2019年廣東財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)考研真題-英語(yǔ)水平考試

廣東財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)碩士研究生入學(xué)考試試卷

考試年度：2019年考試科目代碼及名稱：613-英語(yǔ)水平考試（自命題）

適用專業(yè)：050201英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言文學(xué)

[友情提醒：請(qǐng)?jiān)诳键c(diǎn)提供的專用答題紙上答題，答在本卷或草稿紙上無(wú)效!]

一、GapFilling選詞填空（用單詞列表選詞完成段落）（30題，每

題1分，共30分）

PassageOne:fillinthegapswiththeproperformofgivenwords

pose,exaggerate,accelerate,extinct,exist,perception,wealthy,

magnify,starve,head,run,predict,abundant,conception,reduce

Formanyenvironmentalists,theworldseemstobegettingworse.Theyhave

developedahitlistofourmainfears:naturalresourcesare1out?Thepopulationis

evergrowing,leavinglessandlesstoeat?Speciesarebecoming2invastnumbers,

andtheplanet'sairandwaterarebecomingevermorepolluted.

Butaquicklookatthefactsshowsadifferentpicture.First,energyandothernatural

resourceshavebecomemore3notlessso,sincethebookTheLimitstoGrowth1was

publishedin1972byagroupofscientists.Second,morefoodisnowproducedper4

oftheworld'spopulationthanatanytimeinhistory.Fewerpeopleare5.Third,

althoughspeciesareindeedbecomingextinct,onlyabout0.7%ofthemareexpected

todisappearinthenext50years,not25?50%,ashassooftenbeen6.Andfinally,

mostformsofenvironmentalpollutioneitherappeartohavebeen7,oraretransient-

associatedwiththeearlystagesofindustrializationandthereforebestcurednotby

restrictingeconomicgrowth,butby8it.Oneformofpollution-thereleaseof

greenhousegasesthatcausesglobalwarming-doesappeartobeaphenomenonthat

isgoingtoextendwellintoourfuture,butitstotalimpactisunlikelyto9a

devastatingproblem.Abiggerproblemmaywellturnouttobeaninappropriate

responsetoit.

Yetopinionpollssuggestthatmanypeoplenurturethebeliefthatenvironmental

standardsaredecliningandsomefactorsseemtocausethisdisjunctionbetween10

andreality.

PassageTwo:fillinthegapswiththeproperformofgivenwords

transplant,solution,gradually,transport,elemental,conflict,continually,mobile,

couple,agriculture,including,compromise,require,primary,consist

Thetypicalpre-industrialfamilynotonlyhadagoodmanychildren,butnumerous

otherdependentsaswell---grandparents,uncles,auntsandcousins.Such"extended"

familiesweresuitedforsurvivalinslowpaced11societies.Butsuchfamiliesare

hardto12.Theyareimmobile.

Industrialismdemandedmassesofworkersreadyandabletomoveoffthelandin

pursuitofjobs,andtomoveagainwhenevernecessary.Thustheextendedfamily13

sheditsexcessweightandtheso-called"nuclear"familyemerged-astripped-down,

portablefamilyunit14onlyofparentsandasmallsetofchildren.Thisnewstyle

family,farmore15thanthetraditionalextendedfamily,becamethestandardmodel

inalltheindustrialcounties.

Super-industrialism,however,thenextstageofeco-technologicaldevelopment,16

evenhighermobility.Thuswemayexpectmanyamongthepeopleofthefutureto

carrythestreamliningprocess,astepfatherbyremainingchildren,cuttingthefamily

downtoitsmore17components,amanandawoman.Twopeople,perhapswith

matchedcareers,willprovemoreefficientatnavigatingthrougheducationandsocial

status,throughjobchangesandgeographicrelocations,thantheordinarily

child-clutteredfamily.

A18maybethepostponementofchildren,ratherthanchildlessness.Menandwomen

todayareoftentomin19betweenacommitmenttocareerandacommitmentto

children.Inthefuture,many20willsidestepthisproblembydeferringtheentiretask

ofraisingchildrenuntilafterretirement.

PassageThree:fillinthegapswiththeproperformofgivenwords

tip,slight,examine,specify,nuisance,associate,sensitive,indicate,

superior,suspicious,peak,abundant,treat,prohibit,visual,prevent

Aratorpigeonmightnotbetheobviouschoicetotendtosomeonewhoissick,but

thesecreatureshavesome21skillsthatcouldhelpthetreatmentofhumandiseases.

Pigeonsareoftenseenasdirtybirdsandanurban22,buttheyarejustthelatestina

longlineofanimalsthathavebeenfoundtohaveabilitiestohelphumans.Despite

havingabrainnobiggerthanthe23ofyourindexfinger,pigeonshaveavery

impressive24memory.Recentlyitwasshownthattheycouldbetrainedtobeas

accurateashumansatdetectingbreastcancerinimages.

Ratsareoften25withspreadingdiseaseratherthan26it,butthislong-tailedanimal

ishighly27.Insidearat'snoseareupto1,000differenttypesofolfactoryreceptors,

whereashumansonlyhave100to200types.Thisgivesratstheabilitytodetect28

smells.Asaresult,someratsarebeingputtoworktodetectTB.Whentheratsdetect

thesmell,theystopandrubtheirlegsto29asampleisinfected.

Traditionally,ahundredsampleswouldtakelabtechniciansmorethantwodaysto30,

butforaratittakeslessthan20minutes.Thisratdetectionmethoddoesn'trelyon

specialistequipment.Itisalsomoreaccurate-theratsareabletofindmoreTB

infectionsand,therefore,savemorelives.

二、Proofreadinganderrorcorrection改錯(cuò)題（15題，每題2

分，共30分）

PassageOne

Threepassionshavegovernedmylife:thelongingfbrlove,thesearchintoknowledge,

andtheunbearable_1—pityforthesufferingofmankind.Ihavesoughtoflove,first,

becauseitbringsecstasy-ecstasysogreatbecauseIwouldoftenhave

—2—sacrificedalltherestofmylifeforafewhoursforthisjoy.Ihavesoughtit,

next,becauseitrelievesloneliness-thatterriblelonelinesswhichoneshivering

consciousness_3—looksovertherimoftheworldintothecoldunfathomable

lifelessabyss.Ihavesoughtit,then,becauseinthe_4—unionofloveIhaveseen,in

amysticminiature,theprefiguringvisionoftheheavenwheresaintsandpoets

—5—haveimagined.ThisiswhatIsought,andthoughitmightseemtoogoodfor

humanlife,thisiswhat—atlast—ihavefound.

WithequalpassionateIhavesoughtknowledge.Ihavewished_6—tounderstand

theheartsofmen.Ihavewishedtoknowwhythestarsshine...Alittlethis,butnot

much,Ihaveachieved.—7—Loveandknowledge,sofarastheywerepossible,led

upwardtowardtheheavens.Butitalwayspitybrought_8—mebacktoearth.

Echoesofcriesofpainreverberateinmyheart.Childreninfamine,victimstortured

byoppressors,helplessoldpeople—ahatedburdentotheirsons,andthewholeworld

ofloneliness,povertyandpainmakeamockofwhat_9—humanlifeshouldbe.I

longtoalleviatetheevil,butIcannot,andItoosuffer.Thishasbeenmylife.Ihave

founditworthofliving,andwouldgladlyliveitagainifthechance_10—were

offeredme.

PassageTwo

Since1965,whenisequipmentbecameoperational,adevicecalledEroshasbeen

helpedtomakeskytraffic_11—safe.ErosisshortfbrEliminateRangeZero

System-rangezeromeaningcollision.BasicallyErosisacomputersystemmeasures,

withgreatspeedandprecision,closing_12—speed(thespeedatwhichtwoobjects

areapproachingeachother)andrange(thedistanceapartoftheobjects).Eroscan

warnaircraftapproachableeachotheratjet_13—speedsandcanprovideprotection

forasmanyasathousandaircraftinwidearea.ThepilotofanEros-equippedaircraft

headingforacollisionhearawarningnoiseinhisear-phones_14_whenhisairborne

computercalculatesthatheiswithinthirtysecondsorhalfamile(whicheveroccurs

first)ofotheraircraft.—15—Atthesametime,aflashingredarrowonthedevice's

indicatorpanelinstructshimtodescend.Simultaneously,intheotheraircraft,the

signalisautomaticallyreversed:theflashingarrowtellsthepilottoclimb.Thenewer

ErosIIsystemcanaccommodateatotaloftwothousandaircraftatonetimewithina

140-mileradius.Everythreeseconds,eachEros-equippedplaneautomatically

reportstogroundstationsandtosimilarlyequippedaircraftitspreciserange,altitude

andapproachrate.TheproducersofEros,theMcDonnellDougalsCorporationinthe

U.S.,arenowstudyingthefittingofErosandwilldomoremaketheskysafer:they

willalsolightentheworkofair-trafficcontrollersandincreasetheefficiencyof

airports.

三、SentenceCompletion完成句子（根據(jù)提供的詞，用合適的形式

完成句子）（15題，每題2分，共30分）

1.Theonacarorothervehicleisthesystemofgearsandshaftsbywhichthe

powerfromtheenginereachesandturnsthewheels,(transmit)

2.Ifthewarrantyislimited,thetermsmayyoutoareplacementorrefund.(title)

3.Ifsomeoneorsomethingisforaparticulareventorsituation,theyarethe

causeofitortheycanbeblamedforit.(responsibility)

4.Asthedaysetfordrewnear,ItoldmywifethatIcouldnotaccompanythem,

(depart)

5.Hewasactingouthisfeelingsof__bybeingoverlyaggressive,(inferior)

6.Youhavenoideaoftheofit,IwasgoingcompletelymadandIwouldn'thave

stuckitsoIknewIhadtoleave,(awe)

7.1knewfromthebeginningthattherewasno___forwhatIwasdoing,(justify)

8.Hefurtherhisactivitybyconvincinghimselfthathewasactually

promotingpeace,(rational)

9.1honestlydon'tknowhowIwillreactthenexttimeImeetadangerous

situation,(potential)

10.1haveaparticularresponsibilityto_Imaketherightdecision,(sure)

11.Heseemedsosureofhisdecision,howcouldheflip-flopsonow?(dramatic)

12.Independentthinkingisanabsoluteinstudy,(necessarily)

13.Fundingalsowillincreasethe_,quality,andrelevanceofbasiceducation.(access)

14.Oneofthemaindesignconcernswasthebuilding'senvironmentaland

appropriation,(adapt)

15.Itissignificantlymorecompactthananylaptop,withnolossin

functionality,(compare)

四、ReadingComprehension閱讀理解（30題，每題2分，共60分）

PassageOne

Tounderstandthemarketingconcept,itisonlynecessarytounderstandthedifference

betweenmarketingandselling.Nottoomanyyearsago,mostindustriesconcentrated

primarilyontheefficientproductionofgoods,andthenreliedon"persuasive

salesmanship"tomoveasmuchofthesegoodsaspossible.Suchproductionand

sellingfocusesontheneedsofthesellertoproducegoodsandthenconverttheminto

money.

Marketing,ontheotherhandfocusesonthewantsofconsumers.Itbeginswithfirst

analyzingthepreferencesanddemandsofconsumersandthenproducinggoodsthat

willsatisfythem.Thiseye-on-the-consumerapproachisknownasthemarketing

conceptwhichsimplymeansthatinsteadoftryingtosellwhateveriseasiestto

produceorbuyforresale,themakersanddealersfirstendeavortofindoutwhatthe

consumerwantstobuyandthengoaboutmakingitavailableforpurchase.

Thisconceptdoesnotimplythatbusinessisbenevolentorthatconsumersatisfaction

isgivenpriorityoverprofitinacompany.Therearealwaystwosidestoevery

businesstransaction-thefirmandthecustomer-andeachmustbesatisfiedbeforetrade

occurs.Successfulmerchantsandproducers,however,recognizethatthesurestroute

toprofitisthroughunderstandingandcateringtocustomers.Astrikingexampleof

theimportanceofcateringtotheconsumerpresenteditselfinmid-1985,whenCoca

Colachangedtheflavorofitsdrink.Thenonacceptanceofthenewflavorbya

significantportionofthepublicbroughtaboutapromptrestorationoftheClassic

Coke,whichwasthenmarketedalongsidethenew.KingCustomerruled!

l.Themarketingconceptdiscussedinthepassageis,inessence

A)aformofpersuasivesalesmanship.

B)thecustomer-centredapproach.

C)makinggoodsavailableforpurchase.

D)thepracticeofturninggoodsintomoney.

2.Whatwasthemainconcernofindustrialistsbeforethemarketingconceptwas

widelyaccepted?

A)Theneedsofthemarket.

B)Thepreferencesofthedealer,

C)Theefficiencyofproduction.

D)Thesatisfactionoftheuser.

3.Accordingtothepassage,"tomoveasmuchofthesegoodsaspossible"(Line3,

Para.l)means

A)toredesignthesegoodsforlarge-scaleproduction.

H)totransportgoodsasefficientlyaspossible.

C)tosellthelargestpossibleamountofgoods.

D)todisposeofthesegoodsinlargequantities.

4.WhatdoestherestorationoftheClassicCokebestillustrate?

A)Productsmustbedesignedtosuitthetasteoftheconsumer.

B)Consumerswithconservativetastesareoftendifficulttoplease.

C)Ittakestimeforanewproducttobeacceptedbythepublic.

D)Traditionalgoodshaveastrongerappealtothemajorityofpeople.

5.Indiscussingthemarketingconcept,theauthorfocuseson

A)itssocialimpact.

B)itstheoreticalbasis.

C)itspossibleconsequence.

D)itsmaincharacteristic.

PassageTwo

Themajorityofsuccessfulseniormanagersdonotcloselyfollowtheclassicalrational

modeloffirstclarifyinggoals,assessingtheproblem,formulatingoptions,estimating

likelihoodsofsuccess,makingadecision,andonlythentakingactiontoimplement

thedecision.Rather,intheirday-by-daytacticalmaneuvers,theseseniorexecutives

relyonwhatisvaguelytermedintuitiontomanageanetworkofinterrelatedproblems

thatrequirethemtodealwithambiguity,inconsistency,novelty,andsurprise;andto

integrateactionintotheprocessofthinking.

Generationsofwritersonmanagementhaverecognizedthatsomepracticing

managersrelyheavilyonintuition.Ingeneral,however,suchwritersdisplayapoor

graspofwhatintuitionis.Someseeitastheoppositeofrationality;othersviewitas

anexcuseforcapriciousness.

Isenberg'srecentresearchonthecognitiveprocessesofseniormanagersrevealsthat

managers*intuitionisneitherofthese.Rather,seniormanagersuseintuitioninatleast

fivedistinctways.First,theyintuitivelysensewhenaproblemexists.Second,

managersrelyonintuitiontoperformwell-learnedbehaviorpatternsrapidly.This

intuitionisnotarbitraryorirrational,butisbasedonyearsofpainstakingpracticeand

hands-onexperiencethatbuildskills.Athirdfunctionofintuitionistosynthesize

isolatedbitsofdataandpracticeintoanintegratedpicture,ofteninanAha!

experience.Fourth,somemanagersuseintuitionasacheckontheresultsofmore

rationalanalysis.Mostseniorexecutivesarefamiliarwiththeformaldecisionanalysis

modelsandtools,andthosewhousesuchsystematicmethodsforreachingdecisions

areoccasionallyleeryofsolutionssuggestedbythesemethodswhichruncounterto

theirsenseofthecorrectcourseofaction.Finally,managerscanuseintuitionto

bypassin-depthanalysisandmoverapidlytoengenderaplausiblesolution.Usedin

thisway,intuitionisanalmostinstantaneouscognitiveprocessinwhichamanager

recognizesfamiliarpatterns.

Oneoftheimplicationsoftheintuitivestyleofexecutivemanagementisthatthinking

isinseparablefromacting.Sincemanagersoftenknowwhatisrightbeforetheycan

analyzeandexplainit,theyfrequentlyactfirstandexplainlater.Analysisis

inextricablytiedtoactioninthinking/actingcycles,inwhichmanagersdevelop

thoughtsabouttheircompaniesandorganizationsnotbyanalyzingaproblematic

situationandthenacting,butbyactingandanalyzingincloseconcert.

Giventhegreatuncertaintyofmanyofthemanagementissuesthattheyface,senior

managersofteninstigateacourseofactionsimplytolearnmoreaboutanissue.They

thenusetheresultsoftheactiontodevelopamorecompleteunderstandingofthe

issue.Oneimplicationofthinking/actingcyclesisthatactionisoftenpartofdefining

theproblem,notjustofimplementingthesolution.

6.Accordingtothetext,seniormanagersuseintuitioninallofthefollowingways

EXCEPTto

A)Speedupofthecreationofasolutiontoaproblem.

B)Identifyaproblem.

C)Bringtogetherdisparatefacts.

D)Stipulatecleargoals.

7.Thetextsuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutthewritersonmanagement

mentionedinline1,Par.2?

A)Theyhavecriticizedmanagersfornotfollowingtheclassicalrationalmodel

ofdecisionanalysis.

B)Theyhavenotbasedtheiranalysesonasufficientlylargesampleofactual

managers.

C)Theyhavereliedindrawingtheirconclusionsonwhatmanagerssayrather

thanonwhatmanagersdo.

D)Theyhavemisunderstoodhowmanagersuseintuitioninmakingbusiness

decisions.

8.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthatwhichofthefollowingwouldmostprobablybe

onemajordifferenceinbehaviorbetweenManagerX,whousesintuitiontoreach

decisions,andManagerY,whousesonlyformaldecisionanalysis?

A)ManagerXanalyzesfirstandthenacts;ManagerYdoesnot.

B)ManagerXcheckspossiblesolutionstoaproblembysystematicanalysis;

ManagerYdoesnot.

C)ManagerXtakesactioninordertoarriveatthesolutiontoaproblem;

ManagerYdoesnot.

D)ManagerYdrawsonyearsofhands-onexperienceincreatingasolutiontoa

problem;ManagerXdoesnot.

9.Thetextprovidessupportforwhichofthefollowingstatements?

A)Managerswhorelyonintuitionaremoresuccessfulthanthosewhorelyon

formaldecisionanalysis.

B)Managerscannotjustifytheirintuitivedecisions.

C)Managers9intuitionworkscontrarytotheirrationalandanalyticalskills.

D)Intuitionenablesmanagerstoemploytheirpracticalexperiencemore

efficiently.

10.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthefirstparagraphof

thetext?

A)Anassertionismadeandaspecificsupportingexampleisgiven.

B)Aconventionalmodelisdismissedandanalternativeintroduced.

C)Theresultsofrecentresearchareintroducedandsummarized.

D)Twoopposingpointsofviewarepresentedandevaluated.

PassageThree

Chronobiologymightsoundalittlefuturistic-likesomethingfromasciencefiction

novel,perhaps-butit'sactuallyafieldofstudythatconcernsoneoftheoldest

processeslifeonthisplanethaseverknown:short-termrhythmsoftimeandtheir

effectonfloraandfauna.Thiscantakemanyforms.Marinelife,forexample,is

influencedbytidalpatterns.Animalstendtobeactiveorinactivedependingonthe

positionofthesunormoon.Numerouscreatures,humansincluded,arelargely

diurnal-thatis,theyliketocomeoutduringthehoursofsunlight.Nocturnalanimals,

suchasbatsandpossums,prefertoforagebynight.Athirdgroupareknownas

crepuscular:theythriveinthelowlightofdawnandduskandremaininactiveatother

hours.Whenitcomestohumans,chronobiologistsareinterestedinwhatisknownas

thecircadianrhythm.Thisisthecompletecycleourbodiesarenaturallygearedto

undergowithinthepassageofatwenty-fourhourday.Asidefromsleepingatnight

andwakingduringtheday,eachcycleinvolvesmanyotherfactorssuchaschangesin

bloodpressureandbodytemperature.Noteveryonehasanidenticalcircadianrhythm.

'Nightpeople9,forexample,oftendescribehowtheyfinditveryhardtooperate

duringthemorning,butbecomealertandfocusedbyevening.Thisisabenign

variationwithincircadianrhythmsknownasachronotype.Scientistshavelimited

abilitiestocreatedurablemodificationsofchronobiologicaldemands.Recent

therapeuticdevelopmentsforhumanssuchasartificiallightmachinesandmelatonin

administrationcanresetourcircadianrhythms,forexample,butourbodiescantell

thedifferenceandhealthsufferswhenwebreachthesenaturalrhythmsforextended

periodsoftime.Plantsappearnomoremalleableinthesethreerespects;studies

demonstratethatvegetablesgrowninseasonandripenedonthetreearefarhigherin

essentialnutrientsthanthosegrowningreenhousesandripenedbylaser.Knowledge

ofchronobiologicalpatternscanhavemanypragmaticimplicationsforourday-to-day

lives.Whilecontemporarylivingcansometimesappeartosubjugatebiology-after

all,whoneedscircadianrhythmswhenwehavecaffeinepills,energydrinks,shift

workandcitiesthatneversleep?-keepinginsynchwithourbodyclockisimportant.

Theaverageurbanresident,forexample,rousesattheeye-blearingtimeof6.04a.m.,

whichresearchersbelievetobefartooearly.Onestudyfoundthatevenrisingat7.00

a.m.hasdeleteriouseffectsonhealthunlessexerciseisperformedfor30minutes

afterward.Theoptimummomenthasbeenwhittleddownto7.22a.m.;muscleaches,

headachesandmoodinesswerereportedtobelowestbyparticipantsinthestudywho

awokethen.Onceyou'reupandreadytogo,whatthen?Ifyou'retryingtoshedsome

extrapounds,dieticiansareadamant:neverskipbreakfast.Thisdisorientsyour

circadianrhythmandputsyourbodyinstarvationmode.Therecommendedcourseof

actionistofollowanintenseworkoutwithacarbohydrate-richbreakfast;theother

wayroundandweightlossresultsarenotaspronounced.Morningisalsogreatfor

breakingoutthevitamins.Supplementabsorptionbythebodyisnot

temporal-dependent,butnaturopathPamStonenotesthattheextraboostatbreakfast

helpsusgetenergisedforthedayahead.Forimprovedabsorption,Stonesuggests

pairingsupplementswithafoodinwhichtheyaresolubleandsteeringclearof

caffeinatedbeverages.Finally,Stonewarnstotakecarewithstorage;highpotencyis

bestforabsorption,andwarmthandhumidityareknowntodepletethepotencyofa

supplement.After-dinnerespressosarebecomingmoreofatradition-wehavethe

Italianstothankforthat-buttoprepareforagoodnighfssleepwearebetteroff

puttingthebrakesoncaffeineconsumptionasearlyas3p.m.Withasevenhour

half-life,acupofcoffeecontaining90mgofcaffeinetakenatthishourcouldstill

leave45mgofcaffeineinyournervoussystematteno'clockthatevening.Itis

essentialthat,bythetimeyouarereadytosleep,yourbodyisridofalltraces.

Eveningsareimportantforwindingdownbeforesleep;however,dieticianGeraldine

Georgewarnsthatanafter-fivecarbohydrate-fastismoreculturalmyththan

chronobiologicaldemand.Thiswilldepriveyourbodyofvitalenergyneeds.

Overloadingyourgutcouldleadtoindigestion,though.Ourdigestivetractsdonot

shutdownforthenightentirely,buttheirworkslowstoacrawlasourbodiesprepare

forsleep.Consumingamodestsnackshouldbeentirelysufficient.

11.Inordertoloseweight,weshould

A)avoideatingbreakfast

B)eatalowcarbohydratebreakfast

C)exercisebeforebreakfast

D)exerciseafterbreakfast

12.WhichisNOTmentionedasawaytoimprovesupplementabsorption?

A)avoidingdrinkscontainingcaffeinewhiletakingsupplements

B)takingsupplementsatbreakfast

C)takingsupplementswithfoodsthatcandissolvethem

D)storingsupplementsinacool,dryenvironment

13.Thebesttimetostopdrinkingcoffeeis

A)mid-afternoon

B)10p.m.

C)onlywhenfeelinganxious

D)afterdinner6

14.Intheevening,weshould

A)stayawayfromcarbohydrates

B)stopexercising

C)eatasmuchaspossible

D)eatalightmeal

15.WhichofthefollowingphrasesbestdescribesthemainaimofReadingPassage

1?

A)tosuggesthealthierwaysofeating,sleepingandexercising

B)todescribehowmodemlifehasmadechronobiologylargelyirrelevant

C)tointroducechronobiologyanddescribesomepracticalapplications

D)toplanadailyschedulethatcanalterournaturalchronobiologicalrhythms

PassageFour

Whilethemissionofpublicschoolshasexpandedbeyondeducationtoincludesocial

supportandextra-curricularactivities,theacademicschedulehaschangedlittlein

morethanacentury.

Reclaimingtheschooldayforacademicinstructionandescapingthetimebound

traditionsofeducationarevitalstepsintheschool-reformprocess,saysareport

releasedtodaybytheNationalEducationCommissiononTimeandLearning.

Thecommission'sreport,titled"PrisonersofTime,"callsthefixedclockandcalendar

inAmericaneducationa"fundamentaldesignflaw"indesperateneedofchange.

"Timeshouldservechildreninsteadofchildrenservingtime."thereportsays.

Thetwo-yearcommissionfoundthatholdingAmericanstudentsto"world-class

standards."willrequiremoretimeforclassroominstruction."Wehavebeenasking

theimpossibleofourstudents-thattheylearnasmuchastheirforeignpeerswhile

spendinghalfasmuchasincoreacademicsubjects/*itstates.

TheCommissioncomparedtherelationshipsbetweentimeandlearninginJapan.

Germany,andtheUnitedStatesandfoundthatAmericanstudentsreceivelessthan

halfthebasicacademicinstructionthatJapaneseandGermanstudentsareprovided.

Onaverage.Americanstudentscanearnahighschooldiplomaiftheyspendonly41

percentoftheirschooltimeonacademics,saysthereport.

Americanstudentsspendanaverageofthreehoursadayon"core"academicssuchas

Englishmath,science,andhistory,thecommissionfound.Theirreportrecommends

offeringaminimumof5.5hoursofacademicseveryschoolday.

Thenine-membercommissionalsorecommendslengtheningtheschooldaybeyond

thetraditionalsixhours.

"Ifschoolswanttocontinueofferingimportantactivitiesoutsidetheacademiccore,

aswellasservingasahubforfamilyandcommunityservices,theyshouldkeep

schooldoorsopenlongereachdayandeachyear."saysJohnHodgeJones,

superintendentofschoolsinMurfreesboro,Tenn.,andchairmanofthecommission.

ThetypicalschoolyearinAmericanpublicschoolsis180days.Elevenstatesallow

schoolyearsof175daysorless,andonlyonestaterequiresmorethan180day.

"Foroveradecade,educationreformadvocateshavebeenworkingFeverishlyto

improveourschools/9saysMiltonGoldberg,executivedirectorofthecommission.

"But...ifreformistotrulytakehold,thesix-hour,180-dayschoolyearshouldbe

relegatedtomuseums-anexhibitfromoureducationpast."

16.Comparedwiththeacademiccoursesmorethanahundredyearsago,the

academiccoursesnow.

A)includesomeextra-curricularactivities

B)focusmoreoneducationofsocialsupport

C)demandstudents1morecontributionoftime

D)remainmoreorlesswhattheyusedtobe

17.Theresearchesbythecommissionmentionedinthepassage