考點(diǎn)19概要寫作技巧-新高考英語(yǔ)一輪總復(fù)習(xí)培優(yōu)全

考點(diǎn)19概要寫作技巧TOC\o"12"\h\u課前熱身練 1核心考點(diǎn)梳理 3（一）概要寫作?？俭w裁 3（二）寫作步驟 4（三）如何概括主旨大意 4（四）如何用自己語(yǔ)言表達(dá)原文主旨 7當(dāng)堂知識(shí)檢測(cè) 11課后鞏固提高 19課前熱身練Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizeinnomorethan60wordsthemainideaofthepassageandhowitisillustrated.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Kangarooscan“talk”tousKangarooscan“talk”topeople,accordingtoanewstudy.Thereportisthefirstresearchofitskindtobedoneonmarsupials—atypeofcreaturewhoseyounggetcarriedinskinpocketsontheirmother’sbody.Itsuggestskangaroosareclevererthanpreviouslythought.ResearchersfromtheUniversityofRoehamptonintheUKandtheUniversityofSydneyinAustraliatestedkangaroosattheAustralianReptile(爬行動(dòng)物)Park,WildlifeSydneyZooandKangarooProtectionCooperative.Thescientistsputfoodinaboxthatthekangarooscouldnotopen,andwaitedtoseewhattheanimalswoulddo.Ratherthangivingup,10outofthe11kangaroosactivelylookedatthepersonwhohadputthefoodintheboxandthenlookedatthebox.Theresearcherssaidthiscouldbeinterpretedasthekangaroosrequestinghelptoopenthecontainer.DrAlexandraGreen,acoauthorofthestudy,toldTheGuardiannewspaperthatsomeofthekangaroosactuallyapproachedthepersonandstartedscratching(撓)andsniffing(嗅)him,thenlookedbackatthebox.“Sotheywerereallytryingtomunicate,”Greensaid.Thisbehaviourisnotunmoninanimals.However,itisusuallyonlyseenindomesticatedanimals,suchaspetsorfarmanimals.Theleadauthorofthestudy,DrAlanMcElligott,explained,“Throughthisstudy,wewereabletoseethatmunicationbetweencreaturescanbelearntandthatthebehaviouroflookingathumanstoaccessfoodisnotrelatedtodomestication.“Indeed,kangaroosshowedaverysimilarpatternofbehaviourwehaveseenindogs,horsesandevengoats,whenputtothesametest,”headded.Itishopedthatthestudywillgivepeopleamorepositiveattitudetowardskangaroos,whicharesometimesseenasharmfulcreaturesthatdamagefarmers’crops.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________71．Inarecentstudy,kangarooshaveprovedtobesmarterthanwethought—theyhavetheabilitytomunicatewithhumans.Facingtheinaccessiblefoodinthetests,kangarooswhicharesimilartodomesticatedanimalswerefoundtoturntopeopleusingbodylanguage.Thefindingshaverefreshedthescientists’understandingofkangaroos’behaviour,probablyimprovingourperceptionofthem.【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹說，事實(shí)證明袋鼠比我們想象的更聰明，它們有能力與人類交流。在測(cè)試中，面對(duì)難以接近的食物，袋鼠和馴養(yǎng)的動(dòng)物一樣，會(huì)求助于使用肢體語(yǔ)言的人。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)刷新了科學(xué)家對(duì)袋鼠行為的理解，可能改善了我們對(duì)袋鼠的認(rèn)知。①Kangarooscan“talk”topeople,accordingtoanewstudy.②Thescientistsputfoodinaboxthatthekangarooscouldnotopen,andwaitedtoseewhattheanimalswoulddo.Ratherthangivingup,10outofthe11kangaroosactivelylookedatthepersonwhohadputthefoodintheboxandthenlookedatthebox.Theresearcherssaidthiscouldbeinterpretedasthekangaroosrequestinghelptoopenthecontainer.③DrAlexandraGreen,acoauthorofthestudy,toldTheGuardiannewspaperthatsomeofthekangaroosactuallyapproachedthepersonandstartedscratching(撓)andsniffing(嗅)him,thenlookedbackatthebox.④Itishopedthatthestudywillgivepeopleamorepositiveattitudetowardskangaroos,whicharesometimesseenasharmfulcreaturesthatdamagefarmers’crops.將第1、2兩個(gè)要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行重組整合，將第3、4兩個(gè)要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行整合。①Inarecentstudy,kangarooshaveprovedtobesmarterthanwethought—theyhavetheabilitytomunicatewithhumans.②Facingtheinaccessiblefoodinthetests,kangarooswhicharesimilartodomesticatedanimals,werefoundtoturntopeopleusingbodylanguage.③Thefindingshaverefreshedthescientists’understandingofkangaroos’behaviour,probablyimprovingourperceptionofthem.【點(diǎn)睛】[高分句型1]Facingtheinaccessiblefoodinthetests,kangarooswhicharesimilartodomesticatedanimals,werefoundtoturntopeopleusingbodylanguage.運(yùn)用一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句對(duì)第二三段進(jìn)行概括。運(yùn)用了which引導(dǎo)的限定性定語(yǔ)從句。[高分句型2]：Thefindingshaverefreshedthescientists’understandingofkangaroos’behaviour,probablyimprovingourperceptionofthem.用improving現(xiàn)在分詞表示自然而然的結(jié)果，對(duì)第三段部分內(nèi)容和第四段進(jìn)行總結(jié)。核心考點(diǎn)梳理在《普通高等學(xué)校招生全國(guó)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)科考試說明》中，對(duì)于概要寫作的要求是“提供一篇350詞以內(nèi)的短文，要求考生基于該短文寫出一篇不超過60詞的內(nèi)容概要?！睆念}目要求可以看出，概要寫作是“閱讀+寫作”的復(fù)合寫作任務(wù)，因此對(duì)于學(xué)生的閱讀理解能力、概括歸納能力和書面表達(dá)能力等都提出了很高的要求。概要寫作評(píng)分時(shí)主要從以下幾個(gè)方面考慮：（1）主旨概括是否客觀全面（2）要點(diǎn)呈現(xiàn)是否主次分明（3）語(yǔ)言表達(dá)是否言簡(jiǎn)意賅（4）篇章結(jié)構(gòu)是否緊湊貫通（一）概要寫作常考體裁概要寫作涉及最多的文本體裁是記敘文（narration)、說明文（exposition)和議論文(argumentation)。記敘文：找出時(shí)間（when)、地點(diǎn)(where)、人物(who)、事件(what)、起因（why)，以及結(jié)果(how)等要素。如果是夾敘夾議的文章，還要加上作者的看法、觀點(diǎn)或感悟。但具體寫作時(shí)并非所有要素都要包括其中，最重要的是某人(who)做了某事(what)結(jié)果如何(how)?？傊?，記敘文體裁的概要通常包括:①誰做了什么？（whodidwhat)②結(jié)果怎么樣？（whatwastheresult)③作者要表達(dá)什么?(包括作者的看法、觀點(diǎn)、感悟或?qū)懽髂康?。假如原文沒有提及，概括時(shí)可以不寫。）說明文：通常會(huì)有較為明顯的主題句，寫概要時(shí)找出中心句，抓住關(guān)鍵詞。對(duì)現(xiàn)象分析型說明文，找出“現(xiàn)象”、“造成這種現(xiàn)象的原因”以及“解決這種現(xiàn)象或問題的措施或建議”。議論文：找出論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和結(jié)論，其關(guān)鍵是找出主題句或結(jié)論句。要明確表述原文作者的觀點(diǎn)，如果原文中有不同的兩種觀點(diǎn)，則都要概括其中，不能遺漏任何一方的觀點(diǎn)。不同體裁文本的概要寫作基本結(jié)構(gòu)概括如下：文章體裁主題句拓展句概要形式記敘文故事的寫作目的/主題1句）故事大意，突出沖突以及故事背后含義(2—3句）主題句+若干拓展句+總結(jié)說明文說明的觀點(diǎn)/對(duì)象/現(xiàn)象1句）解釋/分述(2—3句）議論文文章論點(diǎn)1句）論據(jù)(2—3句）（二）寫作步驟1、細(xì)讀原文，明確文章的主題。2、根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容劃分各段，找出每段的主旨大意。3、用自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述各段大意。（三）如何概括主旨大意概括主旨大意，首先要抓住文章的主題句，然后在完整理解文章內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行概括歸納。段落的主題句可能出現(xiàn)在段首、段末、段落中間，段落也可能沒有明顯的主題句。那么針對(duì)不同的情況，我們可以有什么不同的方法呢？我們一起來看以下的示例。找準(zhǔn)主題句概括主旨大意中文段落寫作是螺旋/線型的發(fā)展方式：重鋪墊，講渲染，講究“言歸正傳”。而英文寫作主要體現(xiàn)為直線型發(fā)展方式：第一句話“開門見山，一語(yǔ)破題”，結(jié)論句直接重復(fù)，扣題。換句話說，英文文章表意較直接，直奔主題，多數(shù)段落以主題句為開端，在文章的開始部分就會(huì)闡明主題。而且，英文寫作是由一般到特殊，先概括后舉例，先講整體輪廓，后說諸多細(xì)節(jié)。了解英語(yǔ)寫作特點(diǎn)將有利于把握文章的主題句，請(qǐng)同學(xué)們讀以下的段落，根據(jù)文本的特點(diǎn)，快速尋找出主題句。AEducationinanysocietyisamirrorofthatsociety.Inthatmirrorwecanseethestrengths,theweaknesses,thehopes，theprejudices，andthecentralvaluesofthecultureitself.Thegreatinterestinexceptionalchildrenshowninpubliceducationoverthepastthreedecadesindicatesthestrongfeelinginoursocietythatallcitizens,whatevertheirspecialconditions,deservetheopportunitytofullydeveloptheircapabilities.非常明顯，這個(gè)段落的主題句就是Educationinanysocietyisamirrorofthatsociety?在隨后的展開部分闡明了為什么說教育是反映社會(huì)的明鏡。段落是屬于總—分結(jié)構(gòu)。BIndevelopingcountries,poorpeoplehavesufferedthemostfromshortagesofcleanwater.Thereareseveralreasonsforthis.First,inmanydevelopingcountries,themajorityofhousesinpoorvillagesandurbanslumsarenotyetservedbyapipedwatersystem.Peoplelivingintheseplacesoftenhavetowalkmanymilestofindwaterandcarryithomeinjugsandplasticcontainers.Second,thesepeopleusuallyhavefewalternativestothepipedwatersupply.Theremaybewatercloserbyinriversorlakes,butthisisoftendangerouslypolluted.Inpoorareas,streetvendorsoftensellwaterbytheliter,buttheyoftenchargeextremelyhighpricesforwaterthatisnotalwayssafetodrink.本段的主題句是Indevelopingcountries，poorpeoplehavesufferedthemostfromshortagesofcleanwater.這一段落主要是說明在發(fā)展中國(guó)家，很多窮人所面臨的一個(gè)問題——清潔水源嚴(yán)重短缺。隨后在展開部分闡述了造成這一問題的原因。是說明文“現(xiàn)象+原因”的結(jié)構(gòu)。CCollegelifeisanimportantstageinourlife.Itisincollegethatwebegintoliveandstudybyourselves.Itisincollegethatwelearntobeindependentofourparents.Itisincollegethatwe，likeNewton,aresearchingforbeautifulshellsonthebeachofknowledge.Meanwhile，itisincollegethatwebeematuredandfullygrownup,bothphysicallyandmentally.Consequently,weshouldcherishitandmakethemostofit.段首句就是主題句，開門見山表明觀點(diǎn)Collegelifeisanimportantstageinourlife.展開的部分論證了為什么大學(xué)階段是人生的重要階段，最后一句強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)論。是比較典型的“論點(diǎn)——論據(jù)—結(jié)論”的議論文結(jié)構(gòu)。DAmongsomanyHollywoodactorsandactress,AudreyHepburnistheonewhoIadmiremost.Shewasafilmandfashioniconandasymbolofnaturalbeautyaswell.Asafilmstar,Audreyprovedhertalentwithherseveralgreatsuccesses,earningfourOscarnominations.HermostfamousfilmsincludeRomanHoliday,FunnyFace,BreakfastatTiffany’sandMyFairLady.Audrey’sbeautifuleyesandsweetsmilehaveattractedmanyfansovertheyears.Buttherewassomethingevenmorebeautifulinherheart.Sheshowedthissideparticularlytowardsthelatterpartofherlife,withherworkfortheUnitedNationsChildren’sFund.Inhersixties,Audreydevotedherselftohelpingchildreninpoorareas.ThisbrilliantHollywoodstarwaslikeakindmothertomanyofthesekids.Shehuggedthemandkissedthemasiftheywereherown.Peopleallovertheworldweretouchedbyherkindness.Thatwasthereasonwhysheismyidol.WhenHepburndiedin1993,theworldmournedthelossofagreatbeauty,agreatactressandagreathumanitarian.這是一篇記敘文，作者在第一段就表明寫作目的是向讀者介紹一位自己最敬仰的人物，AudreyHepburnistheonewhoIadmiremost.但是第一段的第二句才是主題句Shewasafilmandfashioniconandasymbolofnaturalbeautyaswell?在接下來的段落中作者運(yùn)用細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行人物描寫，凸顯人物性格特點(diǎn)以及在自己心目中的地位。提取關(guān)鍵詞概括主旨大意在沒有明確的主題句的情況下，學(xué)生需要通過定位、提取和整合分散在原文中的關(guān)鍵詞對(duì)段落或者篇章進(jìn)行主旨概括。AGenerally,peoplebelievethatthehormoneoxytocinisletoutinourbodyinvarioussocialsituationsandourbodycreatesalargeamountofitduringpositivesocialinteractionssuchasfallinginloveorgivingbirth.ButinapreviousexperimentProfessorRyanfoundthatthehormoneisalsoletoutinourbodyduringnegativesocialinteractionssuchasenvy（四川卷）這是一段關(guān)于人體荷爾蒙的產(chǎn)生和釋放的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究說明文，但是文中沒有明顯的主題句。這時(shí)我們就可以利用關(guān)鍵詞信息來概括主旨大意。首先通過段落中的銜接詞“Generally”和“but”了解到研究結(jié)果涉及兩個(gè)方面;然后在前后兩個(gè)句子中又可以找出“thehormoneoxytocin”“isletout’’“create”“positive’’“negative’’“socialinteraction”等關(guān)鍵詞，通過整合，概括主旨大意為：Experimentsshowourbodycreatesandletouthormoneoxytocinduringbothpositiveandnegativesocialinteractions.BHumankindhastriedtoimproveitsstandardoflivingsincetheverybeginningofcivilization.Backthen,aswellastoday,providingfoodandsecuritywasthebasictaskforaperson.However,nowadaystherangeofrequiredgoodshasexpandedsignificantly.Peoplefeeltheneedfornotonlysomeprimarythings,suchasapieceofbreadandaroofovertheirheads,butalsoforvariousfacilitiesandluxuries.Providinghumanitywiththesethingsisconnectedtotheuseofnaturalresources,whichrequiresenergy.Inturn,themonsourcesofenergyweusetodaycausepollution,soeconomicgrowthisalmostinevitablyassociatedwithenvironmentaldamage.這一段落沒有主題句，銜接詞“However”提示之前部分是為引出話題而做的鋪墊，之后是作者要表達(dá)的主要內(nèi)容或觀點(diǎn)。另外銜接詞“Inturn”提示同學(xué)們之后表達(dá)的往往是一種結(jié)果。找到銜接詞之后，對(duì)段落的基本結(jié)構(gòu)有所了解，隨后在段落中確定關(guān)鍵詞，分別為“improve”“requiredgoods”“expanded”“useofmonsourceofenergy’’“pollution”和“damageenvironment”這些關(guān)鍵詞的確定，有助于理清原文的脈絡(luò)，即satisfyhumandesire—overusenaturalresources——causepollution——damageenvironment，整個(gè)段落的主旨就可以概括為:Tosatisfyincreasingdesiresforabetterlife,humankindconsumestheenergyingfromnaturalresources,whichcausesunavoidableenvironmentaldamage.CTherearemanywaysthroughwhichwecanimproveourEnglish，F(xiàn)irst，wecanreadasmanyEnglishbooks,newspapersandmagazinesaspossible.Next,wemaylistentoEnglishprogramsontheradioorwatchEnglishprogramsonTVeveryday.Besides,itisnecessaryforustoseizeeveryopportunitytospeakEnglishbothinandafterclass.Finally,itisequallyimportanttoformthehabitoftakingnotesandkeepingadiaryinEnglish.顯而易見，段落首句就是主題句，其中，關(guān)鍵詞是“ways”和“improveEnglish”。如果將主旨大意概括為提高英語(yǔ)的方法有很多，未免顯得很空泛，所以我們可以從銜接詞“First”“Next”“Besides”和“Finally”后的內(nèi)容中提取一些關(guān)鍵詞“read”“l(fā)isten”“speaking”“takingnotes”和“keepingadiary”，進(jìn)行整合，相對(duì)而言能夠更精確地表達(dá)主旨大意。這一段落的主旨大意概括為：WecanimproveourEnglishbyreadingandlisteningtomoreEnglishmaterials,takingchancestospeakandwritinginEnglish.（四）如何用自己語(yǔ)言表達(dá)原文主旨概要寫作強(qiáng)調(diào)寫作者用自己的語(yǔ)言言簡(jiǎn)意賅地表達(dá)原文的主旨大意和重要內(nèi)容，要避免照搬原文。釋義(paraphrase)是將聽到或看到的內(nèi)容用自己的語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行表達(dá)，可以借鑒原文的內(nèi)容，但是要學(xué)會(huì)用各種方法來進(jìn)行改寫，達(dá)到“神似形不似”的境界。下面我們就具體來學(xué)習(xí)怎樣利用paraphrase來進(jìn)行改寫吧。使用不同的詞匯(1)同義替換：這是paraphrase最簡(jiǎn)單的方法，就是用近義詞或者同義短語(yǔ)替換原文中相應(yīng)的部分。使用這種方法時(shí)，通常不需對(duì)句子的其他部分進(jìn)行改動(dòng)。例1Itismonlybelievedthattakingregularexercisedoesgoodtopeople’shealth.—Itiswidelyacceptedthattakingregularexercisedoesgoodtopeopledhealth.—Itisgenerallythoughtthattakingregularexercisedoesgoodtoone'shealth.在這一例句中，同學(xué)們既可以對(duì)“monlybelieved”進(jìn)行同義替換，也可以對(duì)“doesgoodtopeople’shealth”進(jìn)行同義替換，都可以達(dá)到改寫的目的。我們?cè)賮砜匆焕豪?Thanksforyourhelp,wepletedthedemandingtaskaheadofschedule.—Becauseofyourhelp,wepletedthedemandingtaskaheadofschedule.—Owingtoyourhelp,wefinishedthedemandingtaskaheadofschedule.—Withyourhelp,wefinishedthedifficulttaskinadvance.在這一例句中，同學(xué)們可以針對(duì)“Thanksfor”“plete”和“aheadofschedule”進(jìn)行同義替換。在平時(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)中，同學(xué)們邊該盡量積累詞匯，尤其對(duì)于一些常用的同義詞的積累，不僅可以幫助擴(kuò)大詞匯量，也能使自己在句子改寫中游刃有余。在練習(xí)的過程中，同學(xué)們要盡量嘗試多用不同的同義詞替換原文內(nèi)容。部分常用同義替換表達(dá)的歸納見下表：原義同義詞;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;(2)改變?cè)~性：這一方法和同義替換較為類似，但它是通過詞性轉(zhuǎn)換的形式替換原文中的相應(yīng)內(nèi)容。例3Theyoungmanwassentencedtoprisonbecausehegotinvolvedinamurder.—Theyoungmanwassentencedtoprisonbecauseofhisinvolvementinamurder.在這一例中，用名詞involvement替換了動(dòng)詞involve。在詞性變化的時(shí)候，必要時(shí)對(duì)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)也要做相應(yīng)的改變，以免產(chǎn)生句式上的錯(cuò)誤。例4WhattheyhaveachievedisreallyvaluableinpreventingandtreatingHIVinfection.—TheirachievementsarereallyvaluableinpreventingandtreatingHIVinfection.—TheirachievementsaresignificantinthepreventionandtreatmentofHIVinfection.這一例句中，achieve(v.)，prevent(v.)，treat(v.)都從動(dòng)詞變成了名詞，在句子或詞組結(jié)構(gòu)上也相應(yīng)作了一些改變。除了動(dòng)詞和名詞之間的互相轉(zhuǎn)換，形容詞和名詞、形容詞和副詞等也可以互換。我們?cè)賮砼e兩個(gè)例子。例5Theyhaveeupwithseveralideastosolvethetoughproblem.—Theyhavethoughtofafewsolutionstotheproblem.例6Variousselectivecoursesaredesignedtomeettheneedsofthestudents.—Avarietyofoptionalcoursesaredesignedtosatisfythedemandsofthestudents.例7Itisnecessaryfor60yearoldsandbeyondtotakearegularphysicalexamination.—Itisessentialfortheseniorcitizenstotakemedicalexamsregularly.(3)使用不同的連接詞：連接詞不僅連接句子，也連接段落，所以掌握一些連接詞的替換，對(duì)改寫也有很大的幫助。例8Theweatherwasterrible,asaresult，theyhadtochangetheirplan.—Theweatherwassoterriblethattheyhadtochangetheirplan.—Theweatherwasterriblesothattheyhadtochangetheirplan.例9Thoughhehasmadegreatefforts,hestillfailedinthedrivingtest.—Inspiteofhisgreatefforts,hestillfailedinthedrivingtest.—Despitehistremendousefforts,hedidn’tpassthedrivingtest.例10Wewon’ttrusthimanylongerifhedoesn’ttellusthetruth.—Wewon’tbelieveinhimanymoreunlesshetellsusthetruth.以上例句給同學(xué)們示范了一些常用的連詞的替換。在實(shí)際寫作中，我們往往利用多種方法對(duì)原句進(jìn)行改寫，所以同學(xué)們可以不拘泥于一種方式。部分常用連接詞的歸納：邏輯關(guān)系連接詞表對(duì)比/轉(zhuǎn)折however；ontheotherhand;despite;inspiteof;though;although;but;onthecontrary;otherwise;yet;insteadof;rather;ratherthan;whereas;nevertheless;eventhough表遞進(jìn)What’smore;inaddition;moreover;furthermore;besides...表因果Therefore;so;asaresult;consequently;thus;accordingly;inthisway;dueto;becauseof;owingto;resultfrom;resultin;leadto;because表總結(jié)Inshort;Inbrief;Briefly;Tosumup;Onthewhole;Inaword(4)對(duì)原詞進(jìn)行逆向表達(dá)：對(duì)一些形容詞或副詞進(jìn)行修改，比如釆用反義詞、雙重否定即肯定等改寫手段也可以達(dá)到用自己語(yǔ)言表達(dá)原文的目的。例11Thepresentsituationisnotassimpleashethought.—Thecurrentsituationismoreplicatedthanhethought.例12IhaveneverseenabetterfilmthantheoneIsawyesterday.—ThefilmIsawyesterdayisthebestIhaveeverseen.例13ItisnotunmonforAmericanstomovearoundforvariousreasons.—ItismonforAmericanstomovearoundfordifferentreasons.使用不同的句型(1)詞序的改變。例1Janestaredatthesunsetassheateapples.—Janeateappleswhenshestaredatthesunset.例2Theygotupat5inthemorningsoastocatchtheearliestbus.Tocatchtheearliestbus,theygotupat5a.m.(2)主被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換。例3Thegovernmentencouragescitizenstotakepublictransportationwhentheytravelaround.→Citizensareencouragedtotakepublictransporttotravelaround.例4 Theyhavetriedeverymeanstosavethedrowningboybutfailed.→Everymeanshasbeenusedtosavethedrowningboybutfailed.例5 Theconstructionofthenewtunnelbenefitspeoplelivingonbothsidesoftheriver.→Peoplelivingonbothsidesoftheriverbenefitfromtheconstructionofthenewtunnel.例6 Theheavyrainresultedinthelandslide,whichkilledover100villagers.→Thelandslide,whichkilledover100villagers,resultedfromtheheavyrain.主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換，除了動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)的變化之外，還有詞組之間的轉(zhuǎn)換，比如resultfrom和resultin;benefit和benefitfrom;basesth.onsth.和bebasedon等，同學(xué)們要學(xué)會(huì)靈活轉(zhuǎn)換。(3)從句和非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)換。例7 TheyhavelivedinShanghaifornearly10years,sotheyarequitefamiliarwiththecity.→HavinglivedinShanghaifornearlyonedecade,they’requitefamiliarwithit.例8 Manyofthestudentsarenowintheclassroomandtheyaretakingalunchbreak.→Manystudentsarenowintheclassroomtakingalunchbreak.例9 Theactivitywhichisdesignedtoraisepeople’sawarenessofanimalprotectionispopularwiththeresidents.→Theactivitydesignedtoraisetheawarenessofanimalprotectioniswellreceivedbytheresidents.→Theactivitywhoseaimistomakepeopleawareofanimalprotectiongainsgreatpopularityamongtheresidents.例10Theapartmentbuildingcollapsedandmanypeoplelosttheirhomes.→Theapartmentbuildingcollapsed,leavingmanypeoplehomeless.→Manypeoplelosttheirhomeswiththecollapseofthebuilding.例11TomwasadmittedtoCambridgeUniversityandheisthefirstinhishometowntostudyabroad.→Tom’sbeingadmittedtoCambridgeUniversitymakeshimthefirstinhishometowntostudyabroad.(4)概括性的詞代替具體的詞。例12Somepeoplegotocollegetolearnatrade，somegotoenteraprofession，andothers，havingnoimmediatecareergoals,gofortheloveoflearning.→Peoplegotocollegeforvariousreasons.例13ShebroughthomeseveralChineseandEnglishnovels,afewcopiesofTimesandNewsweekandsometextbooks.Sheintendedtoreadallofthemduringherholiday.→Shebroughthomeavarietyofreadingmaterialstoenjoyinhervocation.（五）評(píng)分原則①本題總分為10分，其中內(nèi)容5分，語(yǔ)言5分。②62個(gè)字以上酌情扣分。③語(yǔ)言全部沿用原文，語(yǔ)言分為0；內(nèi)容分不超過4分④連續(xù)沿用原文5個(gè)字以上，語(yǔ)言分扣1分評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及細(xì)則檔次語(yǔ)言內(nèi)容A55B44C33D22E11各檔次給分要求：內(nèi)容部分A.能準(zhǔn)確、全面地概括文章主旨大意，并涵蓋主要信息。B.能準(zhǔn)確概括文章主旨大意，但遺漏個(gè)別主要信息。C.能概括文章主旨大意，但遺漏部分主要信息。D.未能準(zhǔn)確概括文章主旨大意，遺漏較多主要信息或留有過多細(xì)節(jié)信息。E.幾乎不能概括文章的主旨大意，未涉及文中有意義的相關(guān)信息語(yǔ)言部分A.能用自己的語(yǔ)言連貫、正確地表述。B.能用自己的語(yǔ)言較連貫、正確地表述，但有個(gè)別語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤。C.基本能用自己的語(yǔ)言連貫、正確地表述，但連貫性較差，且有少量不影響表意的語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤。D.基本能用自己的語(yǔ)言表述，但連貫性較差，且嚴(yán)重語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤較多。E.幾乎不能用自己的語(yǔ)言連貫、正確地表述。當(dāng)堂知識(shí)檢測(cè)1．（2023·上海奉賢·統(tǒng)考二模）Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Howyouruniquestorycangetyouhired?You’resittingatyourputertoapplyforyourdreamjob,butsuddenlyyou’renotconfidentenoughtogetit.Soyoudon’tevensubmittheapplication.Itisnaturalforyoutoexperienceselfdoubtatsuchacrucialmoment,especiallyifyou’repeopleofcolor,firstgenerationcollegestudent,oryoudon’thaveatraditionalbackground.Thesecretistotransformhowyouperceiveyourownstory.Askyourselftwoquestions.Thefirstone:whydoyouwanttodothiswork?Maybeyoualreadyknowthekindofjoborworkenvironmentthatmakesyouhappy,ormaybeyouhaven’tquitefiguredthatoutyet.Usually,yourpersonalexperiencescanhelpgiveyouclues.Forexample,yourbrotherhadtooverehisdyslexia(誦讀困難癥),andyouhelpedhimwithhisreading.Gradually,youbecameinterestedineducation.Thatmotivatedyoutoworkasateacher.Thesecondquestionyouhavetoaskyourself:howcanyoutellyourstorytoexhibittheuniquequalitiesyouhave?Forexample,youundertookmultiplejobsunrelatedtoyourmajorwhileyouwereincollege.Whenyou’reinaninterview,goaheadandtalkaboutthem,becauseitwillshowtheemployerthatyouhavetimemanagementskillsandastrongpassionforwork.Employersarelookingforwellroundedindividualsthatarecapableofacplishingvariousjobtasks.Gobackandreflectonthosetoughquestionsthatyouneedtoanswer.Theanswersarewhatmakesyouyou.Reframingyourstorycanremakeyourconfidenceoverandoveragain,butittakestime.It’slikerunningamarathon.Youhavetotrainandpractice.Whenyoulearntopracticeyourstory,tellitwithassurance.You’resuretostandoutamongallthecandidates.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【答案】(version1)Whenyoudoubtyourselfinjobhunting,viewingyourownstoryfromadifferentperspectiveishelpful.First,lookforsomepossiblemotivesfromyourpreviousexperiences.Second,digyourstrengthsanddemonstratethemtotheemployers.Ifyoumakefulluseoftheseskills,itismorelikelyforyoutogetyourdreamjob.(55words)(version2)Youruniquestorycanhelpyougetyourdreamjobsuccessfully.Thekeyistomakegooduseofthestory.First,askyourselfwhyyouwanttodothisworkbyreferringtoyourpersonalexperiences.Second,figureouthowyoucandemonstrateyouruniquestrengthstotheemployers.Withtheseskills,youaremorelikelytogethired.(60words)【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說明文。主要介紹了在申請(qǐng)自己夢(mèng)想中的工作時(shí)，要改變對(duì)自己故事的看法，首先弄清楚自己為什么要做這項(xiàng)工作，其次，在面試時(shí)，展現(xiàn)自己的獨(dú)特品質(zhì)，以此在所有候選人中脫穎而出。①Itisnaturalforyoutoexperienceselfdoubtatsuchacrucialmoment.Thesecretistotransformhowyouperceiveyourownstory.②Thefirstone:whydoyouwanttodothiswork?Usually,yourpersonalexperiencescanhelpgiveyouclues.③Thesecondquestionyouhavetoaskyourself:howcanyoutellyourstorytoexhibittheuniquequalitiesyouhave?④Whenyoulearntopracticeyourstory,tellitwithassurance.You’resuretostandoutamongallthecandidates.將第1、4個(gè)要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行重組，將第2、3個(gè)要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行整合。Whenyouexperienceselfdoubtinjobhunting,perceivingyourownstoryfromadifferentperspectiveishelpful.First,lookforsomepossiblereasonsfromyourpersonalexperiences.Second,digyouruniquequalitiesandexhibitthemtotheemployers.Ifyoumakefulluseoftheseskills,itismorelikelytostandoutamongallthecandidates.【點(diǎn)睛】【高分句型1】Whenyoudoubtyourselfinjobhunting,viewingyourownstoryfromadifferentperspectiveishelpful.（運(yùn)用了主從復(fù)合句對(duì)第一段進(jìn)行概括，其中when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)作句子主語(yǔ)表達(dá)高級(jí)）【高分句型2】Ifyoumakefulluseoftheseskills,itismorelikelyforyoutogetyourdreamjob.（運(yùn)用了主從復(fù)合句對(duì)第四段進(jìn)行概括，其中if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句表達(dá)高級(jí)）2．（2023·上海虹口·統(tǒng)考二模）Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.DoesRecyclingWorkForPlastic?Dealingwithplasticwasteisalwaysatoughproblem.AccordingtotheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD),halfoftheworld’splasticwasteendsupinalandfill,19%burned,andanother22%escapeswastemanagementsystemsandgoesintouncontrolleddumpsites.Soenvironmentalistssuggestplasticwasteshouldberecycledproperly,whichprovesaneffectivewaytohandleotherwastelikepaper,cardboard,metalandglass.However,anewstudybyGreenpeace,andreportingintheBostonGlobe,suggeststhatrecyclingplasticisa“myth”andraisesamajorquestionaboutthefuture:doesrecyclingwork?Unfortunately,theshortansweris“notreally.”There’sbeenalotofdebateoverwhatreallyhappenstorecycledplastic.Butscientistssaythatrecyclingplasticwastehasmostlyfailedbecauseit’sverydifficulttocollectandnearlyimpossibletosort.Becauseplasticisoftenmadefromharmfulmaterials,itcanbeharmfultotheenvironmenttoreprocess.Muchofthesolutionfallsonbigpaniestochangethewaytheydobusiness.Thewayforwardseemstobemostlytocutdownonpanies’relianceonplasticpackaging,andtomovetowardreusablepackagingandpackagingfreealternatives.Aboveall,paniesneedtophaseoutallsingleuseplastics.Fortheconsumer,livingmoreplasticfreeistheonlyrealsolutionavailable.Avoidingdrinksinplasticcontainers,usingatravelmugorreusablewaterbottle,bringingyourownreusablebag,buyinginbulkandcuttingbackonprepackagedfoodsareallagoodstart.Butintheend,corporateAmericaneedsadeepermitmenttotheplasticwasteproblem.“paniesmusttakeactionnowtogetridofsingleuseplasticsandpackagingandnotrelyonfalsesolutionssuchasrecycling,”saysGreenpeace.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【答案】Onepossibleversion:Whilerecyclingplasticwasteisremendedbyenvironmentalists,thepracticeseemsunworkable,asanewstudysuggests.Plasticwasteishardtogatherandclassifyasitsreprocessingmayreleasesomethingharmful.Toaddresstheproblem,paniesshouldbeenvironmentallyresponsiblebyreducingtheirdependenceonplasticpackagingandconsumersshouldadoptaplasticfreelifestyle.【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說明文。一項(xiàng)新的研究表明，盡管環(huán)保人士建議回收塑料垃圾，但這種做法似乎行不通。塑料垃圾很難收集和分類，因?yàn)樵偬幚砜赡軙?huì)釋放有害物質(zhì)。為了解決這個(gè)問題，企業(yè)應(yīng)該減少對(duì)塑料包裝的依賴，對(duì)環(huán)境負(fù)責(zé)，消費(fèi)者應(yīng)該采取無塑料的生活方式?！驹斀狻?.要點(diǎn)摘錄①Soenvironmentalistssuggestplasticwasteshouldberecycledproperly,whichprovesaneffectivewaytohandleotherwastelikepaper,cardboard,metalandglass.②However,anewstudybyGreenpeace,andreportingintheBostonGlobe,suggeststhatrecyclingplasticisa“myth”andraisesamajorquestionaboutthefuture:doesrecyclingwork?Unfortunately,theshortansweris“notreally.”③Butscientistssaythatrecyclingplasticwastehasmostlyfailedbecauseit’sverydifficulttocollectandnearlyimpossibletosort.Becauseplasticisoftenmadefromharmfulmaterials,itcanbeharmfultotheenvironmenttoreprocess.④Thewayforwardseemstobemostlytocutdownonpanies’relianceonplasticpackaging,andtomovetowardreusablepackagingandpackagingfreealternatives.2.縝密構(gòu)思將1、2兩個(gè)要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)化重組，將3、4兩個(gè)要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)化整合。3.遣詞造句Whilerecyclingplasticwasteisremendedbyenvironmentalists,thepracticeseemsunworkable,asanewstudysuggests