從違反合作原則角度探析幽默言語 - 以《家有兒女》為例

ChapterTwoDefinitionandOverviewofCooperativePrinciplesandHumorCooperationPrincipleistheprinciplepeopleareassumedtofollowinourdailylife.TheviolationoftheCooperativePrincipleusuallyconveysdeepermeanings,orconversationalimplicature.PolitenessPrincipleexplainswhypeopleviolatetheCooperativePrincipleandisthesupplementofCooperativePrinciple.TheviolationofCooperativePrincipleandPolitenessPrincipleoftenproduceshumorouseffect,andtheyareappliedbymanylinguiststoanalyzehumorinthepreviousresearches.However,therearefewresearcheswhichapplythetwoprinciplestoanalyzethesimilaritiesanddifferencesoftheverbalhumorinChineseandAmericansitcoms.FamilywithChildrenisachildren’ssitcominmainlandChinathattellsavarietyoffunnystoriesbetweenparentsandthreechildrenaftertheunionoftwodivorcedfamilies.Sinceitsreleasein2005,theshowhasreceivedhighratingsandhasimpressedpeoplewithitslight-heartedandhumorouscomedy.ManyviewersbelievethatthehumorinthedramaiscausedbythehumorouscharactersandsuperbactingskillsofSongDanDanandZhangYishan.Butthehumorisnotonlycausedbytheactionandexpressions,butalsodependsontheproductionofwords.Humorthroughwordsiscalledverbalhumor.2.1DefinitionandOverviewofCooperativePrinciplesThe“principleofcooperation”wasintroducedbytheAmericanphilosopheroflanguageHerbertPaulGricewhoarguedthatwhentwopartiesareengagedinaconversation,thetwopartiesinvolvedinthedialoguemustbewillingtocooperatewitheachotherandfollowacertainprinciple.Ifbothpartiesdonotfollowthisprinciple,theconversationwillnotproceed.Thisprincipleiscalledtheprincipleofcooperation.Grice’stheoryofthecooperativeprincipleexplainshowthespeakermakestheconversationexpresshisorheractualmeaning,ratherthansimplyexpressingandmakingthelistenerunderstandtheliteralmeaning.The“principlesofcooperation”includefourcriteria:quantity,quality,relationship,andmanner.However,peopledonotalwaysfollowthecooperativeprincipleintheactualprocessofcommunicationintheirlives.Gricereferstotheextra-linguisticmeaningsthatarisefromtheviolationofthecooperativeprincipleas“specialconversationalmeanings”.Intheprocessofviolatingthecooperativeprinciple,humorisalsogeneratedalongwiththeextra-verbalmeaning.IntheprocessofviolatingtheCooperationPrinciple,humorisalsogeneratedalongwiththeextra-verbalmeaning.InFamilywithChildren,anumberofdialogueshaveahumorouseffectbecausetheyviolatetheprincipleofcooperation.Itisworthstudyingandexploringtogether.2.1.1MaximofQuantityQuantitativeguidelines:Inaconversation,thespeakershouldprovideenoughinformationasrequested,andtheinformationprovidedshouldmatchtheamountofinformationrequested,nottoomuch,nottoolittle.Violationsofquantitativeguidelinescanbesummarizedasoverstatementorunderstatement,wherethespeakerprovidestoomuchortoolittleinformation.Inlayman’sterms,thismeans“makeyourwordscontaintheinformationneededforthepurposeoftheconversation,anddonotmakeyourwordsmoreinformativethanrequired”.2.1.2MaximofQualityQualityguidelines:thespeakershouldbesincereandshouldsaywhatistrue;thespeakermustnotsayanythingthatlacksevidence;thespeakermustnotsayanythingthatheorsheknowstobefalse.Violationsofthequalityguidelinescanbesummarizedastellingliesorprovidinginformationthatlacksevidence.Qualityguidelinesrequirethatonedoesnotsaysomethingthatoneknowstobefalseorthatisunfounded.However,thespeakerdeliberatelyviolatesthequalityguidelinesinordertoachievesomepurpose.2.1.3MaximofRelationRelationshipguidelines:Thespeakershouldsaythingsthatarerelevanttothecontentofthepreviousconversation,notthingsthatarenotrelevanttothecontentoftheconversation.Violationsofrelationshipnormscanbesummarizedasonepartytoaconversationdeliberatelychangingordeviatingfromthetopic,givingtheotherpartya“wronganswer”.2.1.4MaximofMannerModalguidelines:Speakersshouldbeshortandorderly,avoidingobscurity,ambiguityandvagueness.Violationsofthemodalitycriterioncanbesummarizedasspeakersprovidinginformationthatisnotconcise,logical,disorganized,andambiguous.Themodalitycriterionrequiresspeakerstobeasconciseaspossibleduringcommunicationtoavoidambiguityandambiguity,andpeopledeliberatelyviolatethisprincipleinconversationsinordertohidecertainreasons.2.2DefinitionandOverviewofHumorHumorisakindofrelief,cansoothetheworries,curbanxiety,returntotoleranceandkindness;humorisakindofdiscovery,canmakeyourecognizeyourtrueselffromthedislocationandillusion,becomecalmandwise;humorisakindoflubrication,caneliminateconfrontationanddrawyouclosertoothers;humorisakindofbeauty,canmakeyoucharminginfrontoftheoppositesex,greatlyfavored;humorisakindofcunning,canmakeyoufromtheembarrassmentandwretchedHumorisakindofsuperiority,canmakeyoustandhightoseeyourself,seetheworld,seefate,intheprocessofridiculinguncertainobjectstoobtainself-fulfillment;humorisaself-deprecation,self-deprecationistheperformanceofself-confidence;humorisamassage,withlaughtermassagerestlesssoul,toachievepeaceofmind;humorisakindofrelease,releasethedepressionundertherepression,acceleratebloodcirculation;Humorisakindofinspiration,itisuninvited,outofdate,istheproductofachanceencounterwiththesituation,cannotberepeated;humorisanature,istheexternalizationofphysicalandmentalhealth,watertotheoverflow,learningisnotlearned,donotdo,hardtoimitate,production,canonlyberidiculous;humorisamirror,canseetheworld.Amirror,canseetheworld’sridiculouscanbeangrycutecanbesigh;humorisareal,itwillintroduceyoutotheabsurdandparadoxicaldeadend,inalaugh,tearopenthemask,therealbacktothereal.2.2.1DefinitionofHumorHumorisakindofemotionalintelligence,isakindofwisdom,isakindoftreatingpeoplesmoothsocialskills.Humor,whichcanbenefitpeopleforlife,allowspeopletoresolveawkwardsituations,canbeturnedintoagoodthing.Humorisakindofhumanattitude,showingpersonalopen-mindedness,optimism,sunshine,self-confidence,highemotionalintelligence.Beinggoodatusinghumorandhavingaconstanttomaintainhumorisahumanattitude.Toupholdthehumanattitudeofhumoristobegoodatusingadifferentperspectiveandaninterestingsoultoresolveandviewthingsaroundyou.Assaidabove,humorrepresentsabnormal,misinterpreted,positiveandnegative,exaggeratedtableviewandideas,theabilitytocreatehumorousparagraphsliesinthepresenceofaninnovativeandfunthinking.Itemphasizesthatweshouldnotbecold,old-fashionedandrigidinidentifyingfactsandexpressingopinions,butcanstateourselvesfromdifferentangles,differentdimensionsanddifferentstatements.Intermsofordinarypeople’slives,thekeytobecominghumorousistobeabletoroottheideaofhumorinone’sheart,toexchangeitforahappyheart,andtobeboldenoughtochangeone’sthinkingtoexpressthejoyofthesoul.Itcanbesaidthathumorisanartfullyprocessedformoflanguage,anartisticlanguage.Sayingit,drawingitorexpressingit,allgivepeopleaestheticpleasure.Itisalsoa...Itisanartisticmethodthatisusedtocreateworksofliteratureandartthatuselaughterasanartisticmeans(method),comedy,cartoons,comedyandanimation,aswellashumorouspoetryandliterature.Comedyisfunny,humorisalsofunny,butnotonlyfunny,butalsohasacertainmeaning.Itcanbesaidthathumorisafunnywayofspeaking,expressingone’sopinion,expressingone’sfeelings.Inshort,therootofhumorislanguage,whichisaformoflanguagegraduallyformedbythedevelopmentofsocietyandculture,isanartisticlanguage,isideographic,lyrical,canbeexpressedandexpressedinvariousways,andthefinishedproducthasartisticbeauty.Itisanartandanartisticmethod.Artandartisticmethodsarelearnedandcanbelearned,andthosewhoaretalentedlearnquicklyandusethemflexibly.Thereisnosuchthingasanaturalhumorist,whocandoitwithoutlearning.2.2.2DevelopmentofHumorWeneedtolearnhumorbecauseitcanbringusendlessbenefits.Humorcanmakepeoplepopularandallowthemtorespondtointerpersonalrelationshipslikeafishinwater.Peoplewhoknowhumorcanavoidmanyunnecessarytroublesinlifeandcanbringjoyandlaughterintheprocessofgettingalongwithothers.Peoplewhoarefunnyandhumorouswillnoteasilygetintoverbalconflictswithothers.Humorisakindofmedicinethatcanresolveargumentsandawkwardsituations.Humorcanhelpusdealwithrelationshipsproperlyandmakeourselvesmeetgoodkarmaeverywhere.Humorcanletusenjoythehappinessofhavingbrotherswithinthefourseasandmakingfriendsallovertheworld.Consideracreativeandfunnywaytosolvedifficultsituations.Makingabadsituationfunnymaysoundabitsuperficial,butit’sagreatwaytoturnasituationaround.Forexample,humorcancheerupanemotionallydrainedteam.TheBankofPennsylvaniahada“WorstCustomerAward”wherethebankorganizedmonthlystafftotellthestoryofabad-temperedcustomerandrewardedtheemployeewhohadtheworstexperiencewiththecustomer.Thismadeeveryemployeemorewillingtodealwiththosebad-temperedcustomers.That’sacreativeidea!ChapterThreeHumorousSpeechinFamilywithChildrenViolatingthePrincipleofCooperationFamilywithChildrenisachildren’ssitcominmainlandChinathattellsavarietyoffunnystoriesbetweenparentsandthreechildrenaftertheunionoftwodivorcedfamilies.Sinceitsreleasein2005,theshowhasreceivedhighratingsandhasimpressedpeoplewithitslight-heartedandhumorouscomedy.ManyviewersbelievethatthehumorinthedramaiscausedbythehumorouscharactersandsuperbactingskillsofSongDanDanandZhangYishan.Butthehumorisnotonlycausedbytheactionandexpressions,butalsodependsontheproductionofwords.Humorthroughwordsiscalledverbalhumor.ThispaperanalyzesthehumorinFamilywithChildrenfromtheperspectiveoftheviolationofthefourguidelinesoftheprincipleofcooperation,inthehopethatitcanshedlightonthewideapplicationoftheprincipleofcooperationandcommunication.3.1ViolatingtheMaximofQuantityTheprincipleofquantityrequiresthatwhenpeoplespeak,theyprovidetherightamountofinformationforthepurposeforwhichtheyarespeaking,andthattheyprovidenolessinformationthanisrequiredornomoreinformationthanisneeded.Toomuchortoolittleinformationcanbeabarriertocommunication,andthesebarrierscanmakehumorarise.3.1.1HumorArisingfromUnder-Information(XiaDonghaihasnotbeenhomeatnight,LiuMeiletXiaoyucalltoseewhat’sgoingon.)LiuMei:Well,whoansweredthephone?Xiaoyu:awoman.LiuMei:ah?Whatdidshesay?XiaoYu:shesaid,sorry,thephoneyouarecallingtemporarilyunavailable.Inthisconversation,Xiaoyudeliberatelydidnotsaythatthecalldidnotgothrough,butsaidthatawomanansweredthephone,toattractLiuMei’sattention,hedidnotsayenoughinformationrequiredtosayintheconversation,sohedeliberatelyviolatedthefirstofthequantitativeguidelinesoftheprincipleofcooperation.3.1.2HumorArisingfromInformationOverloadForexample:LiuXing:MomandDad,ifsomeonehastobegyoutotalktohim,doyougo?XiaDonghai:Whowantstotalktous?LiuMei:Patient?LiuXing:NoisourclassteacherInthisconversation,LiuXingmadeamistakeatschoolandtheclassteacherwantedtotalktoLiuXing’sparents.LiuXingdidnotsayitdirectlywhenhespoketohisparentsaboutit,butused-somelengthywords:“Someoneisbeggingforyoutotalkaboutit”.ThelengthybuildupbeforehandmakesitveryhumorouswhenLiuXingfinallyrevealsthatitwashishomeroomteacherwhoapproachedhisparentsforatalk.LiuXing’switandintelligencealsomakeitpossibleforhisparentsnottobeveryannoyedwhenhespeakstothemabouttheincident.LiuXingprovidesmoreinformationthanisneededforthecurrentconversation,violatingthequantityguidelines,butalsogeneratingverbalhumorthatmakestheaudiencelaugh.(LiuXingsecretlywenttotheInternetcafe,LiuMeikeptaskingLiuXingwhereexactlyhewent)LiuXing:Oh,fromnowon,youcarelessaboutmybusiness.LiuMei:ah?Whatdoyousay?YourthingIcareless?Whenyoudrinkmilkhownottoletmelesscare,hownottoletmelesscarewhenyouaresick,hownottoletmelesscarewhenlearningtowalk?Nowyouletmecareless,howyougrowup,wingshard,canflybythemselves?Inthisdialogue,LiuMeiisveryangrywithhersonLiuXingforwhathesaidtoher,soshekeepsongivingalotofexamplestoquestionLiuXingwhysheshouldlethercarelessabouthim,causingquiteahumorouseffect.However,thisdialoguealsoclearlyviolatesthesecondprincipleofquantityintheprincipleofcooperation,thatis,thenumberofexpressedcontentcannotbemorethanthenumberofmeaningstobeexpressed.3.2ViolatingtheMaximofQualityThequalitycriterionrequiresthatthespeakermustbetruthfulaboutwhatheorshesaysandbeabletoprovideevidenceoftruthfulnessaccordingly.Thetheoryisthatthequalityprincipleisviolatedwhenthespeakerislyingordeliberatelyexpressingapurposethatisnottrue.ThefollowingareexcerptsofdialoguefromFamilywithChildrenthattrulyreflectthehumorouseffectsofviolatingthequalityprinciple.3.2.1HumorArisingfromFalseStatementsXiaYu:Mom,myhandwasbittenbyabug!LiuMei:Yo,what’sgoingon?Yo,mosquitobites,right?Momtoscratch,poorthing.XiaYu:whymosquitoesonlybiteme,notLiuXing?Isthisnotmyhomeah?LiuMei:don’tberidiculous!Howisthisnotyourhomeah?Thisisyourhome!Yousee,momanddadarenotit?Right?DoyouknowwhymosquitoesbiteyouandnotLiuXing?Becauseyourbloodahissweet,LiuXing’sbloodahissmelly,mosquitoesasmell,well,herethebloodsweet,Icametobitehim,eatyourblood,right?Goon,changeyourclothesah!Afterchangingclothes,it’stimetogotoschool,ah!FromthisconversationitisobviousthatthemotherLiuMeisaidtoXiaoyuwordsthatsheknewwereuntrue.Asanadult,sheclearlyknowsthatthereisnodifferencebetweensweetandsmellyhumanblood.Asamother,LiuMei,inordertocomfortXiaoyu,deliberatelysaidfalsewords,comfortingXiaoyuthathisbloodissweetandLiuXing’sbloodissmelly.Here,LiuMeideliberatelyviolatestheruleofqualitytocomfortXiaoYuontheonehand,andontheotherhand,theplothasahumorouseffect.Similarexamplesare.XiaDonghai:Oh,so,soourfamilywillhavetochangethepietobuns?!Idonotliketoeatbuns,Iliketoeatpies.LiuMei:Heyyouhavenoendtoah,Ididnottellyouit?Ourfamily’spiepanlong,onthelegstorunaway,onthewingstofly!Thisdialogueappearedinthe“FamilyDetective”episode,thefamily’spiepaninexplicablydisappeared,LiuMeisaid:“piepanlongonthelegstorun,insertedwingsandfly”,infact,LiuMeialsoknowsthatthepiepancannotreallygrowtheirownlegs,andevenmoreimpossibletoinsertwings,saidthisjusttofurtherdescribethesuddennessofthepiepanmissing.LiuMei’swordsviolatetheguidelinesofquality,andsuchadjectivesalsoaddhumortotheplay.3.2.2HumorArisingfromLackofEvidenceXiaXue:LiuXing,comeandhelp!LiuXing:Hey,donotmove,donotmove,donotmove!XiaXue:whatdoyoudoah?LiuXing:youhaveasecret,youhavejusttouchedananimalXiaXue:nerve!LiuXing:hey,really,really,really!Youdonotgoah!Thisisapetonthebrownhair,thetasteisnotcorrect,atleastthreeweekswithoutabath,thehairishard,especiallydifficulttowash.XiaXue:pervertahyou!XiaYu:Oh,sister,yousaidtobrushthebathroom,right?HowcomeI’mleftalone?XiaXue:donotmove!LiuXingcalledthismalepet!XiaYu:isit?LiuXing:ahahahah!Thisisthe“FamilyDetective”inadialogue,inthisepisode,LiuXingself-proclaimed“Formosan”,wanttobeadetective.Inthisepisode,LiuXing,aself-proclaimed“Formosan”,wantstobeadetective,sohedoesnotletgoofanyclueshefinds.Inthisdialogue,XiaoXueaskedLiuXingtohelp,LiuXingtoappear.Inthisdialogue,XiaoXueaskedLiuXingtohelp,LiuXinginterestedintheappearanceofahaironthebodyofXiaoXue,ittouchedandsmelled,andsaidsomethingthathethoughtwascorrect.Thesewordsarethelackofevidence.Atthistime,Xiaoyuappearedwithatoiletbrush,hisappearanceunveiledthetruth,thatis,byLiuXing.Thehairofthepetisactuallythehairofthetoiletbrush.Here,LiuXing’swordsthatlackedevidencecausedahumorouseffect.3.3ViolatingtheMaximofRelationTheprincipleofrelationshiprequiresthatthespeaker’swordsberelevanttothecontextofthemoment,andiftheanswerisnottherightone,itviolatestheprincipleofrelationship.Inmanyconversationswithhumorouseffects,thisphenomenonof“thelipsnotmatchingthehorse’smouth”isoneofthecausesoflaughter.3.3.1HumorArisingfromApparentViolationofRelationalNorms(AfterXiaDonghaigaveLiuXing’sparentmeeting)LiuMei:Howwasit?Howwasit?Isitthatyouhavegivenaparent-teacherconferencetoatopstudentlikeXiaoXue,andthentoonelikeLiuXing,youfeelabigdifference,right?Wanttofindaplacetodrillintoit?XiaDonghai:theopeningisquitesuccessful.LiuMei:Whatdidtheteachertellyou?(Grandmaispretendingtocough)Thefirstthingyouneedtodoistogetsomecoughmedicineforyourmother.Inthisepisode,XiaDonghaideliberatelydoesnotanswerLiuMei’squestionspositivelyinordertoavoidlettingheraskabouttheparent-teacherconference,butkeepsondistractingLiuMeibyansweringsomethingcompletelyirrelevant.Hisanswerisobviouslybecausetheparent-teacherconferencedidnotgowell,andhedoesnotwanttomakeLiuMeiangry.ThedialoguereflectsXiaDonghai’sapparentviolationoftherelationshipprincipleintheplaybysayingthingsthatarenotrelevanttothequestionsLiuMeiisasking.3.3.2HumorArisingfromActualViolationofRelationalNormsLiuXing:Doyouknowah?Todaytheteacherfoundagenius,thisgeniusisme!LiuMei:Thispeachisreallysweet!XiaDonghai:Yes!LiuXing:Thisgeniusah,therearemanykinds!Notonlywillyougethighmarks,rightdad?XiaDonghai:Thispeachremindspeopleofthe“JourneytotheWest”thattheginsengfruit.LiuMei:Hey,thesupermarketinfrontofourhousesellsginsengfruit.XiaYu:Iwanttoeatit!Iwanttoeat!XiaXue:Thatisthepig’slovetoeat!LiuXing:Oops,youguyslistentomeah!Todaytheteacherlostthekeystothecar,Ifound.XiaDonghai:itseemsthatthesandmonkalsolovetoeat.LiuMei:Well,that’sright!LiuXing:GuesswhereIfoundit?Fromthecarlockfound!ForgottopulldowntheXiaDonghai:Infact,ah,theTangmonkalsolovetoeat.Heisathief,donotlovetosayout.LiuXing:Butnooneelsethoughtof,Ialonethoughtout!LiuMei:Whydoeseveryonesaythatmonkeyslovetoeatpeachesah?LiuXing:ThismeansthatIamageniusinthisarea!Really,aslongasalittletraining,isadetectivescientist!JustlikeSherlockHolmes!Really!Thelastparagraphofthelines,LiuXinghasbeensayingthatheisverysmart,isagenius,wanttomakeeveryonecareaboutwhattheysaythetopic,praiseforthemselves.ButXiaDonghai,LiuMei,XiaoXue,XiaoYufourpeoplefromthebeginningtotheendofthediscussionofthepeach,ignoringwhatLiuXingsaid.WhenLiuXingemphasized,everyonejustlookedupandlistenedtowhathesaidandmadeafewperfunctorysoundsofhmmmm.Thisresponsefromthemactuallyviolatedtherelationshipguidelines,butitaddedafewhumoroustouchestothesocializationprocessbetweenthem.3.4ViolatingtheMaximofMannerThefirstthreeguidelinesareforthecontentofspeech,andthemannerguidelinesareforthewayofspeaking.Thisguidelinespecifiesthewayofexpressingwords,andrequiresbothpartiestoexpresswhattheyaregoingtosayintheprocessofcommunicationinaclearandunderstandableway.Thereareseveralsub-criteria.(1)Avoidobscurewords.(2)Avoidwordsthatcancauseambiguity.(3)Speakconcisely.(4)Speakinanorganizedmanner.Indailylife,ifpeopledonotuseconciselanguagetocommunicate,buttobeataroundthebush,retchingspeech,itwillmakethelistenerfeelthatthereisareasonforit.Intheprocessofrealcommunication,thereisalotofhumorcausedbytheviolationofthewayguidelines,inthesitcom“FamilywithChildren”,manyofthelinesthatcausehumorisalsobecauseofthis.3.4.1HumorArisingfromAmbiguityXiaDonghai:Soyoumean,pouringmilkinthecuptothebrother,whichstilldidagoodthing?LiuXing:Yes,itisclearthatitis?XiaDonghai:clearlywhatah?Youarehereblindsophistryit!LiuXing:thisisnotalsoyoutaughtme?XiaDonghai:WhendidIteachyoutopourmilkintoyourbrother’scup?LiuXing:Doyoustillremember?YoutoldmeaboutConfuciusRongletthepear?Forget?Justsay,onceuponatimetherewasayoungmannamedKongRongXiaDonghai:lineline,comeon,comeon,stop.ConfuciusRongletthepearandthisistwodifferentthingsah.LiuXing:Thentellusaboutyourchildhood.XiaDonghai:OK.LiuXing:Yousaidyourfamilywasverypoorwhenyouwereachild,andoftencouldnotaffordit,right?XiaDonghai:Yes!LiuXing:alsocanonlyboilsomeporridgetodrink,butalsooftennotenoughtoeat,right?XiaDonghai:Yes,goon!LiuXing:forthesakeofhisbrothernottostarve,butalsooftensavehalfabowlofporridge,pouritinhisbrother’sbowl,right?XiaDonghai:That’sright!LiuXing:soIsavehalfacupofmilk,pouritinthecupofmybrother,right?XiaDonghai:Yes,goon!LiuXing:Thisisnottheendofit?Whatelsedoyouneedtosay?XiaYu:wrongThefirstthingyouneedtodoistomakesurethatyou’renottheonewhopouredthemilkintoXiaoyu’scup,butLiuXinghasbeensophomoric,sayingthatit’sgoodtopourmilkintoXiaoyu’scup,butalsotobeataroundthebushandciteexamplesthathelearnedfromXiaDonghai.ThethingthathesecretlypouredmilkintoXiaoYu’scupiscorrect.Theaudiencecan’thelpbutlaughwhentheyseethis.3.4.2HumorArisingfromTediousLengthXiaoyu:Youhavetoeatwhenyouarehungry,youhavetoeatwhenyouarehungry,youhavetoeatwhenyouarehungry,youhavetoeatwhenyouarehungry,youhavetoeatwhenyouarehungry,youhavetoeatwhenyouarehungry.Xiaoyuactuallywantstoexpressthathehastoeatwhenheishungry,buthewillstillbehungryaftereating.Hecouldhavesimplysaid,“IhavetoeatwhenI’mhungry,andI’llstillbehungryafterIeat.”Butherepeatsthesewordsoverandoveragain,almostdrivingtheaudiencecrazy.Heviolatedtherulesoftheway,buthisrepetitionofthecolumnfullyexpressedhismoodandhiscutehumor,makingtheaudiencelaughandcry.ChapterFourTheSignificanceofHumorousSpeechinViolationofthePrincipleofCooperationHumorousspeechinviolationoftheprincipleofcooperationcanmakeyoumorespiritual.Whenpeoplelaugh,theyhavetousethemusclesintheirstomachs,andthentheywillgetafeelingofrelaxation.Humorousspeechinviolationoftheprincipleofcooperationisliketraveling,allowingournervousnervestorest.Humorousspeechinviolationoftheprincipleofcooperationcaneasestressandanxiety.Usingalittlehumorbeforeexamsandpresentationscaneasethetension.Alittlehumorattherighttimecaneasetheawkwardness.Humorousspeechinviolationoftheprincipleofcooperationcanreducepain.Moststudiesshowthatlaughinghassomedegreeofpain-relievingeffect.Sowhenyouvisitapatientinthehospital,tellmorejokesandyouwillmakethepersonfeelmuchbetter.Humorousspeechinviolationoftheprincipleofcooperationcanbridgethegapbetweenpeople.Humorousspeechinviolationoftheprincipleofcooperationisthelubricantofsocietyandthevoiceofhumanitarianism,saysSteveAllen,aninternationallanguage.Eveninthemostdifficulttimes,suchasduringtheWorldWars,comediansandcartoonists’comediesplayedanimportantroleinkeepingmoraleandoptimismwiththecommonpeople.Humorhelpsyoulearn.Ifyouareateacher,thenhumormakesthelearningprocesscomealiveandfun.Itrelievesanxietyandstressandmakesthelearningmoredigestible.Humorstimulatescreativity,andDavidMOgilvysays,Thebestideasarebornoutofhumor,sothefunniertheidea,thebetter.ConsidertheexampleofNobelPrizewinningphysicistRichardFeynman,whowasbornwithasenseofhumor,evenwhenhewasinvolvedintheManhattanProject.Humorcanunderminefear.Yourememberwhenyouwereakidyoumighthavebeenscaredofsomethingandyourparentswouldimmediatelycheeryouup,right?That’sexactlywhathumordoes.Soifsomeoneisalittlescaredofyou,youcantrytorelaxbyjokingaroundwiththemandmakingthemthinkyou’reafunnyperson.Humorhelpsimproveproductivity.PeterUstinovoncesaid,Humorisactuallyafunnyseriousness.Ifyouworkseriouslyandarefunny,theneveryonewillbehappytoacceptyou.Learningtobefunnyatworkcanreducethestressofthejob.Atthesametime,peoplewhoarefunnyareusuallymorecreative,opentochallenges,andgoodatfindingsolutionstoproblems.4.1MakingCommunicationSmootherHumorousspeechinviolationoftheprincipleofcooperationcanhelpyoushortenthedistancebetweenyouandstrangers,attractmorepeopletoyoursurroundings,andmakemorepeoplelikeyourwordsandwelcomeyouasaperson.WriterPrizemanoncesaid,"Lifewithoutphilosophycanstillcopewiththepast,butwithouthumoronlystupidpeoplecansurvive."Apersonwhocanbewittyandhumorouswillbefavoredbypeople.Ininterpersonalcommunication,adecenthumorcanwinthegoodwillandevenappreciationofothers.Insocial