2021年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試-英語(yǔ)(二)真題

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英語(yǔ)（二）（科目代碼：204）考生注意事項(xiàng)1. 答題前，考生須在試題冊(cè)指定位置上填寫(xiě)考生編號(hào)和考生姓名；在答題卡指定位置上填寫(xiě)報(bào)考單位、考生姓名和考生編號(hào)，并涂寫(xiě)考生編號(hào)信息點(diǎn)。2. 選擇題的答案必須涂寫(xiě)在答題卡相應(yīng)題號(hào)的選項(xiàng)上，非選擇題的答案必須書(shū)寫(xiě)在答題紙指定位置的邊框區(qū)域內(nèi)，寫(xiě)在其它地方無(wú)效。3. 填（書(shū)）寫(xiě)部分必須使用黑色字跡簽字筆或鋼筆書(shū)寫(xiě)，涂寫(xiě)部分必須使用2B鉛筆填涂。4. 考試結(jié)束，將答題卡和試題冊(cè)一并裝入試題袋中交回。SectionⅠ UseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)It'snotdifficulttosettargetsforstaff.Itismuchharder,___1___tounderstandtheirnegativeharder,consequences.Mostwork-relatedbehaviorshavemultiplecomponents.___2___oneandtheothersbecomedistorted.TravelonaLondonbusandyou’ll___3___seehowthisworkswithdrivers.Watchpeoplegetonandshowtheirtickets.Aretheycarefullyinspected?Never.Dopeoplegetonwithoutpaying?Ofcourse!Arethereinspectorsto,___4___thatpeoplehavepaid?Possibly,butveryfew.Andpeoplewhorunforthebus?Theyare___5___.Howaboutjumpinglights?Busesdosoalmostasfrequentlyascyclists.Why?Becausethetargetis___6___.Peoplecomplainedthatbuseswerelateandinfrequent.___7___,thenumberofbusesandbuslaneswereincreased,anddriverswere___8___orpunishedaccordingtothetimetheytook.Anddrivershitthesetargets.Butthey____9___hitcyclists.Ifthetargetwaschangedto___10___youwouldhavemoreinspectorsandmoresensitivepricing.Ifthecriterionchangedtosafety,youwouldgetmore___11___driverswhoobeyedtrafficlaws.Butboththesecriteriawouldbeattheexpenseoftime.Thereisanother___12___:peoplebecameimmenselyinventiveinhittingtargets.Haveyou___13___thatyoucanleaveonaflightanhourlatebutstillarriveontime?Tailwinds?Ofcoursenot!Airlineshavesimplychangedthetimea___14___ismeanttotake.Aone-hourflightisnowbilledasatwo-hourflight.The___15___ofthestoryissimple.Mostjobsaremultidimensional,withmultiplecriteria.Chooseonecriterionandyoumaywell___16___others.Everythingcanbedonefasterandmadecheaper,butthereisa___17___.Settingtargetscananddoeshaveunforeseennegativeconsequences.Thisisnotanargumentagainsttargetsetting.Butitisanargumentforexploringconsequencesfirst.Allgoodtargetsshouldhavemultiplecriteria___18___criticalfactorssuchastime,money,qualityandcustomerfeedback.Thetrickisnotonlyto___19___justoneoreventwodimensionsoftheobjective,butalsotounderstandhowtohelppeoplebetter___20___theobjective.1.A.thereforeB.againC.moreoverD.however2.A.identifyB.assessC.emphasizeD.explain3.A.curiouslyB.quicklyC.eagerlyD.nearly4.A.checkB.proveC.recallD.claim5.AthreatenedBmockedC.ignoredD.blamed6.A.hospitalityB.competitionC.punctualityD.innovation7.A.YetB.BesidesC.StillD.So8.A.rewardedB.trainedCgroupedD.hired9.A.ratherB.alsoC.onceD.only10.AcomfortB.efficiencyC.securityD.revenue11.AcautiousB.quietC.diligentD.friendly12.A.purposeBprejudiceC.policyD.problem13.A.revealedBnoticedC.admittedD.reported14.A.breakB.departureC.transferD.trip15.A.backgroundB.moralC.styleD.form16.A.sacrificeB.criticizeC.tolerateD.interpret17.A.secretB.costC.productD.task18.A.relatingtoB.callingforC.accountingforD.leadingto19.A.predictBrestoreC.specifyD.create20.A.reviewB.achieveC.presentD.modifySectionⅡ ReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1"Reskilling"issomethingthatsoundslikeabuzzwordbutisactuallyarequirementifweplantohaveafutureinwhichalotofwould-beworkersdonotgetleftbehind.Weknowwearemovingintoaperiodwherethejobsindemandwillchangerapidly,aswilltherequirementsofthejobsthatremain.ResearchbytheWorldEconomicForumfindsthatonaverage42percentofthe"coreskills"withinjobroleswillchangeby2022.Thatisaveryshorttimeline.Thequestionofwhoshouldpayforreskillingisathornyone.Forindividualcompanies,thetemptationisalwaystoletgoofworkerswhoseskillsarenolongerindemandandreplacethemwiththosewhoseskillsare.Thatdoesnotalwayshappen.AT&Tisoftengivenasthegoldstandardofacompanythatdecidedtodomassivereskillingprogramratherthangowithafire-and-hirestrategy.Othercompanieshadalsopledgedtocreatetheirownplans.Whentheskillsmismatchisinthebroadereconomy,though,thefocususuallyturnstogovernmenttohandle.EffortsinCanadaandelsewherehavebeenarguablylanguidatbest,andhavegivenusasituationwherewefrequentlyhearofemployersbeggingforworkers,evenattimesandinregionswhereunemploymentishigh.Withthepandemic,unemploymentisveryhighindeed.InFebruary.at3.5percentand5.5percentrespectively,unemploymentratesinCanadaandtheUnitedStateswereatgenerationallowsandworkershortageswereeverywhere.AsofMay,thoserateshadspikedupto13.3percentand13.7percent,andalthoughmanyworkershortageshaddisappeared,notallhaddoneso.Inthemedicalfield,totakeanobviousexample,thepandemicmeantthattherewerestillclearshortagesofdoctors,nursesandothermedicalpersonnel.Ofcourse,itisnotlikeyoucantakeanunemployedwaiterandtrainhimtobeadoctorinafewweeks,nomatterwhopaysforit.Butevenifyoucannotclosethatgap,maybeyoucancloseothers,anddoingsowouldbetothebenefitofallconcerned.ThatseemstobethecaseinSweden,wherethepandemickick-startedaretrainingprogramwherebusinessaswellasgovernmenthadarole.ReskillinginthiswaywouldbechallenginginaNorthAmericancontext.Youcaneasilyimagineachorusof"youcan’tdothat,"becauseteachersornursesorwhoeverhavespecialskills,andusinganysupportstaffwhohasbeenquicklytrainedisboundtoendindisaster.Maybe.Ormaybeitissomethingthatcanwork'ellinSweden,withitshistoryofCo-operationbetweenbusiness,laborandgovernment,butnotinNorthAmericawhereourhistoryisverydifferent.Thenagain,maybeitisakintowartime,whenextraordinarythingstakeplace,butitisbusinessasusualafterthefact.Andyet,asinwarthepandemicisteachingusthatmanythings,includingrapidreskilling,canbedoneifthereisawilltodothem.InanycaseSweden’sworkforceisnowmoreskilled,inmorethings,andmoreflexiblethanitwasbefore.Ofcourse,reskillingprograms,whetherforpandemicneedsorthepostpandemicworld,areexpensiveandatatimewheneveryone’sbudgetsareleanthismaynotbethetimetoimplementthem.Thenagain,extendingincomesupportprogramstogetusthroughthenextmonthsisexpensive,too,tosaynothingofthecostofhavingaswathoflong-termunemployedinthePOST-COVIDyears.Giventhat,perhapsweshouldthinkhardaboutwhetherthepandemiccanjump-startustoaplacewherereskillingbecomesmuchmorethanabuzzword.21.ResearchbytheWorldEconomicforumsuggests_________.A.anurgentdemandfornewjobskillsB.anincreaseinfull-timeemploymentC.asteadygrowthofjobopportunitiesD.acontroversyaboutthe"coreskills"22.AT&Tiscitedtoshow_________.A.thecharacteristicsofreskillingprogramsB.theimportanceofstaffappraisalstandardsC.animmediateneedforgovernmentsupportD.analternativetothefire-and-hirestrategy23.EffortstoresolvetheskillsmismatchinCanada_________.A.haveprovedtobeinconsistentB.havedrivenuplaborcostsC.haveappearedtobeinsufficientD.havemetwithfierceopposition24.WecanlearnfromParagraph3thattherewas__________.A.asignofeconomicrecoveryB.acallforpolicyadjustmentC.achangeinhiringpracticesD.alackofmedicalworkers25.ScandinavianAirlinesdecidedto__________.A.createjobsvacanciesfortheunemployedB.preparetheirlaid-offworkersforotherjobsC.retraintheircabinstaffforbetterservicesD.financetheirstaff'scollegeeducationText2Withtheglobalpopulationpredictedtohitcloseto10billionby2050,andforecaststhatagriculturalproductionin,someregionswillneedtonearlydoubletokeeppace,foodsecurityisincreasinglymakingheadlines.IntheUK,ithasbecomeabigtalkingpointrecentlytoo,forratherparticularreason:Brexit.BrexitisseenbysomeasanopportunitytoreversearecenttrendtowardstheUKimportingfood.Thecountryproducesonlyabout60percentofthefooditeats,downfromalmostthree-quartersinthelate1980s.Amovebacktoself-sufficiency,theargumentgoes,wouldboostthefarmingindustry,politicalsovereigntyandeventhenation’shealth.Soundsgreat—butbowfeasibleisthisvision?AccordingtoareportonUKfoodproductionfromtheUniversityofLeeds,UK,85percentofthecountry'stotallandareaisassociatedwithmeatanddairyproduction.Thatsupplies80percentofwhatisconsumed,soevencoveringthewholecountryinlivestockfarmswouldn'tallowustocoverallourmeatanddairyneeds.Therearemanycaveatstothosefigures,buttheyarestillgrave.Tobecomemuchmoreself-sufficient,theUKwouldneedtodrasticallyreduceitsconsumptionofanimalfoods,andprobablyalsofarmmoreintensively—meaningfewergreenfields,andmorefactory-styleproduction.Butswitchingtoamainlyplant-baseddietwouldn'thelp.ThereisagoodreasonwhytheUKisdominatedbyanimalhusbandry:mostofitsterraindoesn'thavetherightsoilorclimatetogrowcropsonacommercialbasis.Just25percentofthecounty'slandissuitableforcrop-growing,mostofwhichisalreadyoccupiedbyarablefields.Evenifweconvertedallthesuitablelandtofieldsoffruitandveg—whichwouldinvolvetakingoutallthenaturereservesandremovingthousandsofpeoplefromtheirhomes—wewouldachieveonlya30percentboostincropproduction.Just23percentofthefruitandvegetablesconsumedintheUKarecurrentlyhome-grown,soevenwiththemostextrememeasureswecouldmeetonly30percentofourfreshproduceneeds.Thatisbeforewelookforthespacetogrowthegrains,sugars,seedsandoilsthatprovideuswiththevastbulkofourcurrentcalorieintake.26.Somepeoplearguethatfoodself-sufficientinUKwould_________.A.behinderedbyitspopulationgroundB.becomeapriorityofgovernmentC.poseachallengetoitsfarmingindustryD.contributetothenation'swell-being27.ThereportbytheUniversityofLeedsshowsthatintheUK_________.A.farmlandhasbeeninefficientlyutilizedB.factory-styleproductionneedsreformingC.mostlandisusedformeatanddairyproductionD.moregreenfieldswillbeconvertedforfarming28.Crop-growingintheUKisrestricteddueto__________.A.itsfarmingtechnologyB.itsdietarytraditionC.itsnaturalconditionsD.itscommercialinterests29.ItcanbelearnedfromthelastparagraphthatBritishpeople__________.A.relylargelyonimportsforfreshproduceB.enjoyasteadyriseinfruitconsumptionC.areseekingeffectivewaystocutcaloorieintakeD.aretryingtogrownewvarietiesofgrains30.Theauthor'sattitudetofoodself-sufficientintheUKis__________.A.defensiveB.doubtfulC.tolerantD.optimisticText3WhenMicrosoftboughttaskmanagementappWunderlistandmobilecalendarSunrisein2015,itpickeduptwonewcomersthatwereattractingconsiderablebuzzinSiliconValley.Microsoft'sownOfficedominatesthemarketfor"productivity"software,butthestart-upsrepresentedanewwaveoftechnologydesignedfromthegroundupforthesmartphoneworld.Bothapps,however,werelaterscrappedafterMicrosoftsaidithadusedtheirbestfeaturesinitsownproducts.Theirteamsofengineersstayedon,makingthemtwoofthemanyacqui-hires"thatthebiggestcompanieshaveusedtofeedtheirinsatiablehungerfortechtalent.ToMicrosoft'scritics,thefatesofWunderlistandSunriseareexamplesofaremorselessdrivebyBigTechtochewupanyinnovativecompaniesthatlieintheirpath."Theyboughttheseedlingsandclosedthemdown,"complainedPaulArnold,apartneratSanFrancisco-basedSwitchVentures,puttingpaidtobusinessesthatmightonedayturnintocompetitors.Microsoftdeclinedtocomment.Likeotherstart-upinvestors,MrArnold’sownbusinessoftendependsonsellingstart-upstolargertechcompanies,thoughheadmitstomixedfeelingsabouttheresult:“Ithinkthesethingsaregoodforme,ifIputmyselfishhaton.ButaretheygoodfortheAmericaneconomy?Idon'tknow”TheUSFederalTradeCommissionsaysitwantstofindtheanswertothatquestion.Thisweek,itaskedthefivemostvaluableUStechcompaniesforinformationabouttheirmanysmallacquisitionsoverthepastdecade.Althoughonlyaresearchprojectatthisstage,therequesthasraisedtheprospectofregulatorswadingintoearly-stagetechmarketsthatuntilnowhavebeenbeyondtheirreach.Giventheircombinedmarketvalueofmorethan5.5tndollars,riflingthroughsuchsmalldeals-manyofthemmuchlessprominentthanWunderlistandSunrisemightseembesidethepoint.Betweenthem,thefivecompanies(Apple,Microsoft,Google,AmazonandFacebook)havespentanaverageofonly3.4bndollarsayearonsub-1bndollarsacquisitionsoverthepastfiveyearsadropintheoceancomparedwiththeirmassivefinancialreserves,andthemorethan$130bnofventurecapitalthatwasinvestedintheUSlastyear.However,criticssaythatthebigcompaniesusesuchdealstobuytheirmostthreateningpotentialcompetitorsbeforetheirbusinesseshaveachancetogainmomentum,insomecasesaspartofa“buyandkill”tactictosimplyclosethemdown.31.WhatistrueaboutWunderlistandSunriseaftertheiracquisitions?A.TheirmarketvaluesdeclinedB.TheirengineerswereretainedC.TheirtechfeaturesimprovedD.Theirproductswerere-priced32.Microsoft'scriticsbelievethatthebigtechcompaniestendto__________.A.exaggeratetheirproductqualityB.treatnewtechtalentunfairlyC.eliminatetheirpotentialcompetitionsD.ignorepublicopinions33.PaulArnoldisconcernedthatsmallacquisitionsmight__________.A.harmthenationaleconomyB.worsemarketcompetitionC.discouragestartupinvestorsD.weakenbigtechcompanies34.TheUSFederalTradeCommissionintendsto__________.A.supervisestart-up'soperationsB.encourageresearchcollaborationC.limitBigTech'sexpansionD.examinesmallacquisitions35.Forthefivebiggesttechcompanies,theirsmallacquisitionshave_________.A.raisedfewmanagementchallengesB.broughtlittlefinancialpressureC.setanexampleforfuturedealsD.generatedconsiderableprofitsText4We’refairlygoodatjudgingpeoplebasedonfirstimpressions,thinslicesofexperiencerangingfromaglimpseofaphototofive-minuteinteraction,anddeliberationcanbenotonlyextraneousbutintrusive.Inonestudyoftheabilityshedubbed"thinslicing,”thelatepsychologistNaliniAmbadyaskedparticipantstowatchsilent10-secondvideoclipsofprofessorsandtoratetheinstructor’soveralleffectiveness.Theirratingscorrelatedstronglywithstudentsend-of-semesterratings.Anothersetofparticipantshadtocountbackwardfrom1,000byninesastheywatchedtheclips,occupyingtheirconsciousworkingmemory.Theirratingswerejustasaccurate,demonstratingtheintuitivenatureofthesocialprocessing.Critically,anothergroupwasaskedtospendaminutewritingdownreasonsfortheirjudgment,beforegivingtherating.Accuracydroppeddramatically.Ambadysuspectedthatdeliberationfocusedthemonvividbutmisleadingcues,suchascertaingesturesofutterances,ratherthanlettingthecomplexinterplayofsubtlesignalsformaholisticimpression.Shefoundsimilarinterferencewhenparticipantswatched15-secondclipsofpairsofpeopleandjudgedwhethertheywerestrangers,friends,ordatingpartners.Otherresearchshowswe'rebetteratdetectingdeceptionandsexualorientationfromthinsliceswhenwerelyonintuitioninsteadofreflection."It'sasifyou'redrivingastickshift,"saysJudithHall,apsychologistatNortheasternUniversity,"andifyoustartthinkingaboutittoomuch,youcan'trememberwhatyou'redoing.Butifyougoonautomaticpilot,yourefine.Muchofoursociallifeislikethat."Thinkingtoomuchcanalsoharmourabilitytoformpreferences.Collegestudents’ratingsofstrawberryjamsandcollegecoursesalignedbetterwithexperts'opinionswhenthestudentsweren’taskedtoanalyzetheirrationale.Andpeoplemadecar-buyingdecisionsthatwerebothobjectivelybetterandmorepersonallysatisfyingwhenaskedtofocusontheirfeelingsratherthanondetails,butonlyifthedecisionwascomplex—whentheyhadalotofinformationtoprocess.Intuition’sspecialpowersareunleashedonlyincertaincircumstances.Inonestudy,participantscompletedabatteryofeighttasks,includingfourthattappedreflectivethinking(discerningrulescomprehendingvocabulary)andfourthattappedintuitionandcreativity(generatingnewproductsorfiguresofspeech).Thentheyratedthedegreetowhichtheyhadusedintuition("gutfeelings,""hunches,""myheart").Useoftheirguthurttheirperformanceonthefirstfourtasks,asexpected,andhelpedthemontherest.Sometimestheheartissmarterthanthehead.36.NaliniAmbaby'sstudydealswith__________.A.instructor-studentinteractionB.thepowerofpeople'smemoryC.thereliabilityoffirstimpressionsD.people'sabilitytoinfluenceothers37.InAmbaby'sstudy,ratingaccuracydroppedwhenparticipantsA.focusedonspecificdetailsB.discussedwithoneanotherC.watchedshortervideoclipsD.gavetheratinginlimitedtime38.JudithHallmentionsdrivingtomentionthat___________.A.memorycanbeselectiveB.reflectioncanbedistractingC.socialskillsmustbecultivatedD.deceptionisdifficulttodetect39.Whenyouaremakingcomplexdecisions,itisadvisableto__________.A.followyourfeelingsB.listyourpreferencesC.seekexpertadviceD.collectenoughdata40.Whatcanwelearnfromthelastparagraph?A.GeneratingnewproductstakestimeB.ObjectivethinkingmayboostintuitivenessC.VocabularycomprehensionneedscreativityD.IntuitionmayaffectreflectivetasksPartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubtitlefromthelistA-Gforeachofthenumberedparagraphs(41-45).Therearetwoextrasubtitleswhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)A.StaycalmB.StayhumbleC.Don'tmakejudgmentsD.BerealisticabouttherisksE.DecidewhethertowaitF.AskpermissiontodisagreeG.IdentifyasharedgoalHowtoDisagreewithSomeoneMorePowerfulthanYouYourbossproposesanewinitiativeyouthinkwon'twork.Yourseniorcolleagueoutlinesaprojecttimelineyouthinkisunrealistic.Whatdoyousaywhenyoudisagreewithsomeonewhohasmorepowerthanyoudo?Howdoyoudecidewhetherit's,worthspeakingup?Andifyoudo,whatexactlyshouldyousay?Here'showtodisagreewithsomeonemorepowerfulthanyou.41._________________________________Youmaydecideit'sbesttoholdoffonvoicingyouropinion.Maybeyouhaven'tfinishedthinkingtheproblemthrough,thewholediscussionwasasurprisetoyou,oryouwanttogetaclearersenseofwhatthegroupthinks.Ifyouthinkotherpeoplearegoingtodisagreetoo,youmightwanttogatheryourarmyfirst.Peoplecancontributeexperienceorinformationtoyourthinking—allthethingsthatwouldmakethedisagreementstrongerormorevalid.It'salsoagood,ideatodelaytheconversationifyouareinameetingorotherpublicspace.Discussingtheissueinprivatewillmakethepowerfulpersonfeellessthreatened.42.__________________________________Beforeyoushareyourthoughts,thinkaboutwhatthepowerfulpersoncaresabout—itmaybe“thecredibilityoftheirteamongettingaprojectdoneontime,”saysGrenny.You'remorelikelytobeheardifyoucanconnectyourdisagreementtoahigherpurpose.”Whenyoudospeakup,don'tassumethelinkwillbeclear.You'llwanttostateitovertly,contextualizingyourstatementssothatyou'reseennotasadisagreeableunderlingbutasacolleaguewho'stryingtoadvanceasharedgoal.Thediscussionwillthenbecomemorelikeachessgamethanaboxingmatch.43.__________________________________Thisstepmaysoundoverlydeferential,butit'sasmartwaytogivethepowerfulpersonpsychologicalsafetyandcontrol.Youcansaysomethinglike,“Iknowweseemtobemovingtowardafirst-quartercommitmenthere.Ihavereasonstothinkthatwon'twork.I'dliketolayoutmyreasoning.WouldthatbeOK?”Thisgivesthepersonachoice,allowingthemtoverballyoptin,saysGrenny.And,assumingtheysayyes,itwillmakeyoufeelmoreconfidentaboutvoicingyourdisagreement.44.___________________________________Youmightfeelyourheartracingoryourfaceturningred,butdowhateveryoucantoremainneutralinbothyourwordsandactions.Whenyourbodylanguagecommunicatesreluctanceoranxiety,itundercutsthemessage.Itsendsamixedmessage,andyourcounterpartgetstochoosewhattoread,sheexplains.Deepbreathscanhelp,ascanspeakingmoreslowlyanddeliberately.Whenwefeelpanicky,wetendtotalkloudera