高中英語選擇性必修一《UNIT 1 People of Achievement》導(dǎo)學(xué)案

高中英語選擇性必修一《UNIT1PeopleofAchievement》導(dǎo)學(xué)案【話題導(dǎo)入】StephenHawkingwasbornonthe300thanniversaryofGalileo'sdeath.HehascometobethoughtofasthegreatestmindinphysicssinceAlbertEinstein.HawkinggrewupoutsideLondon.Hisfatherwasadoctor；hismotherwasactiveinpolitics.Hewasnotasmartschoolboy，butknewfromearlyonthathewouldstudyscience.Hebecamegoodatmathematicsandin1958heandsomefriendsbuiltasimplecomputerthatactuallyworked.In1959hewonascholarshiptoOxfordUniversity.In1962hegothisdegreewithhonorsandwenttoCambridgeUniversitytogetaPhDincosmology.Therehebecameinterestedinblackholes.AfterreceivinghisPhD,hestayedatCambridge，becomingknowneveninhismiddle20sforhispioneeringideas.In1968hestudiedintheInstituteofAstronomyinCambridge.Hepublishedtheverytechnicalbook，TheLargeScaleStructureofSpace-Timeandafterwardsmadeagreatdiscovery.Ithadalwaysbeenthoughtthatnothingcouldescapeablackhole.Hecontinuedworkingonthetheoryoftheoriginoftheuniverse.Attheageof32,hewasnamedafellowoftheRoyalSociety;atthesameyearhereceivedtheAlbertEinsteinAward.Fiveyearslater,in1979,hewasappointedTopProfessorofMathematicsatCambridge,whichwasheldbySirIsaacNewton300yearsearlier.In1988HawkingwroteABriefHistoryofTime,whichbecameabest-seller.Hewroteotherpopulararticlesandappearedinmoviesandtelevision.Heremainsextremelybusy,andhisworkhardlyslowedbythediseasethataffectsmusclecontrol,forwhichheusesawheelchairandspeaksthroughaspeechcomputer.Hesaid，“Mygoalissimple.Itiscompleteunderstandingoftheuniverse，whyitisasitisandwhyitexistsatall.”開啟快樂學(xué)習(xí)之旅斯蒂芬·霍金生于伽利略去世的300周年紀(jì)念日。他是自阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦以來物理學(xué)界最偉大的人物?；艚鹗窃趥惗亟紖^(qū)長大的。他的父親曾是一位醫(yī)生，而母親是政治活動(dòng)者?；艚鹪趯W(xué)校時(shí)并不很聰明，但他很早就立志要學(xué)習(xí)自然科學(xué)。他漸漸在數(shù)學(xué)方面展露特長，1958年他和一些朋友一起組裝了一臺(tái)簡單的能夠進(jìn)行實(shí)際運(yùn)算的計(jì)算機(jī)。1959年，他獲得了牛津大學(xué)的獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金。1962年，他以優(yōu)異成績獲得了學(xué)位，并前往劍橋大學(xué)攻讀宇宙學(xué)博士。在那里，他開始對(duì)黑洞感興趣。在獲得博士學(xué)位后，他繼續(xù)留在劍橋，在他二十幾歲的時(shí)候就由于他的開拓性的想法而聞名。1968年，他在劍橋大學(xué)的天文研究所做研究。他出版了一本非常專業(yè)的書《時(shí)空的大尺度結(jié)構(gòu)》，之后又做出了一項(xiàng)重大發(fā)現(xiàn)?？茖W(xué)家們過去一直認(rèn)為沒有任何物質(zhì)能逃離黑洞的捕捉。他繼續(xù)研究宇宙起源的理論。32歲的時(shí)候，他進(jìn)入了皇家科學(xué)院；同年，他又獲得了阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦獎(jiǎng)。五年后，也就是1979年，他被任命為劍橋大學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)系的首席教授，這個(gè)職位是薩克·牛頓爵士在300年前所擔(dān)任過的。1988年，霍金寫了《時(shí)間簡史》一書，這本書成了一本暢銷書。他又寫了其他一些受歡迎的文章，并在電影和電視上露面。他一直都相當(dāng)忙碌，他的工作很少因?yàn)榧膊《艿降⒄`，這是一種會(huì)影響到肌肉控制的疾病，也因?yàn)槿绱?，他需要坐在輪椅上，并且通過一臺(tái)語音電腦講話。他說：“我的目標(biāo)很簡單。就是完全了解宇宙，為什么它是現(xiàn)在這樣和為什么它存在?！蹦K核心素養(yǎng)導(dǎo)航主題語境：人與社會(huì)主題群：歷史、社會(huì)與文化語篇類型：記敘文文化知識(shí)語言知識(shí)(1)詞匯知識(shí)：crucial；vital；commit；evaluate；distinct；boil；obtain；acknowledge；defeat；analyse；insist；conclusion；flee等。(2)語法知識(shí)：學(xué)習(xí)非限制性定語從句。(3)語用知識(shí)：描寫你欽佩的人。介紹對(duì)社會(huì)有突出貢獻(xiàn)的人物的生平、事跡、成就、影響、成功的因素、面對(duì)榮譽(yù)的態(tài)度等，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生向著名人物學(xué)習(xí)的意識(shí)，并立志自己也要成為對(duì)社會(huì)有突出貢獻(xiàn)的人。SectionⅠReadingandThinking【課前預(yù)習(xí)】Ⅰ.重點(diǎn)單詞1．physiologyn．生理學(xué)；生理機(jī)能2．crucialadj.至關(guān)重要的；關(guān)鍵性的3．vitaladj.必不可少的；極其重要的；充滿生機(jī)的4．commitvt.承諾；保證(某個(gè)人、機(jī)構(gòu)等)vi.忠于；全心全意投入(工作、活動(dòng)等)→committedadj.盡心盡力的；堅(jiān)定的；堅(jiān)信的→commitmentn．投入，奉獻(xiàn)；承諾，許諾，保證5．a(chǎn)cademyn．(藝術(shù)、文學(xué)、科學(xué)等的)研究院；學(xué)會(huì)；?？圃盒！鷄cademicadj.學(xué)業(yè)的；學(xué)術(shù)的6．objectiven．目標(biāo)；目的adj.客觀的→subjectiveadj.主觀的7．botanicaladj.植物學(xué)的8．evaluatevt.評(píng)價(jià)；評(píng)估→evaluationn．評(píng)價(jià)；評(píng)估9．propertyn．性質(zhì)；特征；財(cái)產(chǎn)10．distinctadj.清晰的；清楚的；有區(qū)別的→distinctionn．區(qū)別，差別；特點(diǎn)，特性11．extractn．提取物；摘錄vt.提??；提煉；摘錄；(用力)拔出12．boilvt.&vi.(使)沸騰；煮開；燒開n．沸騰；沸點(diǎn)→boilingadj.達(dá)到沸點(diǎn)的；沸騰的13．liquidn．液體adj.液體的；液態(tài)的→solidn．固體adj.牢固的，可靠的14．obtainvt.(尤指經(jīng)努力)獲得；贏得vi.(規(guī)章、習(xí)俗等)存在；流行15．a(chǎn)cknowledgevt.承認(rèn)(屬實(shí)、權(quán)威等)；(公開)感謝→acknowledgementn．承認(rèn)，確認(rèn)；鳴謝16．defeatn．失??；挫敗vt.擊敗；戰(zhàn)勝17．a(chǎn)nalysevt.分析→analysisn．分析→analysesn．[pl.]分析18．a(chǎn)pparentlyadv.顯而易見；看來；顯然→apparentadj.顯然的；表面上的19．substancen．物質(zhì)；物品；事實(shí)根據(jù)20．insistvi.&.vt堅(jiān)持；堅(jiān)決要求21．scientificadj.科學(xué)(上)的；關(guān)于科學(xué)的→scientistn．科學(xué)家→sciencen．科學(xué)22．mostlyadv.主要地；一般地23．conclusionn．結(jié)論；推論→concludevt.推斷出，斷定；終止，結(jié)束24．fleevi.&vt.(fled，fled)迅速離開；逃跑25．circumstancen．[usuallypl.]條件；環(huán)境；狀況26．novelistn．小說家→noveln．(長篇)小說27．flown．流；流動(dòng)；流暢；供應(yīng)vi.流；流動(dòng)28．chartn．圖表vt.記錄；制訂計(jì)劃Ⅱ.重點(diǎn)短語1．commitoneselftodo承諾；保證(做某事、遵守協(xié)議或安排等)2．insiston堅(jiān)決要求3．wearandtear(正常使用造成的)磨損；損耗4．payattentionto注意5．leadto導(dǎo)致6．diefrom死于……病7．graduatefrom畢業(yè)于8．withtheobjectiveof以……為目的9．a(chǎn)cknowledgedefeat承認(rèn)失敗10．getstuck卡住，陷入11．bychance偶然12．drawout抽出；拖延，拉長13．otherthan除……之外14．relateto與……有聯(lián)系15．bedistinctfrom與……不同16．changeone'smind改變主意17．careabout關(guān)心，在意18．beyondone'scontrol某人無法控制19．underconstruction正在建設(shè)中20．flowchart流程圖Ⅲ.重點(diǎn)句型1．Artemisininhasbecomeavitalpartofthetreatmentformalaria,andis_thought_to_save100,000livesayearinAfricaalone.青蒿素已經(jīng)成為治療瘧疾的關(guān)鍵，人們認(rèn)為青蒿素每年僅在非洲就能救十萬人。2．In1967,theChinesegovernmentformedateamofscientistswith_the_objective_ofdiscoveringanewtreatmentformalaria,andTuYouyouwasamongthefirstresearcherschosen.1967年，中國政府組建了一支以探索治療瘧疾新方法為目的的科學(xué)家隊(duì)伍，屠呦呦是其中首批入選的研究人員。3．Upon_hearingthatshehadbeenawardedtheNobelPrize，shesaid...當(dāng)聽到自己被授予諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)時(shí)，她說……4．It_struck_him_thattheotherChinesemeninthephotoapparentlydidnotcareaboutwhat_was_happeningtotheirfellowcountrymen.令他震驚的是，照片中的其他中國人顯然并不關(guān)心他們的同胞發(fā)生了什么。5．Fromthis,heconcludedthatthecrucialprobleminChinawasnotphysicalillness,butthespiritualillnessofpeopleatthattime.由此，他得出結(jié)論，那時(shí)中國的關(guān)鍵問題不是身體疾病，而是人們的精神疾病。6．Onemedicaltextfromthefourthcenturysuggested_usingtheextractfromsweetwormwoodto_treatafever.一本四世紀(jì)的醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)推薦使用青蒿提取物來治療發(fā)燒。7．Theythentried_boilingfreshwormwood,andusingtheliquidobtainedfromthistotreatmalaria,butthisdid_not_workeither.然后，他們嘗試煮沸青蒿，使用從中提取的液體來治療瘧疾，但是也沒管用?！菊n內(nèi)探究】一、重點(diǎn)單詞1eq\a\vs4\al(crucialadj.至關(guān)重要的；關(guān)鍵性的)[典型例句]Hewasn'tthereatthecrucialmoment(whenhewasneededmost)．緊要關(guān)頭他卻不在那里。Parentsplayacrucialroleinpreparingtheirchildforschool.父母對(duì)孩子做好上學(xué)的準(zhǔn)備起著至關(guān)重要的作用。[思維拓展]crucialfactor/issue/decision關(guān)鍵性的因素/問題/決定becrucialto/forsth.對(duì)……至關(guān)重要becrucialthat...……是極其重要的[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練]Winningthiscontractiscrucialtothesuccessofthecompany.2eq\a\vs4\al(vitaladj.必不可少的；極其重要的；充滿生機(jī)的)[典型例句]Iftheinjuriesaresecondorthirddegreeburns,itisvitaltogetthevictimtothedoctororhospitalatonce.如果是二度或者三度燒傷，至關(guān)重要的是把傷者立刻送去看醫(yī)生或送往醫(yī)院。Thismatterisofvitalimportancetous.這件事對(duì)我們來說至關(guān)重要。[思維拓展]bevitalto/forsth.對(duì)……極為重要的Itisvitaltodosth.做……很重要Itisvitalthat...……是十分重要的It'svitalthatwe(should)carryouttheoperationimmediately.我們應(yīng)立即開始手術(shù)，因?yàn)檫@是生死攸關(guān)的。[誤區(qū)警示]Itisvital＋that...句型中從句要用should＋do虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)，should可省略。[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練]Itisvitalto_keep(keep)anaccuraterecordofeverytransaction.eq\o(\s\up1(3),\s\do5())commitvt.承諾；保證某個(gè)人、機(jī)構(gòu)等vi.忠于；全心全意投入工作、活動(dòng)等eq\a\vs4\al()[典型例句]Borrowersshouldthinkcarefullybeforecommittingthemselvestotakingoutaloan.借款人應(yīng)當(dāng)慎重考慮之后再行借貸。[思維拓展]commitv．犯(罪或錯(cuò)等)；承諾；保證commitsb./sth.tosth.將某人/事交給某處保留commitsb./oneselftosth./doingsth./todosth.承諾(做)某事commitmentn.承諾；交托；信奉committedadj.盡心盡力的；堅(jiān)信的；堅(jiān)定的committeen．委員會(huì)[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練]①Givingupmyjobtogobacktofull－timeeducationwasabigcommitment(commit)，butnowIknowitwasthebestdecisionIhadevermade.②Mostcrimesare_committed(commit)byyoungmen.4eq\a\vs4\al(evaluatevt.評(píng)價(jià)；評(píng)估)[典型例句]Icannotevaluatehisabilitywithoutseeinghiswork.沒見過他的工作，我無法評(píng)估他的能力。Learntoevaluateallsituationsyoufind.學(xué)著去評(píng)估你發(fā)現(xiàn)的所有情況。[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練]①Ourresearchattemptstoevaluate(evaluation)theeffectivenessofthedifferentdrugs.②One'scontributionsandmistakeswillbe_evaluated(evaluate)bylatergenerations.5eq\a\vs4\al(distinctadj.清晰的；清楚的；有區(qū)別的)[典型例句]Hisvoicewasquietbuteverywordwasdistinct.他說話聲音不大，但字字清晰。[思維拓展]distinctionn．差別；區(qū)分；卓著Weshouldlearntomakeadistinctionbetweenrightandwrong.我們應(yīng)該學(xué)會(huì)分清是非。ShehadthedistinctionofbeingthefirstwomantoflytheAtlantic.她不同凡響，是第一個(gè)飛越大西洋的女子。[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練]Thenewlawmakesnodistinction(distinct)betweenadultsandchildren.6eq\a\vs4\al(boilvt.&vi.使沸騰；煮開；燒開n.沸騰；沸點(diǎn))[典型例句](1)vt.&vi.(使)沸騰；煮開；燒開Thewaterisbeginningtoboil.水開始沸騰。Boiltheeggforthreeminutes.把雞蛋煮三分鐘。(2)n.沸騰；沸點(diǎn)Bringthesouptotheboil,thenallowittosimmerforfiveminutes.把湯煮開，然后文火煮五分鐘。[思維拓展]boilingwater沸水(即處于100℃的開水boiledwater白開水(燒開過的水)[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練]Boiling(boil)watercrackedacupacrossthebottom.eq\o(\s\up1(7),\s\do5())eq\a\vs4\al(obtainvt.尤指經(jīng)努力獲得；贏得vi.規(guī)章、習(xí)俗等存在；流行)[典型例句]Ifinallymanagedtoobtainacopyofthereport.我終于設(shè)法弄到了這份報(bào)告的一個(gè)副本。Theseconditionsnolongerobtain.這些條件不再適用。[思維拓展]obtainadvice/information/promise得到忠告/信息/應(yīng)許obtainableadj.可獲得的；可得到的[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練]Theperfectbodyhasalwaysbeendifficultto_obtain(obtain)．eq\o(\s\up1(8),\s\do5())eq\a\vs4\al(acknowledgevt.承認(rèn)屬實(shí)、權(quán)威等；公開感謝)[典型例句]Doyouacknowledgethatyou'vebeenwrong?你承不承認(rèn)你錯(cuò)了？Wewishtoacknowledgethesupportoftheuniversity.我們希望對(duì)這所大學(xué)所提供的支持表示感謝。[思維拓展]acknowledgedoingsth.承認(rèn)做了某事Itisuniversallyacknowledgedthat...……是大家公認(rèn)的acknowledgeoneselfbeaten承認(rèn)失敗acknowledgesb.向某人打招呼，問候acknowledgesb.'sletter向某人表示信已收到acknowledgesb./sth.tobe...承認(rèn)某人/某物是……；認(rèn)為……是acknowledgethat承認(rèn)……acknowledgesb.as...＝acceptsb.as認(rèn)為/接受某人是/成為……acknowledgesb.withsth.以……感謝某人acknowledgementn．承認(rèn)；感謝[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練]ProfessorEdwardiswidelyacknowledged(acknowledge)asthebesttutorinteachingthestudentshowtoreviseessays.9eq\a\vs4\al(defeatn.失??；挫敗vt.擊敗；戰(zhàn)勝)[典型例句]JOHNSNOWDEFEATS“KINGCHOLERA”約翰·斯諾戰(zhàn)勝“霍亂王”(1)vt.打??；戰(zhàn)勝；使受挫LiNadefeatedheropponentandwonthefirstinthefinaloftheFrenchOpenin2011.在2011年法國網(wǎng)球公開賽決賽中，李娜擊敗對(duì)手獲得了冠軍。Theproposalwasdefeatedby16votesto6.因16票反對(duì)，6票贊成，該提議未能通過。(2)n.[C，U]失敗TheBrazilnationalfootballteamsufferedadefeatintheWorldCup.巴西國家足球隊(duì)在世界杯上被擊敗了。[易混辨析]defeat,beat,windefeat擊敗，強(qiáng)調(diào)過程和結(jié)果賓語是對(duì)手beat打??；(連續(xù))擊打賓語是對(duì)手win贏得；獲勝賓語是game或prize等[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練]Thenavyplayedalimitedbutsignificantroleindefeating(defeat)therebellion.10eq\a\vs4\al(analysevt.分析)[典型例句]Weshouldanalysewhattheysaidandnotjustagreewitheverything.我們應(yīng)該對(duì)他們的意見加以分析，不要隨聲附和。[思維拓展]analysisn．分析，它的復(fù)數(shù)形式是analyses。analysableadj.可分析的；可分解的Hisanalysiswasalwaysconvincing.他的分析總是令人信服的。Iwantadetailedreportofalltheanalyses.我想要一份所有分析的詳細(xì)報(bào)告。Manycompoundsareanalysable.許多化合物是可分解的。[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練]Theycollectbloodsamplesforanalysis(analyse)atanationallaboratory.11eq\a\vs4\al(apparentlyadv.顯而易見；看來；顯然)[典型例句]Apparently,theyaregettingmarriedsoon.很顯然，他們要結(jié)婚了。Ithoughthehadfoundanewjob,butapparentlyhehasn't.我原以為他找到了新工作，但顯然還沒有。[思維拓展]apparentadj.顯而易見的；明白易懂的；顯然的；表面上的Itwasapparentfromherfacethatshewasreallyexcited.從她臉上一眼就可以看出她的確很興奮。Itsoonbecameapparenttoallthathecouldn'tsolvetheproblem.很快大家就明白了他無法解決這個(gè)問題。[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練]Apparently(apparent)theyaregettingdivorcedsoon.12eq\a\vs4\al(insistvi.&vt.堅(jiān)持；堅(jiān)決要求)[典型例句]Theyalwaysinsistonhighquality.他們一貫堅(jiān)持高質(zhì)量。Herparentsinsistedonspeakingtotheheadmaster.她父母堅(jiān)持要和校長談話。Sheinsistedonhimwearingasuit.她堅(jiān)持要他穿西裝。Heinsistedthathehadseenaghost.他堅(jiān)持說自己見到鬼了。[思維拓展]insistonsth.堅(jiān)決要求某事；堅(jiān)持說某事insiston/upondoingsth.堅(jiān)持要做某事insiston/uponone'sdoingsth.堅(jiān)持要求某人做某事[特別提示]insist的詞義不同，其后的賓語從句形式也不同：詞意賓語從句堅(jiān)持要求賓語從句使用虛擬語氣，即從句謂語是“(should＋)do”結(jié)構(gòu)。堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為；堅(jiān)持說賓語從句使用陳述語氣。InsistingthatTomhadstolenhiscar,SmithinsistedthatTom(should)beputinprison.由于堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為湯姆偷了他的車，史密斯堅(jiān)持要求把湯姆送進(jìn)監(jiān)獄。[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練]①Ifyouinsiston/uponleavingnow,pleasegoahead.②Heinsiststhatshecome(come)．13eq\a\vs4\al(conclusionn.結(jié)論；推論)[典型例句]Wecansafelydrawsomeconclusionsfromourdiscussion.從討論中我們可以有把握地得出一些結(jié)論。[思維拓展]makeaconclusion下結(jié)論cometo/draw/arriveat/reacha/theconclusion得出結(jié)論inconclusion(＝toconclude)最后，總之(常作插入語)jump/leaptoconclusions/theconclusionthat...匆忙下結(jié)論，貿(mào)然斷定concludevt.&vi.結(jié)束；推斷出conclude(sth.)eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(withsth.,bydoingsth.))以……結(jié)束(……)concludeeq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(sth.fromsth.,fromsth.that...))(從……)推斷出/斷定……conclude...(tobe)．..斷定……(是)……Letusconcludeourmeetingwithasong.請(qǐng)讓我們用一首歌來結(jié)束我們的會(huì)議。Whatdoyouconcludefromthefacts?從這些事實(shí)中你得出了什么結(jié)論？[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練]I'vecometotheconclusion(conclude)thathe'snottherightpersonforthejob.14eq\a\vs4\al(fleevi.&vt.fled，fled迅速離開；逃跑)[典型例句]Hespentsixmonthsinprisonbeforefleeingthecountry.他在逃離那個(gè)國家之前坐了六個(gè)月的牢。ManyGermanartistsfledtoAmericaatthebeginningofWorldWarⅡ.二戰(zhàn)開始時(shí)，很多德國藝術(shù)家逃到了美國。[易混辨析]flee與escapeflee只說明動(dòng)作，不強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果；escape逃離，結(jié)果是成功的。Theenemyfledindisorderbutonlyafewofthemnarrowlyescapeddeath.敵人紛紛逃跑，但只有少數(shù)僥幸逃生。[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練]①Alltheteachersandstudentsmanagedto_flee(flee)theburningteachingbuilding.②Heappliedforasylum(政治庇護(hù))in1987afterfleeing(flee)thepolicebackhome.15eq\a\vs4\al(circumstancen.[usuallypl.]條件；環(huán)境；狀況)[典型例句]In/Underthecircumstanceshefeltunabletoacceptthejob.在這種情況下，他覺得無法接受這項(xiàng)工作。IknowIcantrustthewomaninanycircumstances.我知道我在任何情況下都能信任那個(gè)女人。[思維拓展]in/underthecircumstances在這種情況下，既然如此in/undernocircumstances決不，無論如何都不(置于句首時(shí)，句子部分倒裝)[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練]①—CanIusethetelephoneonthetable，sir?—Undernocircumstancesis(be)anyoneallowedtousethetelephoneintheofficeforpersonalaffairs.②Thecompanyreservestherighttocancelthisagreementincertaincircumstances(circumstance)．考點(diǎn)集訓(xùn)一1．Theyinsisteduponbeing_given(give)everydetailofthecase.2．Theconclusion(conclude)ofthebookwasdisappointing.3．ThePresidentiscommittedtoreforming(reform)healthcare.4．Itwasvitalto_show(show)thathewasnotafraid.5．Here'ssomeboiled(boil)water.Haveadrinkwheneveryou'rethirsty.二、重點(diǎn)短語1eq\a\vs4\al(payattentionto注意)to是介詞，后接名詞、代詞或動(dòng)名詞，而且attention可被形容詞close,much,little等修飾。payattentionto中的attention常前置用作“被動(dòng)句的主語”或者用作“定語從句的先行詞”等。如：[典型例句]Paycloseattentiontowhatyouaredoing.密切注意你現(xiàn)在所做的。[思維拓展]give/payattentionto(doing)．..注意……catch/attractone'sattention引起某人的注意bringsth.toone'sattention使某人注意某事(物)draw/callone'sattentiontosth.使某人注意某事(物)fixone'sattentiononsth.把某人的注意力集中在某事(物)上[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練]Youmustpayattentiontoprotecting(protect)theenvironment.2eq\a\vs4\al(leadto導(dǎo)致；造成后果)[典型例句]Eatingtoomuchsugarcanleadtohealthproblems.食用過多的糖會(huì)引起健康問題。[思維拓展]eq\b\lc\\rc\}(\a\vs4\al\co1(leadosth.,leadsb.sth.,leadtosb.doingsth.))導(dǎo)致/造成某人做某事[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練]Thisstormledtoaheavyloss.3eq\a\vs4\al(withtheobjectiveof以……為目的)[典型例句]Wealllivewiththeobjectiveofbeinghappy.我們活著是為了幸福。[思維拓展]themain/primary/principleobjective主要/首要/重要目標(biāo)meet/achieveyourobjective實(shí)現(xiàn)你的目標(biāo)setobjectives設(shè)立目標(biāo)withthehopeof懷有……的希望withthepurposeof懷有……的目的withtheaimof懷有……的目的withtheintentionof有……的意向[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練]ManypeoplewenttoCaliforniawiththeobjectiveofgettingrich.4eq\a\vs4\al(getstuck卡?。幌萑耄槐浑y住)[典型例句]Thisdrawerkeepsgettingstuck.這個(gè)抽屜動(dòng)不動(dòng)就卡住。[思維拓展]getlost迷路getpunished受懲罰getdivorced離婚getwashed洗臉getseparated被分開getpaid得到報(bào)酬getdressed穿衣服getmarried結(jié)婚getengaged訂婚getdrunk喝醉[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練]Hercargotstuck(stick)inthemudandcouldn'tmove.5eq\a\vs4\al(bychance碰巧；湊巧)[典型例句]Imetanoldfriendattheairportbychanceyesterday.昨天我在機(jī)場偶然遇見了一位老朋友。[思維拓展]takeachance冒險(xiǎn)takeone'schances碰運(yùn)氣Wetookachanceontheweathertohavethepartyoutside.我們冒著天氣變化的危險(xiǎn)到戶外聚會(huì)。Hetookhischancestofindajobinabigcity.他到一座大城市去碰運(yùn)氣找工作。[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練]AnartistwhowasrecentlytravelingonaferrytothesouthernislanddiscoveredbychancealonglostantiqueGreekvase.6eq\a\vs4\al(otherthan除……以外通常用于否定陳述后)[典型例句]HehasvisitedeverycountryinAsiaotherthanJapan.除了日本之外，他訪問了所有的亞洲國家。There'snobodyhereotherthanme.除了我這里沒別人。IhavenotstudiedforeignlanguagesotherthanEnglish.除了英語外，我沒學(xué)過其他外語。[思維拓展]ratherthan意為“而不是，而沒有”，側(cè)重客觀上的差別，還可以表示“與其……，倒不如……”，前后兩端所連的詞性是一致的，側(cè)重句子主語或說話人主觀上的選擇。句中ratherthan前后一般應(yīng)為名詞、代詞、動(dòng)名詞、形容詞、謂語動(dòng)詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、介詞短語，甚至分句等，有時(shí)可用介詞短語insteadof替代。Hewasengagedinwritingaletterratherthan(＝insteadof)readingthenewspaper.他那時(shí)是在寫信而不是看報(bào)紙。Johnoughttogoratherthan(＝insteadof)Jean.應(yīng)該去的是約翰，而不是珍。Theseshoesarecomfortableratherthanpretty.這些鞋子談不上漂亮，但穿起來倒很舒服。Evansisahistorianratherthanawriter.與其說埃文斯是個(gè)作家，不如說他是個(gè)史學(xué)家。[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練]①Hehasn'tanythingleftotherthanthebook.②Thepersonwhoshouldbepraisedisyouratherthanme.7eq\a\vs4\al(changeone'smind改變主意)[典型例句]I'vechangedmymind.Idon'twanttogoout.我改變主意了，我不想出去了。Seeifyoucanchangehismindaboutgoingwithus.看看你能否讓他改變主意，不要和我們一起去。[思維拓展]makeupone'smind下決心loseone'smind發(fā)瘋keepsth.inmind記住某事tomymind在我看來bring/callsth.tomind回想起某事nevermind沒關(guān)系[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練]Weareplanningtoclimbthemountain,buthechangedhismindandwenttoanotherplace.8eq\a\vs4\al(careabout關(guān)心；憂慮；惦念；在意)[典型例句]Theyoungshouldcareabouttheold.年輕人應(yīng)該關(guān)心老人。Idon'tcareaboutwhetherheleavesornot.我不在乎他離不離開。[思維拓展]carefor＝takecareof照顧caretodosth.愿意做某事；想要做某事takecare注意；當(dāng)心withcare當(dāng)心；仔細(xì)地[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練]Don'tyoucareaboutourcountry'sfuture?考點(diǎn)集訓(xùn)二1．Sheinsistedoncomingwithus.2．Ihavetopayattentiontodoing(do)myhomework.3．Isthistheroadleading(lead)toyourvillage?4．Youcan'tgetthereotherthanbyboat.5．Wegotstuck(stick)inaterribletrafficjaminTaipei.6．Thosetwoideasarequitedistinctfromeachother.7．Forstarters,commityourselftomakingfivephonecallsaday.三、重點(diǎn)句型eq\o(\s\up1(1),\s\do5())Artemisininhasbecomeavitalpartofthetreatmentformalaria,andis_thought_to_save100,000livesayearinAfricaalone.青蒿素已經(jīng)成為治療瘧疾的關(guān)鍵，人們認(rèn)為青蒿素每年僅在非洲就能救十萬人。[句式分析]bethoughttodosth.被認(rèn)為……，該句型可以轉(zhuǎn)化為Itis/wasthoughtthat...。本句可以轉(zhuǎn)化為：Artemisininhasbecomeavitalpartofthetreatmentformalaria,anditisthoughtthatArtemisininsaves100,000livesayearinAfricaalone.。Atschoolhewasthoughttohaveanattitudeproblem.(＝Itwasthoughtthathehadanattitudeproblematschool.)上學(xué)時(shí)他被認(rèn)為態(tài)度有問題。Landanimalsarethoughttohavedevelopedfromseaanimals.(＝Itwasthoughtthatlandanimalshavedevelopedfromseaanimals.)陸地動(dòng)物被認(rèn)為是從海洋動(dòng)物進(jìn)化而來的。[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練]He'sthoughtto_be(be)oneoftherichestmeninEurope.eq\o(\s\up1(2),\s\do5())In1967，theChinesegovernmentformedateamofscientistswiththeobjectiveofdiscoveringanewtreatmentformalaria，andTuYouyouwasamongthefirstresearcherschosen.1967年，中國政府組建了一支以探索治療瘧疾新方法為目的的科學(xué)家隊(duì)伍，屠呦呦是其中首批入選的研究人員。eq\a\vs4\al()[句式分析](1)這是一個(gè)由and連接而成的并列復(fù)合句。介詞短語withtheobjective...作第一個(gè)分句的狀語，表示目的。短語中的objective也可用aim、purpose、goal等替換。(2)第二個(gè)分句中chosen是過去分詞用作定語，修飾thefirstresearchers。[思維拓展]過去分詞(短語)作定語的用法：eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(①可表示被動(dòng)和動(dòng)作已完成,②單個(gè)過去分詞作定語時(shí)多前置，過去分詞短語作定語,時(shí)多后置,③過去分詞短語作后置定語時(shí)可轉(zhuǎn)化為定語從句))Abalanceddietprovidesnutritionforyourbody.均衡的飲食為你的身體提供營養(yǎng)。HaveyoureadthenovelswrittenbyDickens(＝whichwerewrittenbyDickens)?你讀過狄更斯寫的小說嗎？[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練]①Youcannotacceptanopinionoffered(offer)toyouunlessitisbasedonfacts.②Thegardensurrounded(surround)byalongfencebelongstomyaunt.eq\o(\s\up1(3),\s\do5())Upon_hearingthatshehadbeenawardedtheNobelPrize,shesaid...當(dāng)聽到自己被授予諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)時(shí)，她說……[句式分析]在本句中，“介詞upon＋動(dòng)詞-ing形式”構(gòu)成介詞短語，用作時(shí)間狀語。upon還可換為介詞on，表示一件事緊接著另一件事而發(fā)生。這種用法常見于正式的文體，依據(jù)語境，可譯作“在……的時(shí)候；當(dāng)……時(shí)；一……就……”。Upongraduating,hejoinedasmalllawfirm.一畢業(yè)他就加入了一個(gè)小型律師事務(wù)所。Uponfinishingit,IwasstruckbythefeelingthatitwasthebestcompositionIhadeverwritten.我寫完這篇作文時(shí)，就感到這是我寫過的最好的作文。[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練]Upon/Ontheirreturntothecountry,thewomen'svolleyballteamreceivedpraiseandflowers.eq\o(\s\up1(4),\s\do5())ItstruckhimthattheotherChinesemeninthephotoapparentlydidnotcareaboutwhatwashappeningtotheirfellowcountrymen.令他震驚的是，照片中的其他中國人顯然并不關(guān)心他們的同胞發(fā)生了什么。eq\a\vs4\al()[句式分析](1)在本句中，It是形式主語，that從句是真正的主語。it作形式主語的常見句型：①Itis＋名詞(afact，agoodidea,apity,ashame,nowonder)＋主語從句②Itis＋形容詞(necessary,clear,strange,important,wonderful)＋主語從句③It＋不及物動(dòng)詞(happens，doesn'tmatter，occurstosb.)＋主語從句④Itis＋過去分詞(reported，hoped，thought，said，expected，believed)＋主語從句Itisimportantthatheshouldknowaboutthis.重要的是他應(yīng)該知道此事。ItissaidthathehasgonetoShanghai.據(jù)說他已經(jīng)去了上海。(2)本句中“Itstruckhimthat”表示“他突然感到(覺得)……”。struck可用hit/occuredto替換。如：Ithit/struck/occurredtomethatIhadmethimsomewhere.我突然想到以前在什么地方見過他。Itstruckmethatshehadcometoborrowmoney.我忽然想到她是來借錢的。(3)句中whatwashappeningtotheirfellowcountrymen是what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句，作介詞about的賓語。what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句有主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句等，在從句中可作主語、賓語、表語和定語。Whatcausedtheaccidentremainsunknown.是什么引發(fā)了這起事故還不知道。(引導(dǎo)主語從句，在從句中作主語)Thisbookwillshowyouwhatshouldbeknownbygoodteachers.這本書會(huì)告訴你優(yōu)秀的教師應(yīng)該了解什么。(引導(dǎo)賓語從句，在從句中作主語)Ourcityisn'twhatitusedtobe.我們的城市不再是原來的樣子了。(引導(dǎo)表語從句，在從句中作表語)[思維拓展]what和that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的異同：that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)不可省略(賓語從句除外)、不作成分、沒有詞義；what引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)不可省略、作成分、有詞義。[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練]①Itisapitythathefailedtoattendmyparty.②Itstruckmethatnobodywasinfavourofthechange.③IlivedinwhatyoucallancientGreece.eq\o(\s\up1(5),\s\do5())Fromthis，heconcludedthatthecrucialprobleminChinawasnotphysicalillness，butthespiritualillnessofpeopleatthattime.由此，他得出結(jié)論，那時(shí)中國的關(guān)鍵問題不是身體疾病，而是人們的精神疾病。eq\a\vs4\al()[句式分析]not...but...意為“不是……而是……”，可用于連接并列的名詞、代詞、形容詞、副詞、介賓短語或分句等。Nothebuthisbrotheristoblame.該受責(zé)備的是他弟弟而不是他。Hefailednotbecauseheisn'tcleverbutbecausehedidn'tworkhard.他失敗不是因?yàn)樗宦斆?，而是因?yàn)樗ぷ鞑慌?。[思維拓展]not...but...連接的并列成分作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞要遵循“就近原則”，即謂語與but后的成分在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。用法類似的結(jié)構(gòu)還有either...or...,neither...nor...,notonly...but(also)．..,therebe句型等。Nottheworkersbutthemanagerisresponsibleforthat.對(duì)那件事負(fù)責(zé)的是經(jīng)理而不是工人們。Notonlythestudentsbut(also)theirteacherisenjoyingthemovie.不僅學(xué)生們?cè)诮蚪蛴形兜乜粗@部電影，他們的老師也是如此。[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練]Eithertheteamleaderortheguideshave_searched(search)fortheloststudentsinthepast3days.考點(diǎn)集訓(xùn)三1．Diamondswereoncethoughtto_have(have)magicalpowers.2．Thiswillbethebestnovelofitskindeverwritten(write)．3．Whoweretheso-calledguestsinvited(invite)toyourpartylastnight?4．Upon/Onhearingthebadnews,sheburstintotears.5．Itstruckmethatweoughttomakeanewplan.6．Ithinkitwasnottheteacherbutthetwostudentsthatwere(be)toblame.7．Iamwritingtheletter，hoping(hope)youcangivemesomeadviceonhowtolearnEnglishwell.8．Isuggestedgoing(go)inmycar.【課后訓(xùn)練】Ⅰ.單詞拼寫1．Iinsisted(堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為)thatweshouldhavealookateverycar.2．Heconcluded(結(jié)束)bywishingeveryoneasafetriphome.3．Sheburstintotearsandfled(逃跑)．4．Hedefeated(戰(zhàn)勝)thechampioninthreesets.5．Heanalysed(分析)thesituationveryclosely.6．Shewasapparently(顯然)averynervouswoman,andthataffectedhercareer.7．Itwasmaliciousgossip,completelywithoutsubstance(事實(shí)根據(jù))．8．Undernocircumstances(狀況)shouldyoulendPaulanymoney.Ⅱ.單句語法填空1．Weneedtodrawadistinction(distinct)betweenthetwoevents.2．To_obtain(obtain)theoverallscore,addupthetotalsineachcolumn.3．Thecompany'scommitment(commit)toprovidingqualityatareasonablepricehasbeenvitaltoitssuccess.4．Theguestswatchedasshefled(flee)fromtheroom.5．Theworldchampionhasonlyhadtwodefeats(defeat)in20fights.Unit1PeopleofAchievementSectionⅡLearningAboutLanguage【語法講座】非限制性定語從句考點(diǎn)一非限制性定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞1．關(guān)系代詞的選擇(1)非限制性定語從句不能用關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)。指人時(shí)，如果引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作主語，要用who，作賓語要用whom/who；指物時(shí)要用which/as。在句中，即使引導(dǎo)詞作的是賓語也不能省略。MrZhang,whocametoseemeyesterday,isanoldfriendofmyfather's.張先生昨天來看我，他是我父親的一位老朋友。(作主語)Peter,whomyoumetinLondon,isnowbackinParis.彼得現(xiàn)在回巴黎了，你在倫敦見過他。(作賓語，不能省略)(2)as和which的選擇1)as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句①位置靈活，可置于句首、句中和句末②先行詞不可是一個(gè)詞，通常是整個(gè)主句③as有“正如，就像”的意思，表示依據(jù)、評(píng)論、態(tài)度、看法等④常用于以下動(dòng)詞的主、被動(dòng)語態(tài)：know，say，expect，suggest，report等Shehasbeenlateagain,aswasexpected.她又遲到了，這是預(yù)料之中的事。(位于句末)Aswehadexpected,Tompassedthedrivingtest.正如我們預(yù)料的那樣，湯姆通過了駕照考試。(位于句首)Globalwarming,asweallknow,hascausedalotofnaturaldisasters.眾所周知，溫室效應(yīng)已經(jīng)引發(fā)了很多自然災(zāi)害。(位于句中)2)which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(①置于先行詞之后，通常不置于句首,②先行詞既可是一個(gè)詞，也可是整個(gè)主句或主句的部分,內(nèi)容，是整個(gè)主句時(shí)從句謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式,③which有“這/那，這/那一點(diǎn)”之意))Theseappletrees,whichIplantedthreeyearsago,havenotproducedanyfruits.這些蘋果樹是我三年前栽的，還沒有結(jié)過果實(shí)。(which指代theseappletrees)Tompassedthedrivingtest,whichmadehisparentsveryhappy.湯姆通過了駕照考試，這使他的父母很高興。(which指代整個(gè)主句)Hesaidthathehadneverseenherbefore,whichwasnottrue.他說他以前從沒見過她，這不是真的。(which指代主句中的賓語從句)2．關(guān)系副詞的選擇在非限制性定語從句中，關(guān)系副詞(when,where,why)的選擇方法和在限制性定語從句中的一樣，即引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作時(shí)間狀語時(shí)用when，作地點(diǎn)狀語時(shí)用where，作原因狀語時(shí)用why。ThestoryinthebookhappenedinCanada,whereDoctorBethunewasborn.書中的故事發(fā)生在加拿大，白求恩大夫就是在那里出生的。IleftonSunday,wheneveryonewasathome.我星期日離開的，那天所有人都在家?？键c(diǎn)二限制性/非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別區(qū)別限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句形式上不用逗號(hào)與主句隔開。如：DoyourememberthemanwhotaughtusEnglish？你還記得教我們英語的那個(gè)人嗎？用逗號(hào)與主句隔開。如：I'vebeentoLondon,whichisabeautifulcity.我去過倫敦，那是一座美麗的城市。意義上是先行詞不可缺少的定語，如刪去，句子意思將不完整。如：Thisisthebook(which/that)helostyesterday.這就是他昨天丟的那本書。只是對(duì)先行詞的補(bǔ)充說明，如刪去，句子意思仍然完整、明確。如：Thebook,whichhelostyesterday,hasbeenfound.這本書已經(jīng)找到了，他昨天弄丟了它。譯法上譯成先行詞的定語。如：Heisthemanwholivesnexttome.他就是住在我隔壁的那個(gè)人。通常譯成與主句并列的分句。如：Heisagenerousman,wholivesnexttome.他很慷慨，他住在我隔壁。關(guān)系詞的使用上1.作賓語時(shí)可省略1.不可省略2.可用that2.不可用that考點(diǎn)三“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)定語從句1．關(guān)系代詞的選取在此結(jié)構(gòu)中，先行詞指人時(shí)關(guān)系代詞通常用whom，不可用who和that；先行詞指物時(shí)關(guān)系代詞通常用which，不能用that。注意：關(guān)系代詞在從句中作定語時(shí)，要用whose。TheyoungmanwithwhomItravelledcouldspeakFrench.同我一起旅行的那個(gè)年輕人會(huì)說法語。Thisistheringonwhichshespent1,000dollars.這就是她花1000美元買的戒指。ThisisMrSmith,inwhosefactorywework.這就是史密斯先生，我們就在他的工廠里工作。2．介詞的選取(1)根據(jù)定語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞與介詞的習(xí)慣搭配確定介詞。該動(dòng)詞與介詞搭配構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞短語。Isthisthecarforwhichyoupaidahighprice?這就是你花高價(jià)買的車嗎？(payforsth.)SheisthepersonwithwhomItalked.她就是我曾與之交談的人。(talkwithsb.)(2)根據(jù)定語從句中的主要形容詞與介詞的搭配確定介詞。該形容詞與介詞搭配構(gòu)成形容詞短語。Hebroughttheresultwithwhichthebosswassatisfied.他帶來了老板非常滿意的結(jié)果。(3)根據(jù)先行詞與介詞的搭配確定介詞。先行詞往往是表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、方式等的詞，它與介詞之間有一定的聯(lián)系。Doyoustillrememberthedayonwhichwemetforthefirsttime？你還記得我們第一次見面的日子嗎？Doyoustillrememberthedaysduringwhichweworkedtogether?你還記得我們?cè)谝黄鸸ぷ鞯哪切┤兆訂幔?4)根據(jù)句子的意思確定介詞。有些句子，先行詞完全一樣，定語從句中謂語動(dòng)詞與介詞也不能構(gòu)成固定的動(dòng)詞短語，這時(shí)，需要根據(jù)句子所要表達(dá)的意思選用不同的介詞。Thisisthepilotwithwhommybrotherhasworkedfortenyears.這就是和我弟弟一起工作了十年的那位飛行員。Thisisthepilotbywhommysonwassaved.這就是救了我兒子的那位飛行員。3.“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”的特殊用法(1)含有介詞的固定短語動(dòng)詞一般不拆開使用，即介詞不能提前，常見的此類短語動(dòng)詞有l(wèi)ookfor,listento,lookafter,takecareof等。這就是我正在尋找的手表?！菊縏hisisthewatch(which/that)Iamlookingfor.【誤】ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.(2)“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”前可有some,any,none,both,all,neither,most,each,few,three,several等代詞或數(shù)詞(相當(dāng)于“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞＋代詞/數(shù)詞”)，也可以有名詞(相當(dāng)于“whose＋名詞”)。Iboughtmanybooksyesterday,three/mostofwhich(＝ofwhichthree/most)arewrittenbyLuXun.我昨天買了很多書，其中三本/大部分是魯迅寫的。(3)介詞in,on,at,for等與關(guān)系代詞which一起引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，有時(shí)可用相應(yīng)的關(guān)系副詞when,where,why等替換。Thereasonforwhich(＝why)herefusedtheinvitationisnotclear.他拒絕邀請(qǐng)的理由還不清楚。Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthecityinwhich(＝where)Iwasborn.我出生的城市發(fā)生了很大的變化。(4)“the＋名詞＋ofwhich/whom”一般可用“whose＋名詞”替換，非正式文體中可以用“ofwhich/whom＋the＋名詞”替換。Icameacrossasentencewhenreadingthenewspaper,themeaningofwhichIdidn'tunderstand.＝Icameacrossasentencewhenreadingthenewspaper,whosemeaningIdidn'tunderstand.我看報(bào)紙時(shí)碰到一個(gè)句子，我無法理解它的意思?！緦ｎ}練習(xí)】單句語法填空1．Wehavelaunchedanotherman-madesatellite,whichisannouncedintoday'snewspaper.2．Ellenwasapainterofbirdsandofnature,who,_forsomereason,hadwithdrawnfromallhumansociety.3．Thereisnosimpleanswer,asisoftenthecaseinscience.4．MoYanwasawardedtheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein2012,whichmadeoneoftheChinesepeople'slong-helddreamscometrue.5．IborrowedthebookSherlockHolmesfromthelibrarylastweek,whichmyclassmatesrecommendedtome.6．Ididn'tbecomeaseriousclimberunti