新時代核心英語教程寫作1教學(xué)課件(U4)

oreurriculum新時代核心英語教程寫作1SentenceagreementandconsistencySentenceagreementandconsistency4UNITagreement一致性antecedent先行詞collectivenoun集合名詞compoundsubject復(fù)合主語consistency連貫性femininegender陰性imperativemood祈使語氣indicativemood陳述語氣masculinegender陽性KeyTermsmood語氣person人稱plural復(fù)數(shù)形式principleofproximity就近原則singular單數(shù)形式subjunctivemood虛擬語氣tense時態(tài)voice語態(tài)MainContentsSentenceagreementSentenceconsistency2.Consistencyinmood(indicative,imperative,subjunctive)DifficultPoints1.Therulesofsubject-verbagreementSentenceagreementSentenceagreementAgreementbetweentheverbanditssubjectAsingularsubjectmusttakeasingularverbandapluralsubjectapluralverb.Inotherwords,theverbmustagreeinnumberwiththesubject.Thismuseumhasanextensivecollectionofculturalrelics.Wordsarepowerful,andtheirpowercanbeusedinmanyways.Agreementbetweentheverbanditssubject(1)Thesubjectandverbshouldagreeevenwhenotherwordscomebetweenthem.Incorrect:Ateamconsistingofvolunteersweresetupto“rescue”thesharedbicyclesdamagedorlockedforprivateuse.Correct:Ateamconsistingofvolunteerswassetupto“rescue”thesharedbicyclesdamagedorlockedforprivateuse.AgreementbetweentheverbanditssubjectEvenwhenthesubjectandverbareinterruptedbyexpressions,theverbshouldagreewithitssubject,ratherthanwiththenounorpronounnearit.Bill,togetherwithhissisters,wasslightlyinjuredintheaccident.Thegirl,aswellasherfriends,likestotravelaroundtotastethelocalsnacksandlearnaboutthesocialcustomsofdifferentplaces.Agreementbetweentheverbanditssubject(2)Whencompoundsubjectsarejoinedbyand,usepluralverbsevenwhenoneorallofthesubjectsaresingular.Incorrect:Thedog,themonkey,thechildren,andthetentwasinthecar.Correct:Thedog,themonkey,thechildren,andthetentwereinthecar.AgreementbetweentheverbanditssubjectButwhenmodifierssuchaseach,every,ormanyacomebeforethecompoundsubjectorsubject,useasingularverb.Everyboyandgirlisrequiredtohaveparentalpermissiontojoinintheclub.Manyagoodmanhasbeendestroyedbydrink.AgreementbetweentheverbanditssubjectWhenthepartsofthesubjectformasingleideaorrefertoasinglepersonorthing,useasingularverb.The2012NobellaureateinLiteratureandglobalstorytellerwasbornin1955intoafarmer’sfamilyinGaomiCounty,ShandongProvince.BreadandbutteriswhatAmericansusuallyhaveforbreakfast.Agreementbetweentheverbanditssubject(3)Whencompoundsubjectsarejoinedbyorornor,maketheverbagreewiththesubjectnearertotheverb.Atcustoms,everybox,bag,orparcelisinspected.Therabbitorthechickshaveeatenmylettuce.AgreementbetweentheverbanditssubjectProblemswithsubjectsjoinedbyorornoroccurmostoftenwhenonepartofthesubjectissingularandtheotherplural.Inthiscase,theverbshouldagreewiththepartofsubjectclosertoit.Incorrect:Mariacouldnotdecidewhetherhermathclassorhertwoscienceclasseswasmoredifficult.Correct:Mariacouldnotdecidewhetherhermathclassorhertwoscienceclassesweremoredifficult.Correct:Mariacouldnotdecidewhetherhertwoscienceclassesorhermathclasswasmoredifficult.AgreementbetweentheverbanditssubjectProblemsarisewhenthesubjectconsistsofpronounsofdifferentpersons,requiringdifferentverbforms.Inthiscase,too,theverbagreeswiththepartofthesubjectnearertoit.NeitherJimnorIaminterestedincomputergames.Eitheryouorhehastoattendthemeeting.Agreementbetweentheverbanditssubject(4)Mostindefinitepronounssuchasanybody,everything,nobody,andsoonrefertoasingleunspecifiedpersonorthing.Consequently,theytakesingularverbs.EveryoneinthestadiumwasexcitedwhentheChineseteamwonthegame.Nothingremainstobesaid.AgreementbetweentheverbanditssubjectQuantitativewordsmaybesingularorplural.Whetheryouuseasingularorapluralverbdependsonthenounorpronountowhichtheindefinitepronounrefers.Allofthememberswerenotified,andmosthavearrived.Thecommitteefoundthatallofthereportwashelpful.Halfofthebuildingwasdamagedintheexplosion.Halfofthestudentsaregirls.AgreementbetweentheverbanditssubjectTheindefinitepronounnonecantakebothasingularorpluralverb.Nonebutthebravedeserve/deservesthesword.AgreementbetweentheverbanditssubjectAvoidmixingsingularverbsandpluralpossessivepronouns.Incorrect:Noneofthestudentshasfinishedtheirexercises.Correct:Noneofthestudentshas/havefinishedtheexercises.Correct:Noneofthestudentshavefinishedtheirexercises.Agreementbetweentheverbanditssubject(5)Collectivenounsaresingularinform,buttheymeangroupsofindividuals.Whenreferringtoagroupasasingleunit,acollectivenountakesasingularverb.Thiscommitteehasachairmanwhoiselectedbythecommitteemembers.Amajorityvotesinfavorofthepresident’sproposal.AgreementbetweentheverbanditssubjectWhenreferringtoagroup’smembersasindividuals,acollectivenountakesapluralverb.Thecommitteeargueamongthemselvesaboutthevalueofthemotion.Ifamajorityvoteaccordingtotheirconsciences,theseamendmentswillbedefeated.Agreementbetweentheverbanditssubject(6)Nounssuchaseconomics,politics,news,andsoonarepluralinform,butsingularinmeaningandthusshouldtakesingularverbs.Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.Statisticsisabranchofmathematicsdealingwiththecollection,analysis,interpretation,presentation,andorganizationofdata.AgreementbetweentheverbanditssubjectMeasurementsandfiguresendingin“-s”mayalsobesingularwhenthequantitytheyrefertoisaunit.Threeyearsisalongtimetowait,butIwillkeepinclosetouchwithyou.Three-fourthsofherlibraryconsistsofreferencebooks.AgreementbetweentheverbanditssubjectButthesewordsandamountsarepluralinmeaningwhentheydescribeindividualitemsratherthanthewholegroupsorthewholebodiesofactivitiesorknowledge.Thestatisticsprovehimwrong.Two-fifthsofthecarsontheroadarenewenergyvehicles.Agreementbetweentheverbanditssubject(7)Whenalinkingverbisfollowedbyasubjectcomplement,theverbshouldagreewithitssubject,ratherthanwiththenounorpronounfollowingit.Henry’ssolesupportishismotherandfather.Henry’smotherandfatherarehissolesupport.Agreementbetweentheverbanditssubject(8)In“there/here+be”constructions,theformofbeshouldagreewiththenounfollowingit.Therewasahugecarvedwoodenscreeninthelivingroom.Therearequalitativedifferencesinthewaychildrenandadultsthink.AgreementbetweentheverbanditssubjectIfthereorhereintroducesasentenceinwhichthesubjectcontainsmorethanonewordjoinedbyand,theverbofthesentencemaybeplural.Thereisapen,atextbook,andsomepaperonthedesk.Thereisbread,milk,andeggsforbreakfast.AgreementbetweentheverbanditssubjectMorefrequently,itmayagreewiththepartofthesubjectnearertoit.Therearesomesciencebooksandamagnifieronthetable.Agreementbetweentheverbanditssubject(9)Titlesandnamewordstakesingularverbs.RingsisoneofherfavoriteHollywoodmovies.Watsonsisacompanyspecializinginhealthandbeautyproducts.Agreementbetweentheverbanditssubject(10)Aftertherelativepronounswho,which,andthat,useasingularverbwhentheantecedentissingularandapluralverbwhentheantecedentisplural.Weshallsupportthosewhoarededicatedtotheirworkandstandbehindthosewholiveuptotheirresponsibilities.Ifinallyborrowedthebookwhichwasnotavailableinthebookstore.AgreementbetweentheverbanditssubjectAgreementerrorsinvolvingrelativepronounsoftenoccurinsentencesthatincludeaphrasebeginningwithoneofpluspluralnouns.Theverbthatfollowstherelativepronouncanbebothpluralandsingular.Thisisoneofthosebooksthatare/isreadbyeverybody.AgreementbetweentheverbanditssubjectGenerally,theonlyoneofthe…takessingularverbs.Sheistheonlyoneofthememberswhohaspaidthedues(Accordingtothissentence,onlyonememberpaidthedues.Theantecedentofwhoisone,sotheverbissingular.)Sheisoneofthememberswhohavepaidthedues.(Thissentencetellsusthatmorethanonememberpaidthedues,sotheantecedentofwhoismembers,andtheverbisplural.)Activity11.AIDS,adiseasewhichdestroysthenaturalsystemofprotectionthatthebodyhasagainstotherdiseases,remainahugeglobalthreat,despitealltheeffortsmadeworldwidetofightagainstit.AIDS,adiseasewhichdestroysthenaturalsystemofprotectionthatthebodyhasagainstotherdiseases,remainsahugeglobalthreat,despitealltheeffortsmadeworldwidetofightagainstit.Revisethefollowingsentencesforsubject-verbagreement.Ifasentenceiscorrectasitstands,writeCorrect.

Activity12.NeitherAnnanorherroommateslikestotakeselfies.NeitherAnnanorherroommatesliketotakeselfies.3.Halfofthemembersofthecommitteewereunwillingtosignthereport.CorrectRevisethefollowingsentencesforsubject-verbagreement.Ifasentenceiscorrectasitstands,writeCorrect.

Activity14.ThePickwickPapers,firstpublishedasaserial,areagoodexampleofCharlesDickens’geniusasanovelist.ThePickwickPapers,firstpublishedasaserial,isagoodexampleofCharlesDickens’geniusasanovelist.5.Noneofthesematerialsisgoodconductors.Correct.Or:Noneofthesematerialsaregoodconductors.Revisethefollowingsentencesforsubject-verbagreement.Ifasentenceiscorrectasitstands,writeCorrect.

Fillinthefollowingblankswithappropriatewordsinparentheses.Activity21.Thegovernment_______(has,have)discussedthematterforalongtimebuttheyhaveshownnosignofreachinganagreement.2.Everyboyandeverygirl_______(need,needs)somebodytolove.3.Threemiles______(is,are)toolongadistanceforAndytorun.haveneedsisFillinthefollowingblankswithappropriatewordsinparentheses.Activity24.TheBeltandRoadInitiative______(is,are)aproposalforwin-wincooperationthatpromotescommondevelopmentandprosperity.5.NeitherLucynorhersisters______(has,have)anyworkingexperienceinabank.haveisAgreementbetweenpronounanditsantecedentInEnglishgrammar,apronounisdefinedasawordthatmaysubstituteforanounornounphrasewhich,oncereplaced,isknownasthepronoun’santecedent.Everyadvantagehasitsdisadvantage.(Advantageistheantecedentofits.)Havingreceivedtheirtaxbills,thehouseownersworriedaboutthepayment.(Thehouseowners,thesubjectofthemainclause,istheantecedentoftheir.)Agreementbetweenpronounanditsantecedent(1)Antecedentsjoinedbyandusuallytakepluralpronouns.FacebookandTwitterhavetheirrespectiveusers.PaulandMikeconsultedalawyeruntiltheyfiguredoutthelegalproblem.AgreementbetweenpronounanditsantecedentWhenthecompoundantecedentreferstoasingleidea,person,orthing,thepronounissingular.ThecompanyfounderandCEOhasmadeuphismindtoachieveprogressinartificialintelligence.(ThepersonmentionedinthesentenceisboththecompanyfounderandtheCEO.)AgreementbetweenpronounanditsantecedentFortheantecedentjoinedbyorornor,whenonesubjectispluralandtheothersingular,putthesingularsubjectfirstandthepluralsecond.Awkward:Eitherthedogsorthecatwillhavetobereturnedtotheshopitcamefrom.Revised:Eitherthecatorthedogswillhavetobereturnedtotheshoptheycamefrom.Agreementbetweenpronounanditsantecedent(3)Generally,useasingularpronounwhentheantecedentisanindefinitepronoun,suchaseveryoneandeach.Everyonetakesthelimitsofhisorherownfieldofvisionforthelimitsoftheworld.Eachoftheboysinthefamilyshouldershisownresponsibility.AgreementbetweenpronounanditsantecedentThemeaningofanindefinitepronounoftenincludesbothmasculineandfemininegenders,notoneortheother.Insuchcaseswetraditionallyusehe(orhimorhis)torefertotheantecedent.Everyonehasanopportunitytovoicehisopinionsatthemeeting.Everyonehasanopportunitytovoicehisorheropinionsatthemeeting.(Butwhenover-used,thisoptionmaybewordyorawkward.)Allthepeoplehaveanopportunitytovoicetheiropinionsatthemeeting.(Thisoptioncanbeusedfrequentlywithoutcreatingawkwardness.)AgreementbetweenpronounanditsantecedentCollectivenounantecedentstakesingularorpluralpronounsdependingonthemeaningintended.Whenwearereferringtothegroupasaunit—thenthepronounissingular.Thecommitteevotedtodisbanditself.Theteamattendedabanquetinitshonor.AgreementbetweenpronounanditsantecedentButwhenwearereferringtotheindividualmembersofthegroup,thepronounisplural.Myfamilygavemethebestofeverythingtheyhad.Theaudiencestoodupquietlyfromtheirseats.Agreementbetweenpronounanditsantecedent(5)Makeeachpronounpointclearlytooneantecedent.Twoormoreseeminglyreasonableantecedentswillconfuseourreaders.Ambiguous:AlextoldWaldothatheshouldbepaidmore.Clear:AlextoldWaldo,“Youshouldbepaidmore.”O(jiān)r:AlextoldWaldo,“Ishouldbepaidmore.”O(jiān)r:AlexcomplainedtoWaldoaboutbeingunderpaid.Revisethefollowingsentencesforpronoun-antecedentagreement.Activity31.Almostanychildsurprisedtheobserverswiththeircapabilities.Almostanychildwillsurprisedtheobserverswithhiscapabilities.2.Eachofthemembersofthefamilyhastheiruniqueinfluenceonthechild.Eachofthemembersofthefamilyhashisuniqueinfluenceonthechild.Revisethefollowingsentencesforpronoun-antecedentagreement.Activity33.Peopleinincreasingnumberstendtoregardhisworkasthetoppriority.Peopleinincreasingnumberstendtoregardtheirworkasthetoppriority.4.BothmybrotherandIhavemyownideasonthismatter.BothmybrotherandIhaveourownideasonthismatter.Revisethefollowingsentencesforpronoun-antecedentagreement.Activity35.Andyandhisfriendmadeuphismindtoopenanonlineshop.Andyandhisfriendmadeuptheirmindtoopenanonlineshop.SentenceconsistencySentenceconsistencyConsistencyinpersonWecanrefertopeopleingeneral,eitherinthethirdperson(suchasaperson,one,people,andthey)orinthesecondperson(you).Peopleshouldnotdrivewithinhoursafterdrinkingalcohol.Oneshouldnotdrivewithinhoursafterheorshedrinksalcohol.Youshouldnotdrivewithinhoursafteryoudrinkalcohol.ConsistencyinpersonAlthoughanyoneofthosepossibilitiesisacceptableinanappropriatecontext,amixtureofthemisinconsistentandimproperingoodwriting.Incorrect:Ifapersonworkshard,youcanaccomplishagreatdeal.Correct:Ifyouworkhard,youcanaccomplishagreatdeal.Correct:Ifapersonworkshard,heorshecanaccomplishagreatdeal.Correct:Ifpeopleworkhard,theycanaccomplishagreatdeal.ConsistencyinnumberBoth

nounsandpersonalpronounschangeformstoshowdifferencesinnumber,butonlypersonalpronounshavedistinctiveformsforthethreepersons.

Incorrect:Asnailisasmallanimalthathasasoftbody,nolegs,andahardshellonitsback.Theymoveveryslowly.Correct:Asnailisasmallanimalthathasasoftbody,nolegs,andahardshellonitsback.Itmovesveryslowly.Correct:Asnailisasmallanimalthathasasoftbody,nolegs,andahardshellonitsback.Snailsmoveveryslowly.ConsistencyinnumberInconsistencyinnumbercanalsooccurbetweenotherwords(usuallynouns)thatrelatetoeachotherinmeaning.Incorrect:Alltheschoolshaveagoodreputation.Correct:Alltheschoolshavegoodreputations.ConsistencyintenseTensereferstothetimeofaverb’sactionoritsstateofbeing,suchaspresent,past,orfuture.Achangeintenseusuallysignalsachangeintime.Incorrect:Asheturnedthecorner,hebecameawarethatsomeoneisfollowinghim.Correct:Asheturnedthecorner,hebecameawarethatsomeonewasfollowinghim.ConsistencyinmoodMoodexpressestheattitudeofthewriter.Shiftsinthemoodofverbsoccurfrequentlyindirectionswherethewritermovesbetweentheimperativemoodandtheindicativemood.Incorrect:Cookthemixtureslowly,andyoushouldstirituntilthesugarisdissolved.Correct:Cookthemixtureslowly,andstirituntilthesugarisdissolved.ConsistencyinvoiceWhenaverbisinthepassivevoice,thesubjectreferstothereceiveroftheaction;theactormaynotbementionedormaybementionedinaprepositionalphrase.Tomdidthecleaning.Thecleaningwasdone(byTom).ConsistencyinvoiceAshiftinvoicemaysometimeshelpfocusreaders’attentiononasinglesubject.ThestudentpassedtheexaminationsuccessfullyandwasacceptedbyHarvardUniversity.ConsistencyinvoiceHowever,toomanyshiftsinsubjectandvoiceareunnecessaryandtheyalsocreateconfusionorerrors.Incorrect:Aswelookedoutovertheocean,shipscouldbeseeninthed