文庫發(fā)布：課文講解

Oneday,JendrylearnedthatColwashandling.Arriving,JendryofferedColosome,onlytobemetwith.Colo,JendryasuspiciousobjectonthescenepeanutsablankstareRealizingtheywere,Jendry

andofferedapieceofpineapple.,whilemaintaining,Coloopenedherhandandakeychain.negotiatingraisedthestakeAtthispointeyecontactrevealedRelieveditwasnotanything,JendrygaveColothepineapple.thatshewas,ColothenandgaveJendryalink,perhaps,WhygiveherthewholethingifIcangetabitofpineappleforeachpiece?dangerousorvaluable,carefulbargainerbrokethekeychainfiguring2.Chantek:

1)Expandedthemoneysupplybybreakingplasticchipsintwo2)Foundpiecesoftinfoilandtriedtomakecopiesofmetalchips

HowdidChanteckbehavewhenhewastoldtosharesomegrapes?但這頭猩猩對錢幣的理解似乎遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出了簡單的交易Buttheorangutan’sunderstandingofmoneyseemedtoextendfarbeyondsimpledealings

3.Orky:Hewouldassessasituationandthendosomethingbasedonthejudgmenthemade.Thingsbegantowhentheyreturnedthebabywhaletothetank.Astheworkersafewmetersabovethewater,thebabysuddenlybegan.Fearingitwould,butthekeeperscouldn’treachthebaby.它會審時度勢，再根據(jù)自己的判斷采取行動gowronghaltedthestretcherthrowingupchokeApparently

theproblem,Orkyswamunderthestretcherand

oneofthementostandonhishead,somethinghe’dneverbeen()todo.Thenusinghistailto

,Orkyletthekeeper

andreleasethe420-poundbabysothatitcould

thewaterwithinreachofhelp.sizingupallowedtrainedkeepsteadyreachupslideintoWhatisintelligenceanyway?Iflifeisaboutsurvivalofaspecies—andintelligenceismeanttoservethatsurvival—thenwecan'tcomparewithpea-brainedseaturtles,whichwereherelongbeforeusandsurvivedthedisasterthatwipedoutthedinosaurs.

intelligencesurvivalpea-brainedseaturtlesdinosaurwealthhappinesspennilessplayingchildrenmillionaireWhatiswealthanyway?Iflifeisabouthappinessofaperson—andwealthismeanttoservethathappiness—thenwecan'tcomparewithpennilessplayingchildren,whoisbumpingandthrivingintheirownworldwhichismorethrillingthantheluxuriouslivesofthosebillionaires.

wealthhappinesspennilessplayingchildrenbillionaireFood,warmth,sleep?Theirthoughtsmaybemuchdeeperthanthat?

THATANIMALSREALLYTHINK

EuqeneLindenOvertheyears,Ihavewrittenextensivelyaboutanimal-intelligenceexperimentsandthecontroversythatsurroundsthem.Doanimalsreallyhavethoughts,whatwecallconsciousness?

Wonderingwhethertheremightbebetterwaystoexploreanimalintelligencethanexperimentsdesignedtoteachhumansigns,Irealizedwhatnowseemsobvious:

ifanimalscanthink,theywillprobablydotheirbestthinkingwhenitservestheirownpurposes,notwhenscientistsaskthemto.AndsoIstartedtalkingtovets,animalresearchers,zookeepers.Mostdonotstudyanimalintelligence,buttheyencounter(thepresenceof)it,andthelackofit,everyday.ThestoriestheytellusrevealwhatI'mconvincedisanewwindowonanimalintelligence:thekindofmentalfeatsanimalsperformwhendealingwithcaptivityandthedominantspeciesontheplanet—humans.

?

Let'sMakeaDeal?

ConsiderthetimeCharleneJendry,aconservationistattheColumbusZoo,learnedthatafemalegorillanamedColowashandlingasuspiciousobject.Arrivingonthescene,JendryofferedColosomepeanuts,onlytobemetwithablankstare.Realizingtheywerenegotiating,Jendryraisedthestakesandofferedapieceofpineapple.?

Atthispoint,whilemaintainingeyecontact,Coloopenedherhandandrevealedakeychain.Relieveditwasnotanythingdangerousorvaluable,JendrygaveColothepineapple.?

Carefulbargainerthatshewas,ColothenbrokethekeychainandgaveJendryalink,perhapsfiguring,WhygiveherthewholethingifIcangetabitofpineappleforeachpiece?Ifananimalcanshowskillintradingonethingoranother,whynotinhandlingmoney?OneorangutannamedChantekdidjustthatinasign-languagestudyundertakenbyanthropologistLynMilesattheUniversityofTennessee.?

Chantekfiguredoutthatifhedidtaskslikecleaninghisroom,he'dearncoinstospendontreatsandridesinMiles'scar.Buttheorangutan'sunderstandingofmoneyseemedtoextendfarbeyondsimpledealings.Milesfirstusedplasticchipsascoins,butChantekdecidedhecould

expandthemoneysupplybybreakingchipsintwo.

WhenMilesswitchedtometalchips,Chantekfoundpiecesoftinfoilandtriedtomakecopies.MilesalsotriedtoteachChantekmorevirtuoushabitssuchassavingandsharing.Indeed,whenIcaughtupwiththeorangutanatZooAtlanta,wherehenowlives,Isawanexampleofsharingthatanyonemightenvy.

?

WhenMilesgaveChanteksomegrapesandaskedhimtosharethem,Chantekpromptlyateallthefruit.Then,asifhe'djustrememberedhe'dbeenaskedtoshare,hehandedMilesthestem.

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TaleofaWhale?

Whywouldananimalwanttocooperatewithahuman?Behavioristswouldsaythatanimalscooperatewhentheylearnitisintheirinteresttodoso.Thisistrue,butIdon'tthinkitgoesfarenough.GailLaule,aconsultantonanimalbehavior,speaksofOrky,akillerwhale,sheknew."OfalltheanimalsI'veworkedwith,hewasthemostintelligent."

shesays.?

"Hewouldassessasituationandthendosomethingbasedonthejudgmentshemade."?

Likethetimehehelpedsaveafamilymember.WhenOrky'smate,Corky,gavebirth,thebabydidnotthriveatfirst,andkeeperstookthelittlewhaleoutofthetankbystretcherforemergencycare.

Thingsbegantogowrongwhentheyreturnedthebabywhaletothetank.Astheworkershaltedthestretcherafewmetersabovethewater,thebabysuddenlybeganthrowingupthroughitsmouth.?

Thekeepersfeareditwouldchoke,buttheycouldnotreachthebabytohelpit.

Apparentlysizinguptheproblem,Orkyswamunderthestretcherandallowedoneofthementostandonhishead,somethinghe'dneverbeentrainedtodo.?

Then,usinghistailtokeepsteady,Orkyletthekeeperreachupandreleasethe420-poundbabysothatitcouldslideintothewaterwithinreachofhelp.

PrimateShellGame

Sometimesevidenceofintelligencecanbeseeninattemptstodeceive.ZookeeperHelenShewmanofSeattle'sWoodlandParkZoorecallsthatonedayshedroppedanorangethroughafeedingholeforMelati,anorangutan.

?

Insteadofmovingawaytogetit,MelatilookedShewman

intheeyeandheldoutherhand.Thinkingtheorangemusthaverolledoffsomewhereinaccessible,Shewmangaveheranotherone.?

ButwhenMelatimovedoff,Shewmannoticedtheoriginalorangewashiddeninherotherhand.Towan,thecolony'sdominantmale,watchedthiswholetrick,andthenextdayhe,too,lookedShewmanintheeyeandpretendedthathehadnotyetreceivedanorange.

"Areyousureyoudon'thaveone?"Shewmanasked.Hecontinuedtoholdhergazesteadilyandheldouthishand.

?

Givingin,shegavehimanotherone,thensawthathehadbeenhidinghisorangeunderneathhisfoot.Whatisintelligenceanyway?Iflifeisaboutsurvivalofaspecies—andintelligenceismeanttoservethatsurvival—thenwecan'tcomparewithpea-brainedseaturtles,?

whichwereherelongbeforeusandsurvivedthedisasterthatwi