Chapter 7 Environmental geoscience第七章環(huán)境地球科學(xué)

Chapter7Environmentalgeoscience

7.1Characteristics,statusandroleofenvironmentalgeoscience7.2Combinedsystemofhuman-earth'senvironment

7.3Entiretyofhuman-earth'senvironmentaswellasinfluenceandresponseofeachcircle

7.4Casestudy7.1Characteristics,statusandroleofenvironmentalgeoscienceStudypurpose:masterchangeanddevelopmentregularofeachenvironmentalelementandenvironmentalsystem,implementtopredictandmanagementenvironmentalsystem,andmakeaccorddevelopmentofhuman–earth.Duringenvironmentalsciencesystem,environmentalgeoscienceissubjecttocomprehensivelystudyentiretyofcombinedsystemofhuman-earth'senvironmentandcorrelationbetweeneachsubsystem.Providescientificbasisandsupportforothersubfieldresearch,andsummarizeandintegratetheresultsandprogressofothersubfieldresearch.7.2Combinedsystemofhuman-earth'senvironment

7.2.1Combinedsystemofhuman-earth'senvironment(1)WeathersystemWeathersystemisawholesystemcomposedwithunderlayeratmosphere,hydrosphere,cryosphere,biosphere,pedosphere,superiorpartoflithosphere.Theyhavecloseandcomplexinteractionsbetweenthem.(2)AirpollutioninatmosphericenvironmentandboundarylayerAtmosphereisthemostactivepartwiththelargestchangeinearthsystem,andatmosphericsphere,oneofthesubsystemsincombinedsystemofhuman-earth'senvironment,isanimportantpartofthehumanenvironment.Atmosphericenvironmentandairpollution

Atmosphericenvironment,consideringatmosphereasthemediacentre,isphysicalenvironmentinearthsystem.Generally,itpointsozonosphereandthefollowingpartscloselyrelatedtohuman,especiallyatmosphericconditionofboundarylayerAtmosphericpollutiongenerallymeanssubstancesintotheatmosphereinducedbyhumanactivitiesandnaturalprocesses,showingenoughconcentrationandreachingenoughtimetoharmthehumanbody'scomfort,healthandwelfareorenvironment.

Anthropogenicemissionsisthemainreasonresultinginairpollution,especiallylocalairpollutionTheclassificationandcharacteristicsofairpollutants

DiffusionandstudymethodsofpollutantinatmosphericGeneralizedatmosphericdispersionmeansthepollutantenteringintoairisgraduallydispersedanddilutedwithwind,rapidcurrent,uplift,subsidence,dryandwetdeposition,chemicalconversion,andotherprogress.

Althoughitbenefitsmitigatelocalairpollution,theinfluencebasinofpollutantwillbeexpanded,andthesecondarypollutionmaybeinducedorthepollutionmaybetransferredtothesoilandwaterbody.Theresearchmethodsgenerallyaredividedintomathematicalsimulation,physicalsimulationofindoorfluid(suchaswind-tunnel,sink,andconvectionchambersimulation)aswellasfieldexperimentation.（3）Thevalueandprotectionofairresources

Duringanimals’breath,oxygencontainedinthefreshairistransferredintoeachtissueofthebodyandcellsbythebloodandparticipatesineveryiochemicalreactionsandmetabolicprocesses.Onlyinthisway,thelifecanbelasted.

Airistheprimaryproducer——essentialsubstancesforplantrespirationandnormalphysiologicalresponse.Airmovementnotonlypromotesexchangesofmaterial,heatandmoisture,producesallkindsofatmosphericphenomena,providescleanwindenergyforthehuman,andistheimportantwaytospreadseeds.Greenhouseeffectofearth'satmospheregreatlyinhibitsdramaticchangesofgroundtemperature,protectstheorganismontheearthfromtheharmofcosmicraysandmeteor,andprovidesrichrawmaterialforindustrialandagriculturalproduction.（3）Thevalueandprotectionofairresources

However,asforsomearea(suchascity,valleyandbasin),airislimitedinself-purificationanddilutioncapacityforpollutantdischargedbymankind'sactivity.Ifthethresholdvalueofatmosphericenvironmentalcapacityisexceeded,airqualitywillsignificantlygetworse.Inadditiontoreinforcementofpublicityandeducation,improvementofenvironmentalconsciousness,performanceofcleanerproduction,optimizationoftheindustrialstructureandincreasingtheforestarea(figure7-2),legalmeasuresandeconomicinstrumentsshouldbeusedtoprotectairresourceandimproveairquality.Figure7-21980～1995Thechangeofworldforestarea

（qoutedfromWorldResourcesReportUNDP,UNEP,WB,WRI，2002）

7.2.2Thewaterenvironmentandthemarineenvironment

（1）ThebasictypesofwatercirculationGeneralcirculation:occurinwaterexchangeprocessbetweenglobaloceanandland.Becauseitwildlycoverstheglobal,itisnamedasgeneralcirculationLessercirculation:occurinwaterexchangeprocessbetweenoceanandatmosphere,orlandandatmosphere.Lessercirculationisalsonamedasinternalcirculation.Theformerisalsocalledasmarinelessercirculation,andthelatteriscalledaslandlessercirculation.Waterbalanceisquantitiesofwatercycle,i.e.inacertaintime-domainspace,duringtheprogressofcycleandtransformofmoisturecontent,itsquantityfollowslawofconservationofmass,andthedifferenceofwaterrevenueandexpandmustbeequaltovariablequantityofwater-retentioninthisarea(orwaterbody).Watercycleisthenaturalphenomenonwhichobjectiveexistontheearth,waterbalanceistheinherentlawofwatercycle.（2）Waterbalance

Figure7-3worldhydrologicalcycleprocess(accordingtoMoore,repaintin1996)（3）Waterpollutionorwaterauto-purification

Whenpollutantintorivers,lakes,oceansorgroundwater,andotherwaterbody,itscontentisexceedsself-cleaningabilityofthewaterbody,whichmakesphysical,chemicalnatureorbiologicalcomponentsofwaterqualityandbottommaterialofthewaterbodychange,andthenreducesusefulvalueandusefunctionofthewaterbody.Therefore,itiscalledwaterpollution.Afterpollutantentersintothewaterbody,withthecomplexphysical,chemicalandbiologicalactions,theconcentrationofpollutantisreduced.Afteraperiod,thewaterbodywillberecoveredtothesituationbeforepollution.Thisphenomenoniscalledasautomaticdepurationofwaterbody.Automaticdepurationofwaterbodycanbedividedintothreekindsofdepurationmodelsaccordingtoitsmechanism:Physicaldepuration:theprogressoftheconcentrationofpollutantreducedwithmixing,dilution,diffusion,evaporation,precipitationofpollutantinthewaterbody.

Chemicaldepuration:pollutantmigrateinwaterbodywithsimpleorcomplexionsormoleculesstate,andthechangesofchemicalproperty,morphology,orvalencehappen,whichmakeswaterqualityproducechangesofchemicalproperty,whilenotparticipatesinbiologicalactionBiologicaldepuration:duringtheprogressofbiologymetabolism,theconcentrationofenvironmentalpollutantandtoxicityarereduced,evendisappearwithbiologicabsorptionanddegradation.OceanenvironmentContinuouswaterareaswildlyexistontheearthisgenerallycalledocean,anditsareaoccupies70.8%ofthetotalareaofearth'ssurface.Theformationofseawaterhasarelationshipwithoverallevolutionofthematerialontheearth.Generallyspeaking,seawateristheproductionundertheventingactionofinternalmaterialontheearth,i.e.watervaporandothergasaredischargedcontinuouslyfromtheinternalearthwithlavaactivityandvolcanism.（4）Oceanenvironmentandocean—interactionofair,ocean,andlanda.Quantityofheatexchange.Theoceantransportenergytoairwithconvection,conduction(sensibleheat),evaporation(latentheat),heatradiation,andotherforms,thisisaprogressofdischargeentropy.Itsresultistomakemovementoftheatmosphereovertheoceanconstantlychangingandformavarietyofweatherphenomena.

b.Quantityofmotionexchange.Onthesurfaceofocean-gas,quantityofmotionexchangemainlyshowsprovidemomentumbywindstress,andthenwavesandoceancurrentsareformed,leadingtolarge-scaleenergyandmasstransferc.Materialexchange.Moistureexchangeimplementedbyevaporationandatmosphericwateristhemainprocessofmaterialexchangeonthesurfaceofocean-gas.Interactionofoceanandgasa.Materialexchange.Streamflowintotheoceanwillcarrysedimentfromthelandintothesea.Meanwhile,nutrientsandpollutantsinthelandsuchasN2,P,andothercompoundswillbedischargedintotheocean.b.Momentumexchange.Inthelittoralzonealternatingofoceanandland,marineabrasionexistsbywaveimpactmakesrockcollapse.c.Sea-levelchange.Becauseglobalclimateiswarming,seawaterexpanding,fieldiceinpolarregionandglacierthawingincontinentresultsinsealevelrisingOcean-landinteractionIceandsnowcoveringhasasignificantimpactonglobalclimateandenvironment.Becauseiceandsnowhavehighsurfacereflectivity,theabsorptionofsolarradiationonunderlyingsurfaceisgreatlyreduced.Iceandsnowhaslowerthermoconductivity,whichcanweakenverticalconductionofheatquantityinthemediumundericeandsnow.Glacieristheproductofclimateandtopography.However,ithasastrongimpactonclimateandtopography.Amountofprecipitationinglacierizedmountainareaisoftenhigherthanthatofunglacierizedmountainarea.（5）Effectoficeandsnowunderlyingsurfaceonclimaticchange7.2.3Statusandroleofotherlayers（1）RelationbetweenlithosphereandmankindsurvivalanddevelopmentLithosphereistheoutermostlayeroftheearthcomposedbyallkindsofrocks,anditsverticalstructurecontainsoliviniteonthetopofpetrosphereandupperearth'smantle.Itisthesourceofalargenumberofmineralresourcesandavarietyoffuels,whichareessentialforthesoilandlife,andhasacloserelationshipwithsurvivalanddevelopmentofthehuman.Forquitealongtime,80%oftherawmaterialsand90%oftheenergyrequiredforhumansocietyarefromthelithosphere（2）Environmentaleffectofchangesofsoilenvironmentandlandcover

Soilmeansloosenedsurfacelayer,locatedinlandsurfaceoftheearthwithcertainfertilityandtheabilityofgrowingplants,andistheproductbycombinedeffectsofrocks,topography,climate,biology,timeandhumanactivities,andothersoil-formingfactors.Soilfertilityistheabilityofsoilsupplyingandcoordinatingofnutritionfactorandenvironmentalconditionforplantgrowing.Soilenvironmentislocatedintransitionzoneamongatmosphere,hydrosphere,lithosphereandbiosphereintheenvironmentsystemofearthsurface,anditisatieconnectinginorganicandorganicenvironment.Landcovermeansgenericnameofvegetationcoverandartificialcoveronearthsurface.Landutilizationistheexternaldrivingforceoflandcoverchanging,whilelandcoveralsocanaffectlandusewithfeedback.Thecharacteristicsoflandcoverhaveimportanteffectsonclimate,geochemicalcycleofglobalbiodiversity,aswellasabundanceandcompositionofterrestrialspecies.

Landuseandlandcoverchangeaffectregionalclimatewithchangesinsurfacereflectivity,andcontentofgreenhousegasesandtracegases.Atthesametime,itaffectsenergyexchange,waterexchange,erosionanddeposition,biologicalcycleandcropproduction,andothermainecologicalprocessesofsoil.Interplayandinteractionofbiosphereandotherlayersofcompoundsystemofhuman-earthenvironmentisanimportantparttopromptingunceasingevolutionanddevelopmentofthewholecompositesystem.Biosphereconstitutesahumanecologicalenvironmenttogetherwithsoil,waterandairandothercircles.Withtheflowsandexchangeofenergyandmatterwithinandbetweenlayers,balanceandstabilityofearthsystemcanbemaintained.（3）Relationbetweenbiosphereandcompoundsystemofhuman-earthenvironmentThemainbodyofwisdomcircleishuman,whileprincipalcharacterexpressedbythetotalofavarietyofhumanprocessesandhumanphenomenaissociality.Activitiesofhumansocietyareassociatedwitheachotherandcombinedintoasocietyasawhole.Infact,theformationanddevelopmenthistoryofwisdomcircleresultsfromunceasingeffectandactionofhumansocial,economic,political,culturalandtechnologicaldevelopmentonnaturalenvironmentalsystems,andgraduallyevolvesintothehistoryofhuman-earthrelation.（4）Relationbetweenwisdomcircleandhuman-earth7.3Entiretyofcompoundsystemofhuman-earthenvironmentandinfluenceandresponsebetweeneachlayer.

7.3.1Entiretyofcompoundsystemofhuman-earthenvironmentEntiretyofcompoundsystemofhuman-earthenvironmentinvolvesininteractionofeachlayer.Physical,chemicalandbiologicalprocessesinterworkwithhumanprocess,showingentiretycharacteristicsoforganicunityofcombinedsystem,whichmakesjointconnectionofthewholeworldandregion,macroeconomicsandmicroeconomics,aswellasearth'senvironmentandlifeprocesses.7.3.2InteractionwithinandbetweeneachlayerTheimportantofinteractionwithineachlayerisocean-gasinteraction,land-gasinteraction,andland-oceaninteraction.（figure7-3）Figure7-3Importantprocessinmarine-atmosphere-landsystem（accordingtoIGBPⅡ-all,repaintin2001）Thecharacteristicofcurrenthumanactivitiesonsurfacesystemsreflectstwoaspects:①Creativityofhumanscienceandtechnologyisincreasing.②Thescaleofdestructionofecologicalenvironmentismoreandmorewiththeregionalandglobalcharacteristics.Theconditionofunderlayingsurfacedecidesthedistributionofsolarradiationontheearth'ssurface,andaffectsweathersystem.Wetlands,forests,urban,andothersurfacechangesareimportantsourceofgreenhousegasesofCO2,CH4andN2O.Vegetativecovercanincreasesolarradiationabsorbedontheearth'ssurface,reducethermalfluxfromtheearthsurfacedownward,anddecreaseeffectiveradiationontheearth.Oncelandcoverischanged,itcanaffectmigrationofmoistureinteraction,erosionanddeposition,biologicalcycle,producingcrops,andothermaineco