomplainedsomuchaboutnoise

thatthegovernmentstoppedchariotsfrommovingthroughthestreetsatnight!

Noisecanbeseparatedintoafewgeneralgroups.Thefollowingexamplesaretakenfrom

hearingsbeforetheUSSenateSubcommitteeonAirandWaterPollutionin1970.

Occupationalnoise—Factoryworkerswhoalwayshearnoisehavepoorerhearingthanother

groups.

Aircraftnoise一Aroundairportsoronairroutesthenoiseofairplanestakingoffandlanding

causesthegreatestcomplaints.

Trafficnoise一Awayfromthenoiseofplanes,trafficsoundsbreakinonourpeaceandquiet.

Trucksandmotorcyclescausethemostproblems.

Task3:

【答案】

1)F

2)F

3)T

4)F

5)T

6)F

7)F

8)T

9)T

【原文】

Weusuallythinkofpollutionasaharmfulwastesubstancethatthreatenstheairandwater.

Butsomepeoplehavebecomeconcernedaboutanotherkindofpollution.Itcanbeeverywhere,

dependingonthetimeofday.Anditwasnotthoughtofasasubstance.Itislight.

Theideaoflightpollutionhasdevelopedwiththeincreaseoflightsincities.Inmanyareas,

thislightmakesitdifficultorimpossibletoobservestarsandinthenightsky.In1998,the

InternationalDark-SkyAssociationformed.Thisorganizationwantstoreducelightpollutionin

thenightsky.Italsourgestheeffectiveuseofelectriclighting.

Thereareanumberofreasonswhylightpollutionisimportant.Onehasbecomeclearatthe

MountWilsonnearLosAngeles,California.MountWilsonObservatorywashometothelargest

telescopesintheworldduringthefirsthalfof1900.

Duringthatperiod,LosAngelesgrewtobecomeoneofAmerica'sbiggestcities.

Today,lightfromLosAngelesmakesthenightskyaboveMountWilsonverybright.Itisno

longeranimportantresearchcenterbecauseoflightpollution.

Lightpollutionthreatenstoreducethescientificvalueofresearchtelescopesinother

importantobservatories.TheyincludeLickObservatorynearSanJose,CaliforniaandYerkes

ObservatorynearChicago,Illinois.

Lightpollutionistheresultofwastedenergy.Brightlightshiningintotheskyisnotbeing

usedtoprovidelightwhereitisneededonEarth.Poorlydesignedlightingcausesagreatdealof

lightpollution.Lightsthatarebrighterthannecessaryalsocauselightpollution.

Recently,twoItalianastronomersandanAmericanenvironmentalscientistcreatedaworld

mapofthenightsky.ThemapshowsthatNorthAmerica,WesternEuropeandJapanhavethe

greatestamountoflightpollution.

MostpeopleinAmericaaresurprisedtofindoutthattheyareabletoseeourowngalaxy,the

MilkyWay,withtheirowneyes.ButaboutthreefourthsofAmericanscannotseetheMilkyWay

becauseofman-madelight.

Objectsinthenightskyareresourcesthatprovideeveryonewithwonder.Andlightpollution

threatenstopreventthosewonderfulsightsfrombeingseen.

Task4:

【答案】

A.

IsraelandJordan,365,thelowestpoint,saltiest,areimportanttoJews,ChristiansandMuslims,

Minerals,Thestrangebeautyofthesea

B.

Purposeoftheproject:TohelpsavetheDeadSeafromshrinking.

Countriestoinitiatetheproject:IsraelandJordan.

Causeoftheshrinking:WaterthatusedtoflowfromtheJordanRiverintotheDeadSeahasbeen

redirectedforotherusesintheciea.

Specificmeasures:Apipelineofmorethan300kilometerslongwillbebuilttopumpwaterfrom

theRedSeathroughbothcountriesintotheDeadSea.

Durationoftheproject:Atleastthreeyears.

Costoftheproject:1,000milliondollars.

Messagesentbythisproject:Theenvironment,ecologyandnaturearemoreimportantthan

bordersorpoliticalconflicts.

C.

1)T

2)T

【原文】

IsraelandJordanrecentlyannouncedthattheywouldworktogethertohelpsavetheDead

Seafromshrinking.Governmentofficialssaidthejointprojectwouldhelpthesea,protectthe

area'sunusualwildlifeandincreasethenumberofvisitorstothearea.Theannouncementwas

madeduringtheUnitedNationsWorldSummitonSustainableDevelopmentearlierthismonthin

Johannesburg,SouthAfrica.

TheDeadSeaisontheborderbetweenIsraelandJordan.Itis365metersbelowsealevel.

ThatisthelowestpointonEarth.TheDeadSeaisthesaltiestlargebodyofwaterintheworld.

TheareaaroundtheDeadSeahasancientplacesthatareimportanttoJews,Christiansand

Muslims.MineralsintheDeadSeaareusedforhealthtreatments.Thestrangebeautyofthesea

bringsmanyvisitorstothearea.

ButtheDeadSeaisshrinkingbyalmostonemetereachyear.Mostofthewaterthatflows

intotheDeadSeacomesfromtheJordanRiver.However,waterflowingfromtheJordanRiver

hasbeenredirectedforotherusesinthearea.Officialssaywithinthenext50years,theDeadSea

couldshrinktolessthanhalfofitscurrentsize.

Topreventthat,IsraelandJordanplantobuildapipelinemorethan300kilometerslong.The

pipelinewouldpumpwaterfromtheRedSeathroughbothcountriesintotheDeadSea.Afterthe

pipelineisbuilt,theofficialshopetobuildacanalandasaltremovalSystemthatwillprovide

freshwatertoJordanians,IsraelisandPalestinians.

Thepipelinewilltakeatleastthreeyearstobuild.Theprojectwillcostasmuchas1,000

milliondollars.IsraelandJordanhopetopayforitwithhelpfromothercountries.Theprojectis

expectedtobeginafteranine-monthstudyiscompleted.

IsraelandJordanhadhopedtocooperatecloselyonanumberofissuesaftertheysigneda

peaceagreementin1994.However,tensionshaveincreasedbetweenthemsincethecurrent

Palestinianuprisingbegantwoyearsago.

OfficialsfromIsraelandJordandescribedthewaterprojectasamajorstepforward.Experts

saytheagreementsendsamessagethattheenvironment,ecologyandnaturearemoreimportant

thanbordersorpoliticalconflicts.

Task5:

【答案】

A.

1)27percent,higheroceantemperatures,activitiesbypeople,60percent

2)developingcountries,offthecoastofnortheasternAustralia,offthePhilippines,theCaribbean

islands,SouthAmerica

B.

Coralreefssupportmanykindsofsealife.

Coralreefsalsoprotectcoastalcommunitiesinstorms.

Coralreefssupportfishingactivitiesandprotectinlandwaterways.

Coralreefsalsohavebecomepopularstopsfortravelers.

Coralsareevenimportantformedicalresearch.

C.

DF

2)T

3)T

【原文】

Environmentalexpertsareconcernedabouttheworld'scoralreefs.Arecentstudyfoundthat

twenty-sevenpercentofallcoralreefsystemshavebeendestroyed.Expertsbelievehigherocean

temperaturesandactivitiesbypeoplearetoblame.Thestudywarnsthatsixtypercentofthereef

systemscouldbepermanentlylostifnothingisdonetostoptheproblem.

Coralsaregroupsofsmallorganismscalledpolyps.Thesepolypslivewithinaskeletonmade

ofasubstancecalledlimestone.

Coralsarefoundinwarmwaters.Millionsofcoralsgrowtogethertoformcoralreefs.Coral

reefsaresomeoftheoldestnaturalsystemsintheworld.Thereefssupportmanykindsofsealife.

Theycanbetoimportanttolocalandnationaleconomies.Thereefsalsoprotectcoastal

communitiesinstorms.

TheWorldWildlifeFundpaidfortheindependentreport.Thegroupwarnsthatthe

destructionofcoralreefswillresultinseverelossestotheworldeconomy.PeterBryantworks

withtheEndangeredSeasProgramoftheWorldWildlifeFund.MisterBryantnotesthatmostof

thereefsystemsareindevelopingcountries.Hesaysthepresenceofcoralreefsproducesmoney

formanyeconomies.

Coralreefssupportfishingactivitiesandprotectinlandwaterways.Theyalsohavebecome

popularstopsfortravelers.Manypeopleliketoswimunderwatertoseecoralreefs.MisterBryant

estimatesthattheworld'scoralreefsareworththirty-thousand-milliondollarsayear.

ThelargestintheworldistheGreatBarrierReefoffthecoastofnortheasternAustralia.

CoralreefsalsoarefoundinwatersoffthePhilippines,Indonesia,theCaribbeanislands,the

UnitedStatesandSouthAmerica.

Coralsareevenimportantformedicalresearch.MisterBryantsaysmorethanhalfofallnew

cancerdrugstudiesinvolveseacreatures.Forexample,henotesthereisareefintheCaribbean

withorganismsthatformthebasisoftheAIDSdrugA-Z-T.

TheWorldWildlifeFundsaycoralreefsshouldbedeclaredprotectedareas.Thatway,

humanactivitiescouldbemorecloselysupervised.Thegroupsaysgovernmentsmusttake

responsibilityforthefutureoftheircoastalcommunities.

Task6:

【答案】

A.

ThegroupclaimsresponsibilityforhundredsofactsofdestructionintheUnitedStatesinthe

pastfiveyears,withthedestructionestimatedatmorethan30milliondollars.Since1996,

membersofthegrouphaveclaimedtohavedamagedorburnedhundredsofnewhomes,tree-

cuttingcompanies,federalofficesandanimalandplantresearchlaboratories.Theysaytheirgoal

istostopdevelopmentandotheractivitiestheyconsiderharmfultonature.Theysaytheirproperty

attacksareaimedatindustryandrichpeoplewhoprofitfromthedestructionofthenatural

environment.TheEarthLiberationFrontsaysitwilluseanydirectactionnecessarytocarryout

itsgoals.Butitsaysitisopposedtoharminganimalsorhumans.Traditionalenvironmental

groupsintheUnitedStatesrejectthegroup'smethods.

B.

1)a17-year-oldstudent,thestateofNewYork,cooperatewithofficialsinvestigatingtheEarth

LiberationFront

2)environmentalextremists,thegroupusuallyleavesverylittleevidencebehind

【原文】

Foryears,Americanlawenforcementofficialshavebeentryingtosolveaseriesof

environmentalcrimes.ThecrimesarelinkedtoagroupknownastheEarthLiberationFront.The

groupclaimsresponsibilityforhundredsofactsofdestructionintheUnitedStatesduringthepast

fiveyears.Thedestructionhascausedmorethanthirtymilliondollarsworthofdamage.

Federalinvestigatorssaytheyarefinallyclosertosolvingthecrimes.Recently,a

seventeen-year-oldstudentreportedlyadmittedsettingaseriesoffiresinthestateofNewYork.

HewaschargedinconnectionwithactsofdamagebelievedtobecarriedoutbytheEarth

LiberationFront.ThestudentisthesonofaNewYorkCitypoliceofficer.Hereportedlymadethe

admissionduringasecretcourthearing.Aspartofadeal,thestudentagreedtocooperatewith

officialsinvestigatingtheEarthLiberationFront.Hecouldfaceuptotwentyyearsinprison.

Thisisthefirsttimethatamemberofthegrouphasadmittedbeingresponsiblefor

environmentalcrimeslinkedtotheEarthLiberationFront.Threeothersuspectsintheproperty

attackswerenegotiatingwithfederalofficials.

SinceNineteen-Ninety-Six,membersofthegrouphaveclaimedtohavedamagedorburned

hundredsofnewhomes,tree-cuttingcompanies,federalofficesandanimalandplantresearch

laboratories.Theysaytheirgoalistostopdevelopmentandotheractivitiestheyconsiderharmful

tonature.Theysaytheirpropertyattacksareaimedatindustryandrichpeoplewhoprofitfrom

thedestructionofthenaturalenvironment.

TheEarthLiberationFrontsaysitwilluseanydirectactionnecessarytocarryoutitsgoals.

Butitsaysitisopposedtoharminganimalsorhumans.Traditionalenvironmentalgroupsinthe

UnitedStatesrejectthegroup*smethods.

TheEarthLiberationFrontincludesenvironmentalextremistswhooperateindependentlyof

eachother.Federalinvestigatorssaytheirlackofstructurehasmadethemdifficulttostop.And

theysaythegroupusuallyleavesverylittleevidencebehind.

Afewweeksago,thegroupclaimedresponsibilityforburningseveralnewhomesinMount

Sinai,NewYork.IthasalsoclaimedresponsibilityfordestructiveactsinColorado,Arizona,

OregonandWisconsin.

Task7:

【答案】

A.

renewableenergy,thenexttenyears,1percent,1,500megawatts,past20years,38cents,3

cents,a90percentdrop,governmentsupport

B.

AnumberofpeoplewholiveonorvisittheCapesayCapeCodisanationaltreasureshouldnot

beopentoindustry.Theyarguethatbuildingthewindmillswouldhurtfishandbirdsinthearea,

anditwouldhurttourism.Theysaythewindmillswillruinthebeautyoflookingouttoseafrom

thecoast.

C.

1)T

2)F

【原文】

AstudysayswindpowerwillleadthegrowthintheuseofrenewableenergyintheUnited

StatesandCanadaoverthenexttenyears.Renewableenergyalsoincludesformslikepowerfrom

thesun.NavigantConsultingintheUnitedStatescarriedoutthestudy.Energycompanieshelped

payformuchoftheresearch.

TheuseofwindenergyhasgrownintheUnitedStates,butremainslessthanonepercentof

alltheenergyproduced.

LisaFrantzisledthestudy.Shesaystheresearchersexpectadditionsofasmuchas

one-thousand-five-hundredmegawattsfromwindpowerprojectseachyear.Thatisaboutequalto

theenergyproductionofonenuclearpowerstation.

Thestudysaystherehavebeenmajorimprovementsintheperformanceofallrenewable

energytechnologiesinthepasttwentyyears.Forexample,thestudyreportsaninetypercentdrop

inthepriceofelectricityproducedfromwind.Inthenineteen-eightiesakilowatthourofwind

powercostaboutthirty-eightcents.Now,akilowatthourisclosertothreecents.

Thestudyfoundthatgovernmentsupportmustcontinueandgrowtopermitrenewable

energiestocompeteinthepowerindustry.

However,somerenewableenergycompaniesfacecriticism.Infact,windenergyproducers

usuallyhavetodealwithoppositionfromcommunitiestheytrytoenter.

Currently,awindenergycompanyistryingtosetupbusinessinCapeCod,Massachusetts,in

thenortheasternUnitedStates.TheCapeWindcompanywantstoplacemorethanone-hundred

windmillsinnearbywaters.Thewindmillsarehundredsofmeterstall.CapeWindsaysthe

projectcouldprovideCapeCodwithseventy-fivepercentofitselectricityneeds.And,itwould

notcreatepollution.

But,anumberofpeoplewholiveonorvisittheCapesaytheydonotwantthewindmills.

TheysayCapeCodisanationaltreasurethatshouldnotbeopentoindustry.Theyarguethat

buildingthewindmillswouldhurtfishandbirdsinthearea.And,theysayitwouldhurttourism.

Theysaythewindmillswillruinthebeautyoflookingouttoseafromthecoast.

Environmentalgroups,however,lookatthesituationdifferently.Theyaguethatasourceof

energythatdoesnotcausepollutionwouldprotectnaturalenvironmentslikeCapeCod.

Task8:

【答案】

A.

1)Forhim,pollutionisthewayenvironmentisbeingmisused,theactionswhichconsumethe

environment,liketheoveruseofartificialfertilizersandover-croppingindevelopingagriculture.

Andtheharmfulsubstanceslikethewastefrommotorcarsandfactoriesarelessimportant.

2)Theyseepollutionasasocialproblem,andtherootcauseofpollutionisthewayweorganize

oursocietyandtheincrediblewasteofresources.

B.

1)Housewivescanavoidbuyingthingsthattheydon'tneed.

2)Theycanalsocutdownontheamountofpackagingandtrynottobuydyedtoiletpaperto

reducewaterpollution.

3)Peoplecanavoidbuyingdrinksinnon-returnablebottles.

4)Theycanreduceconsumptionbymakingtheirownfoodinsteadofbuyingit.

【原文】

Matthew:Christopher,mostcountriesnowappeartobecomeincreasinglyconcernedwiththe

issueofpollutionanditscontrol.Howdoyouseethisproblem?

Christopher:WhatIseeaspollutionisthewaytheenvironmentisbeingmishandled.Um...

obviouslytherearecertainwasteproductswhicharevomitedoutofmotorcarsor

outoffactories,eitherintotheseaorintotheriverwaysandsoon.But,youknow,

theyarewhatpeoplesayispollution.Moreimportantthings,Ithink,intermsof

pollution,arethewaythattheenvironmentingeneralisbeingmisused.Thingslike

agriculture,whereartificialfertilizersandover-croppingandsoonliterally

consumetheenvironment.Itisallpickedup,collected,andtransportedfromthe

landintermsoffoodorfibersandthenendstipintheseaatsomestage,either

throughsewageorthroughwasteproducts.Ithinkthattheyareprobablymore

significant.

Matthew:Right.Michael,canyoutellmethoughwhether..,urn..,asIgetthefeeling,thisisa

problemwhichhasbeenblownupbythemedia,becausepeoplewishtoavoid

someofthemoredifficultproblemstodowithbeingaconsumersociety,...and,ina

senseitryingtosolvemanyaspectsofthepollutionproblemisratherasortof

cleaningupprocesswithoutgettingtotherootoftheproblem?

Michael:Well,pollutionisasymptomreallyratherthanthecause.

Matthew:Mmm.

Michael:Butofitselfitdoesproducemanyquiteseriousresults.Infactwedonotreally

knowwhatthelong-termeffectsofmanypollutantsaregoingtobe,butmost

formsofpollutioncanbesolved..,urn..,fairlyeasilyandusuallybytechnical

means.Nowthedifficultywithotherenvironmentalproblemsisthatmanyof

themhavenotechnicalsolutionandthisiswherethedifferencearisesbetween

thosewhoareadvocatingtechnicalsolutionstoproblemswhichtheyseealmost

purelyintermsofpollutionandthosewhoseetherealproblemsofsocietyasa

whole,thewayweorganizeit,theincrediblewasteofresourcesthatisendemicin

thissociety.

Matthew:Thisseemsaverycomplexproblem.Jane,howcanindividualsofthepublic,

housewives,childrenatschool,anyone..,helptopreventpollution?

Jane:Well,Ithinktherearelotsofthingspeoplecandointhehomeoratschoolorin

theoffice.Mm...whenitcomestotacklingtheproblemsonamajorbasis,Imean

it*squestionofcontinuallobbyingandpressuring,writingtonewspapers,etc.But

Ithinktherearemanythingsthatpeople..,particularlyhousewivescandointhe

house,likeurn..,forinstance,justnotbuyingthingsthathavenouseafterthe

packagehasbeenopened,..,um...toreallymakeanoteofthesortofstuffthat

goesintotherubbishbin,that'svery,veryimportant;youcancutdownonthe

amountofpackaging..,ontheamountof,forinstance,waterpollutionlikebuying

um...toiletpaperthat*sdyed...um..,andallthissortofthingthatpeoplecancut

downon.Youcanmakeagreater.effortnottobuydrinksinnon-returnable

bottles;tomakeyourownfood,suchasjamsanddrinkswhicharequiteeasyto

do,ratherthanjustgoingoutandbuyingandconsumingmoreandmore.Andif

youputthisintopracticeinallwalksoflife,inthehomeandatschoolandinthe

office,thisisavery,verygood,majorcontributiontohelpingsolvesomeofthe

moreimmediateproblemsofpollution.

Matthew:Soinasense,perhapsyouaresayingthatit'sthewayweconsumethingsthatis

creatingpollution,bythelittertheycauseorperhapsbythefactthatweuseso

muchoil,andthereforetherewillbeanumberofoiltankersonthesea,andthat

meanstherewillbeaccidentsandoilspillageandsoon,sothatwehavetostop

consuming,isit...or...?

Jane:Ithinkthatisaverybigpartofitactually...Certainly,youknow,whenyouget

downtothemoretechnicalsidesofpollution,ofatmosphericpollutioncausedby

certainindustrialprocesses,there'snotagreatdealthatanindividualcandoother

thancauseafussaboutit,whichIhopemostpeople,youknow,wouldconsider

doing.Butcertainlyonadaybydayhouseholdbasis,muchoftheproblemsof

pollutionarecertainlycausedbyeitherjustcompletethoughtlessnessandwaste

orbyproblemsofoverconsumingnaturalresources.Andinalltheproductsthat

arriveatthehousewife'stable,themorerefinedandpre-packedanddisposableit

is,themorepollutionitwillhavecausedinitsmanufactureandit'slikelytocause

initsdisposal

Task9:

【答案】

I.Energytransition(definition)

Achangeofonemajorresourceofenergytoanother.

ILFirstenergytransition:Fromwoodtocoal

A.Woodasmajorfuel

1.Usages:Heathomes,cookfood,andproducebasicitems.

2.Majoradvantages:Itwascheapordeasytogetandeasytoburn.

B.Coalasmajorfuel

1.Advantagesoverwood:

a.Itbumsforalongtime.

b.Itbumsatahighertemperature.

2.GoodeffectsonmanyWesterncountriesinthe1800sandtheearly1900s:

a.Theindustrydeveloped.

b.Peoplelivedabetterlife.

3.Disadvantagesrevealedafter50yearsofuse:

a.Airpollution.

b.Highcosts,becauseitisnotrenewable.

III.Secondenergytransition:Fromcoaltopetroleum

A.Apparentadvantagesoverthepreviousfuel:

1.Itwascheap.

2.Itwaseasytoget.

3.Thesupplyaroundtheworldseemedtobelarge.

B.Reasonsforpeopletofavorthenewresource:

1.People'sneedforabetterlife.

2.Industrialdevelopment:Theintroductionoftheinternalcombustionengineneeded

liquidfuel.

C.Goodeffectsonpeople'slives;

Itallowedpeopletotravelbycar,toheattheirhomesmoreefficiently,tobuyagreater

varietyofthings,andtopurchasemorethingsatlowerprices.

D.Disadvantagesdisclosedafter50yearsofuse:

1.Asafossilfuel,itisnotrenewable.

2.Thepricegoesup.

3.Itcausesenvironmentalpollution.

IV.Conclusion

A.Thepatterninthepreviousenergytransitions:

1.Thetransitionismadeinordertoimprovethequalityofpeople'slives.

2.Anewenergyresourceseemstohavemoreadvantagesthantheoldenergysource,aad

fewerdisadvantages.

B.Thethirdenergytransition:

1.Time:Thelate20thcenturyandearly21stcentury.

2.Theimportantthingstoconside亡Theeffectsofthisenergytransitionandthe

advantagesandthedisadvantagesofthnaewfuel.

【原文】

Mostindustrializednationshavegonethroughtwomajorenergytransitions,andsome

nationsarenowmakingathirdmajorenergy