大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)詞匯語(yǔ)法考點(diǎn)講義

大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)詞匯語(yǔ)法考點(diǎn)講義第一部分(一)第一節(jié)、解決四級(jí)英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)難句的意義1、閱讀，抓不住句子重點(diǎn)，在一個(gè)句子上浪費(fèi)太多時(shí)間。最后根據(jù)不完整的理解，碰運(yùn)氣亂猜答案。2、翻譯，提筆不知從哪里下手；胡亂寫幾行，卷面亂，不知所云，影響印象分。（一）長(zhǎng)難句到底難在哪里？--幾句廢話般的常識(shí)。1）結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，邏輯層次多;2）單詞意思常需根據(jù)上下文判斷;3）代詞的指代關(guān)系復(fù)雜;4）并列成分多;5）修飾語(yǔ)多，特別是后置定語(yǔ)很長(zhǎng);6）習(xí)慣搭配。注：以上情況有可能單獨(dú)出現(xiàn)，更多是“團(tuán)伙作案”。（二）長(zhǎng)難句的破解的幾個(gè)基本要點(diǎn)·把握規(guī)律（按照所講的基本方法）·充分利用現(xiàn)有語(yǔ)法、詞匯知識(shí)，提高知識(shí)的產(chǎn)出效率。·破解核心是化繁為簡(jiǎn)，化難為易。（三）長(zhǎng)難句解決的具體步驟1、抓主干2、理順主從句子關(guān)系。（四）分析句子成分的詳細(xì)過(guò)程1）找出全句主謂賓或主系表，即句子的主干;2）找出句中所有的謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)、非謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)、介詞短語(yǔ)和從句的引導(dǎo)詞;3）分析從句和短語(yǔ)的功能，例如，是否為主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句或狀語(yǔ)從句等;以及詞，短語(yǔ)和從句之間的關(guān)系;4）分析句子中是否有固定詞組或固定搭配、插入語(yǔ)等其他成分。第二節(jié)、長(zhǎng)句速讀同位語(yǔ)和較長(zhǎng)的后置定語(yǔ)（如人物身份，句子中間的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句），很長(zhǎng)的專有名詞（如機(jī)構(gòu)名稱）等。這些信息需要用跳讀（skip）的方法，略去不讀。在文章里，經(jīng)常會(huì)出現(xiàn)此類文字信息，目的是為了干擾視線。實(shí)際，沒(méi)有必要去弄明白某人是什么大學(xué)的什么教授，也不必急著去了解美國(guó)一個(gè)部門全稱或縮寫是什么具體意思，因?yàn)轭}目中極少直接考這樣的細(xì)節(jié)信息。做題時(shí)即使需要此類信息，利用人名或其它專有名詞都是開頭字母大寫的特征很容易找到。例如：Peopleassumethatofficepoliticsinvolvessomemanipulative（工于心計(jì)的）behavior,”saysDeborahComer,anassistantprofessorofmanagementatHofstraUniversity.(2004年6月)Arecentstudy,publishedinlastweek’sJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociation,offersapictureofhowriskyitistogetaliftfromateenagedriver.(2003年9月)劃線部分的信息可以一掃而過(guò)，目光不需要在上面停留細(xì)讀。第二節(jié)、長(zhǎng)句解剖法一、找長(zhǎng)句主干，常需反其道而行之。·你能一眼挑出長(zhǎng)句的主謂賓/主系表？·主語(yǔ)易尋、謂語(yǔ)難找！·怎么辦？·先去枝葉，主干立現(xiàn)！方法：去枝去葉；水落石出·枝：各類從句，標(biāo)志有;·名詞和代詞后面的That;who;when;where等關(guān)系詞、連接詞。·葉：·1.各類插入語(yǔ)，標(biāo)志為兩個(gè)逗號(hào)?！?.各類介詞短語(yǔ)。句型一：從句連環(huán)套·最麻煩的句子--從句套從句怎么辦？·破解法：使用漢語(yǔ)連環(huán)套，順而解之?！せ窘Y(jié)構(gòu)：A,AB,BC,CDThechildAAwhoisraisedinanenvironmentBBwheretherearemanystimuliCCwhichdevelophisorhercapacityforappropriateresponsesDwillexperiencegreaterintellectualdevelopment.建立漢語(yǔ)接龍（連環(huán)套）·A:孩子A·AB:孩子A生活在環(huán)境里B·BC:環(huán)境里B有刺激因素C·CD:刺激因素C開發(fā)他/她做出正確反應(yīng)的能力D·大家發(fā)現(xiàn)了什么規(guī)律？·接龍連接處為先行詞和引導(dǎo)詞，兩者在邏輯含意上指的是同一事物！這樣簡(jiǎn)化的目的在于減少信息處理的復(fù)雜程度，加快解題速度。下一步就是根據(jù)英語(yǔ)句子的意思，調(diào)整漢語(yǔ)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。本句的解決方案是快速合并相同信息。至此，我們經(jīng)歷了一個(gè)拆分（英語(yǔ)）過(guò)程。句型二：短語(yǔ)眾多1.標(biāo)志很明顯，快刀斬亂麻，剔除所有介詞短語(yǔ)，類似同位語(yǔ)的成分。2.合理預(yù)測(cè)句子主干的走向。3.依據(jù)是什么？4.固定搭配的一部分！通常是比較簡(jiǎn)單的。5.看到more你首先會(huì)想到哪個(gè)單詞？6.看到as,rather,aswell,呢？例句：·Forafamilyoffour,forexample,·itismoreconvenientaswellascheapertositcomfortablyathome,·withalmostunlimitedentertainmentavailable,·thantogoout·insearchofamusementelsewhere.·提示：是關(guān)于看電視的文章?！ぴ摼渲鞲梢状_定，itismoreAthanB.主句簡(jiǎn)單，而短語(yǔ)眾多的句子，需耐心層層剝開。例1：Whatrefrigeration（冷藏技術(shù)）dideffectivelypromotewasmarketing--marketinghardwareandelectricity,marketingsoftdrinks,marketingdeadbodiesofanimalsaroundtheglobeinsearchofagoodprice.Whatrefrigeration（冷藏技術(shù)）dideffectivelypromotewasmarketing--marketinghardwareandelectricity,marketingsoftdrinks,marketingdeadbodiesofanimalsaroundtheglobeinsearchofagoodprice.例2：TrackingwhalesisbutoneexampleofanexcitingnewworldjustopeningtocivilianscientistsafterthecoldwarastheNavystartstoshareandpartlyuncoveritsglobalnetworkofunderwaterlisteningsystembuiltoverthedecadestotracktheshipsofpotentialenemies.注意語(yǔ)境陷阱：對(duì)策：看清上下文，確定關(guān)鍵詞義。Thefridgeisconsideredanecessity.Ithasbeensosincethe1960swhenpackagedfoodfirstappearedwiththelabel:“storeintherefrigerator.”Inmyfridgelessfiftieschildhood,Iwasfedwellandhealthily.按照剛才講的步驟做：1.把句子快速切割，抓出重點(diǎn)。2.必要時(shí)寫下主干漢語(yǔ)意思。第一節(jié)、長(zhǎng)難句解剖練習(xí)注意：除以上基本方法外，必須配合邏輯分析（尤其是連詞、慣用搭配結(jié)構(gòu)的使用）。1.Therealitythathasblockedmypathtobecomingthetypicalsuccessfulstudentisthatengineeringandtheliberalartssimplydon'tmixaseasilyasIassumedinhighschool.2.RobertFoss,ascientistattheUniversityofNorthCarolinaHighwaySafetyResearchCenter,saysthehigherdeathratesforteenagedrivershavelesstodowith“reallystupidbehavior”thanwithjustalackofdrivingexperience.3.Bothheandtheauthorofthestudybelievethatthewaytomitigate(緩解)theproblemistohavestatesinstituteso-calledgraduatedlicensingsystems,inwhichgettingalicenseisamultistageprocess.4.Whatismostimportant,differentlayersofoceanwatercanactaschannelsforsounds,focusingtheminthesamewayastethoscope（聽(tīng)診器）doeswhenitcarriesfaintnoisesfromapatient’schesttoadoctor’sear.5.Thekeytopreventingortreatingbehaviorproblemsislearningtoteachthedogtoredirectitsnormalbehaviortooutletsthatareacceptableinthedomesticsetting.6.Non-smokersremembered19percentmoreofthemostimportantinformationthanactivesmokers,anddeprivedsmokersbestedthosewhohadsmokedacigarettejustbeforetesting.7.Deeplyinvolvedwiththisnewtechnologyisabreedofmodernbusinesspeoplewhohaveagrowingrespectfortheeconomicvalueofdoingbusinessabroad.8.Theemployeepostedabroadwhospeaksthecountry'sprincipallanguagehasanopportunitytofast-forwardcertainnegotiations,andcanhavetheculturalinsighttoknowwhenitisbettertomovemoreslowly.9.Historically,mostphysical-fitnesstestshaveusuallyincludedmeasuresofmuscularstrengthandendurance,notforhealth-relatedreasons,butprimarilybecausesuchfitnesscomponentshavebeenrelatedtoperformanceinathletics.10.“ButthosewhowanttobanthebombforAmericancitizensclaimthatifyouhaveonelockedinthecabinet,withthefuseinadrawer,youwouldneverbeabletoassembleitintimetostopanintruder（侵入者）”.11.Thereportcitestwomaincauses:increasingphysicalisolation—broughtonbyhighdivorceratesandlessinvolvementincommunity,amongotherthings—andagrowingperceptionthattheworldisamoredangerousplace.利用語(yǔ)法分析準(zhǔn)確理解句子語(yǔ)法分析在閱讀中發(fā)揮舉足輕重的應(yīng)用，在做題時(shí)進(jìn)行精確句子分析，可以極大提高選擇的準(zhǔn)確率。1.Trainingshouldbefunandrewardingforyouandyourdog.Itcanenrichyourrelationshipandmakelivingtogethermoreenjoyable.Awell-traineddogismoreconfidentandcanmoresafelybeallowedagreateramountoffreedomthananuntrainedanimal.Question:Whenadoghasreceivedeffectiveobediencetraining,itsowner____.A)cangivethedogmorerewardsB)willenjoyabetterfamilylifeC)cangivethedogmorefreedomD)willhavemoreconfidenceinhimself2.Heroesarecatalysts(催化劑)forchange.Theyhaveavisionfromthemountaintop.Theyhavetheskillandthecharmtomovethemasses.Theycreatenewpossibilities.WithoutGandhi,IndiamightstillbepartoftheBritishEmpire.WithoutRosaParksandMartinLutherKing,Jr.,wemightstillhavesegregated(隔離的)buses,restaurants,andparks.Itmaybepossibleforlarge-scalechangetooccurwithoutleaderswithmagneticpersonalities,butthepaceofchangewouldbeslow,thevisionuncertain,andthecommitteemeetingsendless.Question:GandhiandMartinLutherKingaretypicalexamplesofoutstandingleaderswho_____.A)aregoodatdemonstratingtheircharmingcharactersB)canmovethemasseswiththeirforcefulspeechesC)arecapableofmeetingallchallengesandhardshipsD)canprovideananswertotheproblemsoftheirpeople3.ALabourPartyMemberoftheParliament,MikeFoster,istryingtogetParliamenttoapproveanewlawwhichwillmakethehuntingofwildanimalswithdogsillegal.Ifthelawispassed,wildanimalslikefoxeswillbeprotectedunderthebaninBritain.AnewlawmaybepassedbytheBritishParliamentto________.A)prohibitfarmersfromhuntingfoxesB)forbidhuntingfoxeswithdogsC)stophuntingwildanimalsinthecountrysideD)preventlarge-scalefoxhunting利用詞法、語(yǔ)法解其它題型一、閱讀中詞匯題詞匯題里考到的詞匯通常有兩種情況：一種是超過(guò)大綱的生詞；一種是簡(jiǎn)單詞匯，但意義不常見(jiàn)。解這類題的最基本的方法是利用上下文來(lái)猜測(cè)詞匯的大體意思，然后對(duì)照選項(xiàng)挑選最接近的表達(dá)。解詞匯題有幾種常見(jiàn)的技巧：（1）復(fù)述或例證First,Americansasawholetendtobefairlyprovincialandtakemoreofaninterestinlocalaffairs.Knowledgeofworldgeography,forexample,hasneverbeenstronginthiscountry.Theword“provincial”mostprobablymeans_____.（1999年6月）A)limitedinoutlookB)likepeoplefromtheprovincesC)rigidinthinkingD)interestedinworldfinancialaffairs解題思路：provincial后面的并列句子takemoreofaninterestinlocalaffairs是對(duì)provincial一詞的復(fù)述?！皩?duì)地方事務(wù)更感興趣”表明provincial就是狹隘。A是最好的解釋。后面舉例子是確認(rèn)第一推測(cè)的雙保險(xiǎn)。（2）比較與對(duì)比Thefourthtestrequiredpeopletoreadapassage,thenanswerquestionsaboutit.Non-smokersremembered19percentmoreofthemostimportantinformationthanactivesmokers,anddeprivedsmokersbestedthosewhohadsmokedacigarettejustbeforetesting.Activesmokerstendednotonlytohavepoorermemoriesbutalsohadtroubleseparatingimportantinformationfrominsignificantdetails.（1998年6月）Theword“bested”(Line3,Para.5)mostprobablymeans_______.A)beatB)enviedC)caughtupwithD)madethebestof解題思路：原文中考查單詞bested出現(xiàn)在比較句中，句子直譯為“受限制吸煙者_(dá)___了測(cè)試前剛抽過(guò)一根煙的人”。這個(gè)句子是并列句的后半部分，因此與前面的語(yǔ)義應(yīng)該有平行關(guān)系。前文意思是“不吸煙的人比常吸煙的人多記住19％的最重要信息”。因此根據(jù)句式要求，后面bested所在句子也應(yīng)該是甲大于/多于乙的關(guān)系。故A為正確選項(xiàng)。二、15選10文章填空利用語(yǔ)法常識(shí)快速縮小范圍，方法是根據(jù)“左鄰右里”確定所缺詞匯所充當(dāng)?shù)木渥映煞帧⒃~性。看下例。Inrecentyears,manyAmericansofbothsexesand1ageshavebecomeinterestedinimprovingtheirbodies.Theyhavebecome2tophysicalfitness.Theneedtoexercisehasalmostbecomecompulsivewithmanypeoplewhohaveastrong3to‘bemorephysicallyfit’.Bynature,Americansareenthusiasticandenergeticabouttheirhobbiesandpastimes.Theytypically4thisenthusiasm,andenergytojogging,runningorotherexercises.Asaresult,therearerunningclubsorgymstojoinandmanybooksandmagazinestoreadabout5fit.Thewishtobephysicallyfitisexplainedbya“passion”forgoodhealth.Thehighrateofheartattacksinthe1960scausedasharp6onthepartofthepublicinimprovingtheirbodies.Nowadays,middle-agedmen,inparticular,7alotfromheartattacks.Consequently,theyareonegroupstronglyinterestedinmorephysicalexercise.Infact,manydoctors8theirpatientstobecomemorephysically9,especiallythosewhohavesedentary(坐著的)jobs.Itisinterestingtonotethattherateofheartattacksbegantodecreaseinthe1970sanditisstilldecreasing.Physicalfitness10enjoysafavoredroleintheUnitedStates.Itisanew“l(fā)ove”thatmanyAmericanshavetreasured.Willthislastlong？Onlytimecantell--oruntilanother“newpassion”appears.A)keepingI)alwaysB)increaseJ)benefitC)consistentlyK)applyD)currentlyL)desireE)devotedM)encourageF)decreaseN)challengingG)activeO)variousH)suffer大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試語(yǔ)法的考點(diǎn)分析2007-08-1407:39在英語(yǔ)四級(jí)歷年詞匯與結(jié)構(gòu)的考試試題中，語(yǔ)法部分約占40%，詞匯部分約占60%，而且多有交叉。所以，要想在考試中取得過(guò)級(jí)分?jǐn)?shù)這兩個(gè)部分還是不能輕視的。下面將分別講講如何去應(yīng)對(duì)他們。語(yǔ)法題主要有以下考點(diǎn)1、虛擬語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng)調(diào)說(shuō)話