國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)英文版名詞解釋 附有中文解釋

1Absoluteadvantage:絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)Thegreaterefficiencythatonenationmayhaveoveranotherintheproductionofacommodity.ThiswasthebasisfortradeforAdamSmith.2Advaloremtariff:從價(jià)稅Atariffexpressedasafixedpercentageofthevalueofatradedcommodity.3Balanceofpayments:收支平衡Asummarystatementofalltheinternationaltransactionsoftheresidentsofanationwiththerestoftheworldduringaparticularperiodoftime,usuallyayear.4Balancedgrowth:均衡增長(zhǎng)Equalratesoffactorgrowthandtechnologicalprogressintheproductionofbothcommodities.5Bufferstocks:緩沖存貨Thetypeofinternationalcommodityagreementthatinvolvesthepurchaseofthecommodity(tobeaddedtothestock)whenthecommoditypricefallsbelowanagreedminimumprice,andthesaleofthecommodityoutofthestockwhenthecommoditypricerisesabovetheestablishedmaximumprice.6Constantopportunitycosts:機(jī)會(huì)成本不變Theconstantamountofacommoditythatmustbegivenuptoproduceeachadditionalunitofanothercommodity.7Communityindifferencecurve:社會(huì)無(wú)差異曲線Thecurvethatshowsthevariouscombinationsoftwocommodityyieldingequalsatisfactiontothecommunityornation.Communityindifferencecurvesarenegativelysloped,convexfromtheorigin,andshouldnotcross.8Compoundtariff:混合關(guān)稅Acombinationofanadvaloremandaspecifictariff.9Customsunion:關(guān)稅同盟Removesallbarriersontradeamongmembersandharmonizestradepoliciestowardtherestoftheworld.ThebestexampleistheEuropeanUnion(EU).10Commonmarket:共同市場(chǎng)Removesallbarriersontradeamongmembers,harmonizestradepoliciestowardtherestoftheworld,andalsoallowsthefreemovementoflaborandcapitalamongmembernations.AnexampleistheEuropeanUnion(EU)sinceJanuary1,1993.11Dumping:傾銷(xiāo)Theexportofacommodityatbelowcostoratalowerpricethansolddomestically.12Directinvestments:直接投資Realinvestmentsinfactories,capitalgoods,land,andinventorieswherebothcapitalandmanagementareinvolvedandtheinvestorretainscontrolovertheuseoftheinvestedcapital.13Freetradearea:自由貿(mào)易區(qū)Removesallbarriersontradeamongmembers,buteachnationrestainsitsownbarriersontradewithnonmembers.ThebestexamplearetheEFTA,NAFTA,andMercosur.14Factor-priceequalization(H-O)theorem:要素稟賦（赫克歇爾—俄林）理論ThepartoftheH-Otheorythatpredicts,underhighlyrestrictiveassumptions,thatinternationaltradewillbringaboutequalizationinrelativeandabsolutereturnstohomogeneousfactorsacrossnations.15Heckscher-Ohlin(H-O)theory:赫克歇爾—俄林理論Thetheorythatpostulatesthat(1)anationexportscommoditiesintensiveinitsrelativelyabundantandcheapfactorand(2)internationaltradebringsaboutequalizationinreturnstohomogeneousfactorsacrosscountries.16Interdependence:相互依賴The(economic)relationshipsamongnation.17Increasingopportunitycosts:機(jī)會(huì)成本遞增Theincreasingamountsofonecommoditythatanationmustgiveuptoreleasejustenoughresourcestoproduceeachadditionalunitofanothercommodity.Thisisreflectedinaproductionfrontierthatisconcavefromtheorigin.18Internationalcartel:國(guó)際卡特爾Anorganizationofsuppliersofacommoditylocatedindifferentnations(oragroupofgovernments)thatagreestorestrictoutputandexportsofthecommoditywiththeaimofmaximizingorincreasingthetotalprofitsoftheorganization.Aninternationalcartelthatbehavesasamonopolistiscalledacentralizedcartel.19Incometermsoftrade:收入貿(mào)易條件Theratioofthepriceindexofthenation’sexportstothepriceindexofitsimportstimestheindexofthenation’svolumeofexports.20Immiserizinggrowth:悲慘性增長(zhǎng)Thesituationwhereanation’stermsoftradedeterioratesomuchasaresultofgrowththatthenationisworseoffaftergrowththanbefore,evenifgrowthwithouttradetendstoimprovethenation’swelfare.21Leontiefparadox:里昂惕夫之謎TheempiricalfindingthatU.SimportsubstitutesweremoreKintensivethanU.Sexports.ThisiscontrarytotheH-Otrademodel,whichpredictsthat,asthemostK-abundantnation,theUnitedStatesshouldimportL-intensiveproductsandexportK-intensiveproducts.22Marginalrateoftransformation(MRT):邊際轉(zhuǎn)換率Theamountofonecommoditythatanationmustgiveuptoproduceeachadditionalunitofanothercommodity.Thisisanothernamefortheopportunitycostofacommodityandisgivenbytheslopeoftheproductionfrontieratthepointofproduction.23Marginalrateofsubstitution(MRS):邊際替代率Theamountofonecommoditythatanationcouldgiveupinexchangeforoneextraunitofsecondcommodityandstillremainonthesameindifferencecurve.Itisgivenbytheslopeofthecommunityindifferencecurveatthepointofconsumptionanddeclinesasthenationconsumesmoreofthesecondcommodity.24Multinationalcorporations(MNCs):跨國(guó)公司Firmsthatown,control,ormanageproductionanddistributionfacilitiesinseveralcountries.25Optimumtariff:適稅Therateoftariffthatmaximizesthebenefitresultingfromimprovementinthenation'stermsoftradeagainstthenegativeeffectresultingfromreductioninthevolumeoftrade.26Patternoftrade:貿(mào)易格局Thecommoditiesexportedandimportedbyeachnation.27Productionpossibilityfrontier:生產(chǎn)可能性曲線Acurveshowingthevariousalternativecombinationsoftwocommoditiesthatanationcanproducebyfullyutilizingallofitsresourceswiththebesttechnologyavailabletoit.28Prohibitivetariff:禁止性關(guān)稅Atariffsufficientlyhightostopallinternationaltradesothatthenationreturnstoautarky.29Persistentdumping:連續(xù)性傾銷(xiāo)Thecontinuoustendencyofadomesticmonopolisttomaximizetotalprofitsbysellingthecommodityatalowerpriceabroadthandomestically;alsocalledinternationalpricediscriminztion.30Predatorydumping:掠奪性傾銷(xiāo)Thetemporarysaleofcommodityatalowerpriceabroadinordertodriveforeignproducersoutofbusiness,afterwhichpricesareraisedtotakeadvantageofthenewlyacquiredmonopolypowerabroad.31Preferentialtradearrangements:優(yōu)惠貿(mào)易安排Theloosestfromofeconomicintegration;provideslowerbarrierstotradeamongparticipatingnationsthanontradewithnonparticipatingnations.AnexampleistheBritishCommonwealthPreferenceScheme.32Purchasecontracts:.購(gòu)貨契約Long-termmultilateralagreementsthatstipulatetheminimumpriceatwhichimportingnationsagreetopurchaseaspecifiedquantityofthecommodityandamaximumpriceatwhichexportingnationsagreetosellspecifiedamountsofthecommodity.33Portfolioinvestments:投資組合Thepurchaseofpurelyfinancialassets,suchasbondsandstocks(ifthestockpurchaserepresentslessthan10percentofthestockofacorporation),usu34Stolper-Samuelsontheorem:施托爾珀－薩繆爾森定理Itpostulatesthatfreeinternationaltradereducestherealincomeofthenation'srelativelyscarcefactorandincreasestherealincomeofthenation'srelativelyabundantfactor.35Specifictariff:從量稅Atariffexpressedasafixedsumperunitofatradedcommodity.36Sporadicdumping:偶爾傾銷(xiāo)Theoccasionalsaleofacommodityatalower