專(zhuān)題08 閱讀理解（解析版）-2024-2025初升高銜接資料（新高一暑假學(xué)習(xí)提升）

專(zhuān)題08閱讀理解一、細(xì)節(jié)理解類(lèi)（一）明考查方式和考查角度Ⅰ.把握細(xì)節(jié)理解題的常見(jiàn)設(shè)問(wèn)方式：(1)特殊疑問(wèn)句形式：以when,where,what,which,who,howmuch/many等疑問(wèn)詞開(kāi)頭引出的問(wèn)題。(2)填空題形式：通常涉及與主題有關(guān)的事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)。(3)就文中數(shù)字、排序等提問(wèn)。Ⅱ.明晰細(xì)節(jié)理解題的考查角度：(1)高頻考點(diǎn)：直接信息題；間接信息題。(2)低頻考點(diǎn)：數(shù)字計(jì)算題；正誤判斷題；細(xì)節(jié)排序題。(二)細(xì)節(jié)理解題正確選項(xiàng)特征同義替換 指對(duì)原文句子中的關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行同義替換。如把loseone'sjob換成了beoutofwork。有些細(xì)節(jié)理解題把原文中的一些詞變換一下詞性，如把important變換成ofimportance；改變?cè)闹芯渥拥恼Z(yǔ)態(tài)，如主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換。信息歸納 用精煉的語(yǔ)言來(lái)概括原文中比較分散或復(fù)雜的信息，設(shè)置為正確答案。正話(huà)反說(shuō) 把原文中的意思反過(guò)來(lái)表達(dá)而成為正確選項(xiàng)。原文原詞 利用原文原詞作為正確選項(xiàng)。(三)細(xì)節(jié)理解題干擾選項(xiàng)特征張冠李戴 是原文信息，但不是題目要求的內(nèi)容。無(wú)中生有 符合常識(shí)，但不是文章的內(nèi)容。曲解文意 與原文的內(nèi)容極其相似，只是在某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)處有些變動(dòng)。顛倒是非 在意思上與原文大相徑庭甚至完全相反。正誤參半 部分正確，部分錯(cuò)誤。二、推理判斷類(lèi)（一）明確考查特點(diǎn)Ⅰ.把握推理判斷題常見(jiàn)的命題方式(1)Wecaninferfromthe(first.../last)passagethat________．(2)Thepassage/authorimplies/suggeststhat______．(3)Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat______．(4)Themainpurposeofthepassageis________．(5)Wheredoesthispassageprobablycomefrom?(6)What'stheauthor'sattitudetowards…?(7)Thewriterdevelopedthepassage/hismainideaby________．(8)Thefirst.../lastparagraphservesasa(n)________．Ⅱ.掌握推理判斷題的考查角度(1)高頻考點(diǎn)：推斷隱含意義、寫(xiě)作意圖、觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度。(2)低頻考點(diǎn)：推斷下段內(nèi)容、文章出處、讀者對(duì)象。(二)推理判斷題正確選項(xiàng)特征推理判斷題中的正確選項(xiàng)是依據(jù)文章的事實(shí)或證據(jù)推斷出的符合邏輯的結(jié)論或觀點(diǎn)，正確選項(xiàng)一般具有以下特征：1．“立足原文，只推一步”，即根據(jù)原文內(nèi)容，一步即可推得。2．選項(xiàng)中一般不可以出現(xiàn)絕對(duì)概念。如only,never,all,absolutely等，正確答案的表述一般有一點(diǎn)模糊，會(huì)用一些相對(duì)能夠留有一些余地的詞匯，如often,usually,sometimes,some,may,might,can,could,probably等。(三)推理判斷題干擾選項(xiàng)特征1．曲解文意：即推測(cè)意義與文章表層意義有區(qū)別。推理判斷題中有些選項(xiàng)來(lái)自文章中的某一句或某幾句話(huà)，命題者可能會(huì)利用里面的詞設(shè)計(jì)出干擾項(xiàng)，看似表達(dá)文章的意思，其實(shí)是借題發(fā)揮，是對(duì)原文意思的曲解。2．張冠李戴：即把文章中作者的觀點(diǎn)與其他人的觀點(diǎn)混淆在一起。題干問(wèn)的是作者的觀點(diǎn)，選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)的卻是其他人的觀點(diǎn)；題干問(wèn)的是其他人的觀點(diǎn)，選項(xiàng)中卻出現(xiàn)了作者的觀點(diǎn)。3．偷梁換柱：干擾項(xiàng)用了與文章中某一句話(huà)相似的句型結(jié)構(gòu)和單詞，卻在考生易忽視的地方換了幾個(gè)單詞，造成句意的改變。4．無(wú)中生有：這種類(lèi)型的干擾項(xiàng)往往是基本的生活常識(shí)或普遍認(rèn)可的觀點(diǎn)，但在文章中并無(wú)相關(guān)的信息支撐點(diǎn)。其次，這種干擾項(xiàng)也有可能與設(shè)置的問(wèn)題毫不相干。5．魚(yú)目混珠：魚(yú)目混珠類(lèi)型的干擾項(xiàng)常出現(xiàn)在詞句理解類(lèi)試題的選項(xiàng)中，即利用某個(gè)詞或句子的字面含義代替其在文章特定語(yǔ)境中的具體含義。6．?dāng)U縮范圍：為了準(zhǔn)確、嚴(yán)密地表達(dá)文章內(nèi)容，命題者特別注意對(duì)文意范圍的限定，有時(shí)通過(guò)加上almost,all,nearly,morethan,normally,usually等詞語(yǔ)對(duì)文意加以限制?！皵U(kuò)縮范圍”干擾法就是在選項(xiàng)中通過(guò)改變或去掉限制性詞語(yǔ)，將信息的范圍、程度、感情色彩等改變，從而給考生解題造成干擾的命題方法。三、詞義猜測(cè)類(lèi)（一）明確考查特點(diǎn)Ⅰ.把握詞句猜測(cè)題常見(jiàn)的命題方式(1)Thephrase“...”inthesentencecouldbereplacedby________．(2)Theword“...”intheparagraphrefersto______．(3)Whatisthemeaningoftheunderlinedwordinthe...paragraph？/Whatdoestheunderlinedwordmean?(4)Whichofthefollowingistheclosestinmeaningtothephrase“...”？(5)Theword“...”mostnearlymeans________．(6)Theunderlinedsentenceinthesecondparagraphimpliesthat________．Ⅱ.掌握詞句猜測(cè)題的考查角度(1)猜測(cè)生詞或熟詞生義；(2)猜測(cè)短語(yǔ)的意義；(3)猜測(cè)替代詞所替代的內(nèi)容(如it,one,they,this,that,these,those等)；(4)猜測(cè)句意。（二）明確方法技巧（1）根據(jù)定義或上下文解釋進(jìn)行猜測(cè)（2）根據(jù)同位關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè)（3）根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法(前綴、后綴、派生、合成等)進(jìn)行猜測(cè)（4）根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè)（5）根據(jù)上下文的指代關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè)（6）根據(jù)同義或近義關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè)（7）根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè)（8）意義吻合定句意四、主旨大意類(lèi)題型（一）明確考查特點(diǎn)Ⅰ.把握主旨大意題常見(jiàn)的命題方式Whatisthemainideaofthetext?Whatdoesthetextmainlytellus?Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?Themainideaofthefirst/second/thirdparagraphis___________.Paragraph1/2/3mainlydealswith___________.Ⅱ.掌握主旨大意題的考查角度主旨大意類(lèi)題型主要測(cè)試學(xué)生對(duì)文章全面理解和概括的能力，提問(wèn)的內(nèi)容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。（二）明確方法技巧1.閱讀文章的標(biāo)題或副標(biāo)題文章的標(biāo)題是一篇文章的題眼，通過(guò)閱讀標(biāo)題或副標(biāo)題可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。2.尋找文章的主題句分析篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，找出文章主題。在許多情況下，尤其在閱讀說(shuō)明文和議論文時(shí)，根據(jù)其篇章特點(diǎn)我們可以通過(guò)仔細(xì)閱讀短文的第一句或第二句，即文章的主題句來(lái)歸納出文章的主題.若短文由若干段組成，除仔細(xì)閱讀第一段的首句外，還須仔細(xì)閱讀每一段的第一句，即段落中心。通常文章的中心思想包含在文章的首句，有時(shí)也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用來(lái)說(shuō)明和闡述主題句。因此，在確定文章的中心思想時(shí)，要求學(xué)生重視閱讀文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常貫穿在全文中，因此要求學(xué)生綜觀全文，對(duì)段落的內(nèi)容要融會(huì)貫通，對(duì)文章透徹理解后歸納總結(jié)。主題句的特點(diǎn)是：1.相對(duì)于其他句子，它表達(dá)的意思比較概括；2.主題句一般結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單；3.段落中其他句子必定是用來(lái)解釋?zhuān)位虬l(fā)展主題句所表達(dá)的思想的。五、理清文章結(jié)構(gòu)文章的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)是文章重要的內(nèi)在特征，了解篇章段落的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)提高閱讀理解的準(zhǔn)度和速度有著不可估量的作用。因此，在平時(shí)的閱讀理解訓(xùn)練中要強(qiáng)化領(lǐng)悟段落、篇章結(jié)構(gòu)及行文邏輯內(nèi)在規(guī)律，長(zhǎng)此以往，內(nèi)化于心，潛移默化形成讀文的內(nèi)在“情思”，這個(gè)“情思”就是指與文章情感思路一致的、默契的思維流動(dòng)。具備了這種“情思”，快讀、精讀文章就達(dá)到了一種至高境界。(一)記敘文中的“具體事例型段落”——抓住此事例圍繞的觀點(diǎn)這種類(lèi)型的段落整段都在講具體事例。往往這個(gè)事例本身并不重要，而作者是為了證明自己的某個(gè)觀點(diǎn)才講了這樣一個(gè)事例。因此，考生要站在宏觀的角度把握這個(gè)事例證明了什么觀點(diǎn)，或者說(shuō)明了哪一方面。它的特點(diǎn)就是會(huì)有特別具體的描述詞，比如某個(gè)人名，多次被提到，而且用到的動(dòng)詞也都是一些表示具體動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞，而不是觀點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞。(二)說(shuō)明文中的“對(duì)比型段落”——分清層次最重要這種段落最常見(jiàn)的就是按時(shí)間分類(lèi)說(shuō)明或按某一特性分類(lèi)說(shuō)明。針對(duì)這種段落，要特別留意段落中的過(guò)渡詞，比如，aboveall,inaddition,finally等等。(三)議論文中的“總分型段落”或“分總型段落”——一定要找到并讀懂主旨句“總分型段落”排列在一開(kāi)始就給出了作者的觀點(diǎn)或者要說(shuō)明的主要內(nèi)容。后面的大部分都在論證這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)或者進(jìn)行細(xì)節(jié)上的說(shuō)明。針對(duì)這種類(lèi)型的語(yǔ)篇，考生應(yīng)該做到細(xì)讀主旨段落，略讀細(xì)節(jié)段落，以讀懂主旨為要?jiǎng)?wù)。考生會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)文后的題目大都圍繞主旨而命題，而偏離主旨的大都是干擾項(xiàng)，而不是正確答案?！胺挚傂投温洹迸帕性陂_(kāi)始和中間都是一些細(xì)節(jié)型的內(nèi)容，有時(shí)是平行的細(xì)節(jié)，有時(shí)是層層遞進(jìn)，但一直到語(yǔ)篇的最后一段才點(diǎn)出最重要的觀點(diǎn)或結(jié)論。顯然讀這種語(yǔ)篇的落腳點(diǎn)應(yīng)該在結(jié)尾處。跟總分型的語(yǔ)篇相比，分總型的語(yǔ)篇有時(shí)更耗時(shí)間去發(fā)現(xiàn)主旨，因此考生們平時(shí)做題的時(shí)候要多去體會(huì)，爭(zhēng)取在最短的時(shí)間找到主旨?；A(chǔ)題一Doyouknowthatover1/3ofallfoodproducedintheworldgoestowaste?AccordingtotheUnitedNations(UN),everyyeararoundtheworld,aboutonebillion(十億)tonsoffoodiswasted.Atthesametime,therearenearlyonebillionpeoplewhogohungry.Simply1/4ofthefoodwastedisenoughtokeepthemoutofhunger.Inaddition,thewastedfoodproducesoverthreebilliontonsofcarbondioxide(CO2),whichspeedsupclimate(氣候)change.Whatcanwedotosolvethisfoodwasteproblem?Oneeffectivesolutionisbalancingfoodproductionwithdemand(需求).Inhotelsandothersimilarplaces,specialinstrumentsshouldbeusedsothatcookingspecialistsjustprepareandcookfoodasitisordered.Anothereffectivesolutionisstartingprogramstoreduce(減少)foodwaste.Storesandbuyerscantrytheirbesttobecreativeinfoodwastereduction.Forexample,storescanprovidecustomerswithinstructionstellingthemhowtomakefulluseoffood.Buyerscantrynotfixingtheireyesonlyonfoodofthebestquality(質(zhì)量).Sometimes,thefoodofnon-topqualityisalsogoodenoughtoeat,orcanbeboughtandthenusedtomakedeliciousdishes.Oneofthehardestsolutionstoachieveisforeachandeveryonetobuyandpreparefoodwithaplanoftheirownsothatlessfoodiswasted.Challengingasitis,theuseofmealplansinpreparingfoodcanplayanimportantroleinendingfoodwasteinthefamily.Foodrecyclingisoneoftheknownsolutions.Effortsarenowalreadyinprogress.Foodthatisnotsafeforhumanstoeatisrecycledintootherproductssuchasanimalfeedsandclothing.Yet,thereisstillalongwaytogoandmuchforimprovementinthisarea.Inaword,foodwastehasbeenoneofthebiggestproblemsintheworldthathaveinfluencedusgreatly.Manysolutionshavebeenfoundandmanymoreareyettobeworkedout.Ifeachofuscanputinmoreefforts,foodwasteissuretobereducedforthegoodofourfuture.1.Accordingtothepassage,whatisapossibleresultoffoodwaste?A.Theproblemofworldwidehunger. B.Abigincreaseinfoodproduction.CThespeed-upofclimatechange. D.Asuddendropinpopulation.2.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.Foodrecyclinghasbeenhugelysuccessful. B.Buyersshouldgiveupnon-topqualityfood.C.Storesshouldtrainpeopletomakedeliciousdishes. D.Mealplansinthefamilyarehardtoputintopractice.3.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A.Benefitsofreducingfoodwaste. B.Solutionstothefoodwasteproblem.C.Theimportanceoffightingfoodwaste. D.Theattitudetothefoodwasteproblem.【答案】1.C2.D3.B【解析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。主要介紹了食物浪費(fèi)的現(xiàn)狀以及四個(gè)解決食物浪費(fèi)問(wèn)題的方法，并得出結(jié)論：如果我們每個(gè)人都做出努力，食物浪費(fèi)問(wèn)題一定會(huì)有所改善。1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Inaddition,thewastedfoodproducesoverthreebilliontonsofcarbondioxide(CO2),whichspeedsupclimatechange.”可知食物浪費(fèi)可能造成的一個(gè)結(jié)果是氣候變化的加速。故選C。2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Oneofthehardestsolutionstoachieveisforeachandeveryonetobuyandpreparefoodwithaplanoftheirownsothatlessfoodiswasted.”可知家庭的膳食計(jì)劃很難付諸實(shí)施。故選D。3.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句“Whatcanwedotosolvethisfoodwasteproblem?”以及通讀全文可知主要介紹了四種解決食物浪費(fèi)問(wèn)題的方法。故選B。二Whenconsideringthekindofexperiencethatmakeslifebetter,mostpeoplefirstthinkthathappinessdependsonexperiencingpleasure:goodfood,goodjobs,allthecomfortsthatmoneycanbuy.Ifwecouldn’thavethese,wemightaswellsitinfrontofthetelevisiononaquietevening.Pleasureisanimportantpartofthequalityoflife,butbyitselfitdoesn’tbringhappiness.Whenpeoplethinkfurtheraboutwhatmakesaworthylife,theytend(傾向于)tomovebeyondpleasantmemoriesandbegintorememberotherevents,otherexperiencesthatoverlap(有重疊)pleasurableonesbutfallintoagroupwithaseparatename:enjoyment.Enjoyableeventstakeplacewhenpeoplehavenotonlysatisfiedaneedormetsomeearlierexpectation,butalsoachievedsomethingunexpected.Enjoymentischaracterizedbyasenseofcuriosity,ofachievement.Playingatennisgamethatimprovesone’sabilityisenjoyable,asisreadingabookthatshowsthingsinanewlight,asishavingaconversationthatleadsustoexpressideaswedidn’tknowwehad.Noneoftheseexperiencesmaybeespeciallypleasurablewhentheyaretakingplace,butwhenwethinkbackonthemafterwards,wewouldsay,“Thatreallywasfun”andwishtheywouldhappenagain.Afteranenjoyableeventweknowthatwehavechanged,andgrown.Experiencesthatgivepleasurecanalsogiveenjoyment,butthetwofeelingsarequitedifferent.Forexample,everybodytakespleasureineating.However,toenjoysfoodismoredifficult—youhavetopayenoughattentiontoameal,soastosenseandtellitsvarioustastes.Asthisexamplesuggests,wecanexperiencepleasurewithoutanypsychicenergy,whileenjoymenthappensonlyasaresultoffullattention.Apersoncanfeelpleasurewithoutanyeffort,aslongascertainpartsinhisbrainarestimulated(刺激).Butit’simpossibletoenjoyatennisgameorabookwithoutfullattention.It’sforthisreasonthatpleasuredoesnotlastlong,nordoesitmakeusgrow.Growthrequiresfullattentiontogoalsthatarenew,thatarerelativelychallenging.Withoutenjoyment,lifewillgoon,anditcanevenbepleasant.Butitdependsheavilyonluckandtheexternal(外部的)environment.Toachievepersonalcontroloverthequalityofexperience,however,weneedtolearnhowtobuildenjoymentintowhathappensdayin,dayout.1.Youwillmostprobablyexperienceenjoymentwhenyou________.A.buyexpensiveshoes B.orderadeliciousmealC.talkwithfriendsfornewideas D.sitquietlyinfrontofatelevision2.Whatdoyouknowaboutpleasureandenjoymentfromthepassage?A.Enjoymentgrowsoutofpleasure.B.Pleasureandenjoymentcomehandinhand.C.Pleasurableexperiencesarepartofenjoyableones.D.Someexperiencesprovidebothpleasureandenjoyment.3.Thewords“psychicenergy”inParagraph4areclosestinmeaningto________.A.attention B.interest C.ability D.knowledge4.Thewriterprobablyagreesthat________.A.feelingpleasurestopspeoplefromachievinggrowthB.feelingenjoymentcomeswithachievinggrowthC.aworthylifedependsonluckandenvironmentD.pleasureisthekeytoahappyandworthylife【答案】1.C2.D3.A4.B【解析】本文主要講述了快樂(lè)和享受的聯(lián)系和對(duì)比。1.推理判斷題。根據(jù)“Playingatennisgamethatimprovesone’sabilityisenjoyable,asisreadingabookthatshowsthingsinanewlight,asishavingaconversationthatleadsustoexpressideaswedidn’tknowwehad.”可知打一場(chǎng)能提高一個(gè)人能力的網(wǎng)球是令人愉快的，就像讀一本從新的角度看待事物的書(shū)一樣，就像進(jìn)行一場(chǎng)能讓我們表達(dá)自己不知道自己擁有的想法的談話(huà)一樣。由此推出當(dāng)你和朋友談?wù)撔孪敕〞r(shí)，你很可能會(huì)體驗(yàn)到樂(lè)趣。故選C。2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Experiencesthatgivepleasurecanalsogiveenjoyment,butthetwofeelingsarequitedifferent.”可知有些經(jīng)歷既能帶來(lái)愉悅，又能帶來(lái)享受。故選D。3.詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)“Asthisexamplesuggests,wecanexperiencepleasurewithoutanypsychicenergy,whileenjoymenthappensonlyasaresultoffullattention.”可知正如這個(gè)例子所表明的，我們可以在沒(méi)有任何精神能量的情況下體驗(yàn)快樂(lè)，而享受只有在全神貫注的情況下才會(huì)發(fā)生。psychicenergy與attention意思相近。故選A。4.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。根據(jù)“Enjoymentischaracterizedbyasenseofcuriosity,ofachievement.”以及“Growthrequiresfullattentiontogoalsthatarenew,thatarerelativelychallenging.”可知作者會(huì)贊成“感到快樂(lè)與得到成長(zhǎng)是相輔相成的”這一觀點(diǎn)。故選B。三Thescientificmethodisusedforsimpleexperimentsthatstudentsmaydointheclassroomorverydifficultexperimentsthatscientistsaredoingallovertheworld.Itisawayofthinkingthathelpsyoutoavoiddrawingincorrectconclusions.Thereareusuallyfourstepsinthescientificmethod,includingobservation(觀察),hypothesis(假設(shè)),experiment,andconclusion.Thestepsmaynotalwaysbecompletedinthesameorder,butthefirststepisusuallyobservationandaskingaquestionaboutyourobservation.Forexample,youhadasickstomach,andateacandybar.Anhourlater,youobservedthatyoufeltmuchbetter.Here,youcanaskaquestion,suchas,“Whatmakesasickstomachfeelbetter?”Thesecondstepistostateapossibleanswertothequestion,orahypothesis,suchas“”Agoodhypothesisincludesthreethings:Theexplanationfortheobservations,itisabletobetested,anditwillusuallypredictnewoutcomesorconclusions.Thethirdstepistheexperiment,totestthehypothesis.Anexperimentisatestwhichwilleitherchallengeorsupportthehypothesis.Thehypothesiswillthenbetrueorfalse.Thefinalstepistothinkaboutwhathappenedwhenyoutestedthehypothesisanddrawaconclusion.Theconclusionwilleitherclearlysupportthehypothesisoritwillnot.Iftheresultssupportthehypothesis,aconclusioncanbewrittenandyoucanshareitwiththerestoftheworld.Ifitdoesnotsupportthehypothesis,youmaychoosetochangethehypothesisorwriteanewonebasedonwhatwaslearnedduringtheexperiment.1.Whichsentencebestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?A.Howdothefourbasicstepsinthescientificmethodwork?B.Whatmakesagoodhypothesisbasedontheobservation?C.Theconclusionwillalwaysclearlysupportthehypothesis.D.Learningthescientificmethodmayhelpstudentssucceedinscience.2.WhichsentenceshouldgointheemptyboxinParagraph3?A.Acandybarmakesasickstomachfeelbetter.B.Itwasthemedicineyoutookanhourearlierthatmadeyoufeelbetter.C.Eatacandybaragain,andseewhathappenstoyoursickstomach.D.Askpeopleifeatingacandybarhasmadeasickstomachfeelbetter.3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“it”inthelastparagraphreferto(指的是)?A.Thehypothesis. B.Theconclusion.C.Thequestion. D.Theobservation.4.WhichofthefollowingsentencesabouttheexperimentisTRUE?A.Anexperimentisatesttoalwayssupportthehypothesis.B.Anexperimentdoesnothavetobepartofthescientificmethod.C.Anexperimentisatesttoeitherchallengeorsupportahypothesis.D.Anexperimentisonlyusedwhenscientistsaretryingtoproveahypothesis.【答案】1.A2.A3.B4.C【解析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了基本科學(xué)方法包括四個(gè)步驟：觀察、假設(shè)、實(shí)驗(yàn)和結(jié)論。1.主旨大意題。本文主要介紹了基本科學(xué)方法包括四個(gè)步驟：觀察、假設(shè)、實(shí)驗(yàn)和結(jié)論。選項(xiàng)A“科學(xué)方法的四個(gè)基本步驟是如何工作的？”最能表達(dá)出文章主旨。故選A。2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)“Agoodhypothesisincludesthreethings:Theexplanationfortheobservations,itisabletobetested,anditwillusuallypredictnewoutcomesorconclusions.（一個(gè)好的假設(shè)包括三件事：對(duì)觀察結(jié)果的解釋?zhuān)軌虮粰z驗(yàn)，它通常會(huì)預(yù)測(cè)新的結(jié)果或結(jié)論。）”可知A選項(xiàng)“一塊糖能讓惡心的胃感覺(jué)好一點(diǎn)?！笔且粋€(gè)好的假設(shè)，是一個(gè)解釋?zhuān)夷軌虮粰z驗(yàn)。故選A。3.詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)“Theconclusionwilleitherclearlysupportthehypothesisoritwillnot.”可知此處“it”指代前面的“Theconclusion”，表示“結(jié)論要么明確地支持假設(shè)，要么結(jié)論不支持假設(shè)”。故選B。4.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Anexperimentisatestwhichwilleitherchallengeorsupportthehypothesis.”可知實(shí)驗(yàn)是一種挑戰(zhàn)或支持假設(shè)的測(cè)試。故選C。四Oneday,Helenshouts,“Roger,comeandlookattheegg!It’scracking（裂開(kāi)）.”Slowlyalongbeak（喙）appears.Theyareunsurewhatitis.Dadchecksonthecomputer,“Hey,look!It’sapterodactyl（翼手龍）.”“Apterodactyl?”shoutthechildren.“Yes,it’satypeofdinosaur.Pterodactylscanfly,”saysDad.ThenHelennamesitDacty.Amonthlater,hegrowsup.Butthereissomethingwrongwithhiswings.“MyroomistoosmallandDactykeepsbanging（碰撞）hiswingsonthewalls.Ifeelsorryforhim,”saysHelen.Finally,theytakeDactytoavet（獸醫(yī)）.Twoweekslater,Dacty’swingsarebetter.However,heisn’twillingtofly.TheyphoneAuntElizabeth.Soonshearrives.“Myofficeisverybig.It’sperfectforDactyduringtheday.Andatnight,whenthemuseumisempty,Dactycanflyaroundhappily.”Thenshetakesthemtothemuseum.Onarriving,theytakeDactyoutofthebasket.Hestretches（伸展）hiswings,flieshighupandlandsonastonestatue.“Look,helikeshere,”shoutsHelen.“Canheseeinthedark?”asksRoger.“Yes,theyseeclearlyinthedark,justlikeowls（貓頭鷹）,”saysAuntElizabeth.SixmonthspassesandDactyisverybignow.Onenight,Dactyseeslightsmovinginsidethemuseum.Twomen—BertandEriccomeinwithtorches（手電筒）.Theyarewearingmasksandtryingtoopenacase（箱子）.Insideitisamummy（木乃伊）.SuddenlyEriclooksupandseesDacty.Heisveryscared.“Look,Bert,thereisahugebirdupthere.”Bertlooksup.Dactydoesn’tmove,“Eric,don’tbesilly.It’sonlyastatue,”saysBert.“Comeon.Iwillopenthecase.Youlookforthegoldmedallions（大獎(jiǎng)?wù)拢?”Atthemoment,DactyfliesdownandcatchesEric.Thethiefisveryscaredandhecan’tsayanything.Dactyfliesupandliftshimontopofastatue.He’sstuck.Atonce,DactyfliesdownagainandcatchesBert,too.Bothofthemarestuckthere.Thenextmorning,whenAuntElizabethcomesin,sheseesthebrokenmummycaseandthetwomen.Theyareshoutingloudly.Dactyfliesdowntoher.“Hereyouare,Dacty,”shesaysandpets（愛(ài)撫）hishead.“Thankyou,youdidagreatjob.”Thenshephonesthepolice.Themayor（市長(zhǎng)）shakesDacty’swingandputsabigshinymedaloverhishead.“Congratulations,youdidagreatjob.”ThenheturnstoAuntElizabeth,“It’sgreattohaveabigbirdasaguard!”“Dactyisapterodactyl!”Rogersays.“Dactyisaheronow,”saysAuntElizabeth.“Apterodactyl?”shoutsanotherman.“Wow!Theylovewarmweatherandjungles（叢林）.IworkintheBotanicalGardens（植物園）.Wehaveawonderfulpalm（棕櫚）house,bigandwarm,justlikeajungle.Hewilllovethere.Youcancometovisititanytime.”SonowDactyislivingintheBotanicalGardens.RogerandHelenvisithimeveryday.(AdaptedfromTheSurprise)1.HowdoesDactyhurthiswings?A.Heplaysgameswiththechildren. B.Hefallsoffthetreewhenflying.C.HebangsonthewallsinHelen’sroom. D.Hepractisesflyinginthemuseum.2.WhichwordcanbestdescribeDacty?A.Curious. B.Honest. C.Generous. D.Smart.3.Whatisthecorrectorderofwhathappensinthestory?a.Dactyistakentoseeavet.b.HelennamesthepterodactylDacty.c.DactylivesintheBotanicalGardens.d.Thethievesstealthingsinthemuseum.A.b-d-a-c B.d-a-b-c C.b-a-d-c D.c-d-a-b4.Whatcanweinfer（推斷）fromthestory?A.Alldinosaursenjoycoldweatherandjungles.B.Humansandanimalsshouldcareabouteachother.C.Childrenthinkitnecessarytoraiseananimalathome.D.Itisbetterforadinosaurtolivewithhumansthaninnature.【答案】1.C2.D3.C4.B【解析】本文節(jié)選自《令人驚喜的禮物》，主要講述了一個(gè)叫Dacty的翼手龍和人類(lèi)之間發(fā)生的故事。1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“MyroomistoosmallandDactykeepsbanging（碰撞）hiswingsonthewalls”可知它的翅膀撞到了海倫房間的墻上傷到了翅膀。故選C。2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)“Thankyou,youdidagreatjob”以及文章可知Dacty能夠?qū)⑿⊥底プ?，可知它非常的聰明。故選D。3.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“ThenHelennamesitDacty.”可知海倫給它起名叫Dacty，即b；根據(jù)“Finally,theytakeDactytoavet”可知它傷到了翅膀，他們帶它去看獸醫(yī)，即a；根據(jù)“Twomen—BertandEriccomeinwithtorches（手電筒）.Theyarewearingmasksandtryingtoopenacase”可知兩個(gè)小偷進(jìn)入到博物館，想要偷東西，即d；根據(jù)“SonowDactyislivingintheBotanicalGardens”可知現(xiàn)在它住在植物園里，即c，故正確順序是b-a-d-c。故選C。4.推理判斷題。通讀全文可知，海倫和羅杰照顧Dacty，在它受傷的時(shí)候給它看醫(yī)生，Dacty也幫助抓到了小偷，由此我們可推出人類(lèi)和動(dòng)物應(yīng)該互相關(guān)心。故選B。提高題一MyFirstDayofSchoolFrightened,IwaswalkingintomyfirstschoolinAmerica.IhadtraveledalongdistancefromIndiainordertojoinmyparents,whohadbeenhereforthreeyears,hopingAmericawouldhelpmyfuture.MyfatherdecidedthatIwouldhaveabettereducationhere,soIenrolled(登記)inthelocalhighschoolinmynewtown.IwasafraidofhowIwoulddo.Onthefirstday,IwenttomysecondclassafterIhadmissedmyfirst.Withanxiety,Ireachedforthedoor,openingitslowly.Withoutpayingattentiontomyclassmates,Iwentstraighttotheteacherandaskedifthiswastherightclass.Withasoftvoiceheanswered,“Yes.”Hisvoicecomfortedmealittle.HegavemeasheetcalledCourseRequirements,whichIwouldnevergetinIndiabecausewedidn'thaveanythinglikethat.ThenheaskedmetochoosewhereIwouldsit.Ididn'tactuallywanttopickaseat.InIndiawehadfixedseats,soIneverneededtoworryaboutthat.Ispenttherestoftheclasstakingnotesfromtheimageproducedbytheoverheadprojector(投影儀).InIndianschools,wedidn'tusethetechnology.Wehadtotakenotesastheteacherspoke.Itwasnoon.IwasveryconfusedaboutwhenIwouldhavelunch.IwenttomynextclassandthebellrangasIentered.Iwentthroughtheregular(慣常的)processofaskingtheteacherifIwasintherightclass.Shesaid,“It'sstillfourthperiod.”“Butthebelljustrang,”Isaid.Changingfromagentletonetoaharsh(刺耳的)one,shesaid,“Thatisthelunchbell,youngman.”Iapologized.WithoutanotherwordIheadedforthecafeteria.Ifeltluckybecausewedidn'thavethisinIndia.EveryconfusionseemedlikeabarrierIhadtogetthroughtoreachmygoal.Attheendoftheday,Iwasonmywaytothebuswhichwedidn'thaveinIndiaeither.Isawmybusandsatdowninsidehappily.Iwasthinking,todaywasn'tsobad.1.WhydidtheauthorattendanAmericanhighschool?A.BecausehisfatherpreferredAmericanschools.B.Becausehisfamilywantedhimtohaveabrightfuture.C.Becausehismotherhadworkedinitfor3years.D.Becausehehadbeenlongingtoleavehishomeland.2.Whatdoweknowabouttheauthor'sfirstdayofschool?A.Hewenttothewrongclassforsecondperiod.B.Hemetsomeenthusiasticteachersandclassmates.C.HegottheCourseRequirementssheetfromhisclassmate.D.HeexperienceddifferencesbetweenAmericanandIndianschoolsinmanyways.3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“barrier”probablymean?A.Door. B.Difficulty.C.Task. D.Period.4.Howdidtheauthorfeelattheendoftheday?A.Worried. B.Puzzled. C.Happy. D.Sad.語(yǔ)篇解讀本文是一篇記敘文,主要講述了作者進(jìn)入美國(guó)高中后第一天的經(jīng)歷和感受。1.B推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中的“hopingAmericawouldhelpmyfuture”和“Iwouldhaveabettereducationhere”可推斷出作者進(jìn)入美國(guó)高中是因?yàn)樗改赶虢o他更好的教育,讓他有一個(gè)光明的未來(lái)。故選B。2.D推理判斷題。第二段多處提到美國(guó)學(xué)校和印度學(xué)校的區(qū)別,如在印度,沒(méi)有課程要求,學(xué)生不能挑選座位,上課沒(méi)有科技輔助,以及最后一段提到的印度學(xué)校沒(méi)有餐廳也沒(méi)有校車(chē)等,故可推斷在上學(xué)的第一天,作者從很多方面感受到了美國(guó)學(xué)校和印度學(xué)校的不同。故選D。3.B詞義猜測(cè)題。畫(huà)線(xiàn)詞所在句意為“每個(gè)困惑似乎都是我為了達(dá)到目標(biāo)必須要跨越的?！庇纱丝梢酝茢喑龃颂帒?yīng)該指的是障礙。difficulty從意義上最接近barrier,且與getthrough搭配,故選B。

4.C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后三句中的“Attheendoftheday”“satdowninsidehappily”“todaywasn'tsobad”可知作者感覺(jué)很快樂(lè)。故選C。二Peruisfamouslyknownasthe“l(fā)andoftheIncas”.AtriptoPeruhadbeenonmywishlistforquiteawhile.Itwasfinallytimeformetovisitthecountry.MyfirstdaystartedinLima,thecapitalofPeru.ImetwiththeGAdventuresrepresentative(代表)ofthetourhere.GAdventuresisanorganizationthathelpsyoutoconnectwithotherlike?mindedpeopleinsmallgroup?basedtraveladventures.TheyplayedabigpartinhelpingtomakePeruanunforgettableexperienceforme!InLima,myrepresentativediscussedtheplanformytour,andIalsohadthechancetoexploreLimainmyowntime,withmanyactivities,includingacitytour,show,bikingtour,andmore.DaytwohadmetakingaflightfromLimatoCusco.ManypeoplevisitCuscoforshoppingbutforme,themainreasonforspendingadayortwoinCuscowastoadapttothealtitude(海拔).AsI'ddecidedtoreachthewonderofMachuPicchu,adaptationhadbecomeimportanttoavoidingaltitudesickness.IwashappytospendadayexploringCusco.CuscowasoncethecapitaloftheIncaEmpire.Today,it'sfamousforitsartists,paintings,clothingandtraditionalinstruments.There'ssomethingforeveryoneinthiscity.Thedayfinallycame!DaythreehadmeenjoyingalovelyguidedvisittoMachuPicchuatsunrise.Ihadfreetimetoexplorethecityonmyownaswellaswithmyguide.Therewasalottotakein!Ihadtostopforamomentandfelttheenergyofsuchanancientcity.ThehistoryhereisunbelievableandIwillneverforgetmytimehereforaslongasIlive!1.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetoGAdventures?A.Doubtful. B.Satisfied. C.Uninterested. D.Hopeful.2.WhydidtheauthorstayinCusco?A.Togoshopping. B.Tofindalocalguide.C.Togetusedtothehighaltitude. D.TodoresearchontheIncaEmpire.3.HowdidtheauthorfeelwhentravelingaroundMachuPicchu?A.Fullofexcitement. B.Outofluck.C.Lostindoubt. D.Deepinregret.4.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.Myloveoftraveling B.MywonderfultriptoPeruC.Peru:the“l(fā)andoftheIncas” D.Traveling:thefutureofPeru語(yǔ)篇解讀本文是一篇記敘文,文章主要講述了作者游覽秘魯?shù)慕?jīng)歷。1.B推理判斷題。由文章第二段第四句“它們?cè)趲椭屆佤敵蔀槲译y忘的經(jīng)歷這件事上發(fā)揮了重要作用!”可知,作者對(duì)GAdventures是非常滿(mǎn)意的。故選B項(xiàng)。2.C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由文章第三段第二句“許多人來(lái)庫(kù)斯科購(gòu)物,但對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō),在庫(kù)斯科待一兩天主要是為了適應(yīng)海拔?！笨芍xC項(xiàng)。3.A推理判斷題。由文章最后一段最后兩句“我不得不停下來(lái)一會(huì)兒,感受這座古城的活力。這里的歷史令人難以置信,我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記這段時(shí)光!”可知,在游覽馬丘比丘時(shí),作者心里很激動(dòng)。故選A項(xiàng)。47.B主旨大意題。由文章第一段“秘魯以‘印加人的土地’而聞名。秘魯之行在很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間里是我的愿望之一。我終于可以游覽這個(gè)國(guó)家了?！币约昂笪膶?duì)秘魯之行的介紹可知,本文主要講述了作者在秘魯?shù)穆眯薪?jīng)歷。所以B項(xiàng)“我精彩的秘魯之旅”符合文意。故選B項(xiàng)。三EatingalightmealManyofusliketoeatoutandtreatourselvestodeliciousfood.Weareusedtochoosinghearty,fat?filleddishesandsugarysnacks,whicharenoteasilycookedathome.Therecentriseoflight(清淡的)meals,however,givesdinersasmarterchoice.AccordingtoEconomicDaily,low?calorie,low?fatandhigh?fiber(高纖維的)mealshavebecomepopularinChina'srestaurantsandonlinedeliveryplatforms.Thecountrysawarapidexpansionofrestaurantsspecializinginlightmeals,fromjust600in2017tomorethan3,500in2018.AccordingtoareportreleasedbyMeituan,amajoronlinefooddeliveryplatform,thenumberoflightmealsorderedonlinealsorose75percentcomparedtothepreviousyear.Havingalightmeal,however,doesn'tmeaneatingonlyvegetables.Differentfromthemeat?freelifestyle,atypicallightdishavoidsoily,saltyandspicyfood.Instead,itcontainsthingslikeboiledmeat,wholegrains,fruitsandvegetables.Healthynutrients(營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分)arethethemeofthelightmeal.Thesedishesareusefulforkeepinghealthyandcontrollingyourweight.That'sprobablywhysomanypeople,especiallytheMillennialgeneration(千禧一代),areintothem.Dinersseeitas“agreatwaytoavoidbloating(變胖),”wroteTheTelegraph.“Aftereatingseverallightmeals,Ifeelmyappetitehasshrunk(縮小).Inowpreferlightflavors,”ZouJing,acollegeteacherinWuhan,toldChinaDaily.Shesharedapictureofherlunch:amixtureofbeef,eggs,corn,mushroomsandcherrytomatoes.Thesechangesineatingbehaviorareconnectedwithdeeperchangesinhowpeoplethinkaboutfood,saysWalterWillett,chairoftheDepartmentofNutritionattheHarvardT.H.ChanSchoolofPublicHealth,theUS.Sonexttimeyouhaveapartywithfriends,tryalightmeal.Itwillsatisfynotonlyyourstomachbutmaybealsoyourheart.1.Whatarelightmeals?A.Low?calorieandhigh?fibermeals. B.Meat?freedishes.C.Sugarysnacks. D.Fat?filleddishes.2.Whatisthemainwaythattheauthorusestoprovethepopularityoflightmeals?A.Givingdescriptions. B.Givingexamples.C.Listingnumbers. D.Showingotherpeople'sviews.3.Whydomanyyoungpeopleenjoylightmealsaccordingtothearticle?A.Theycanhelpthemcontroltheirweight. B.Theyaresimpleandconvenient.C.Theyarecheaperthanothermeals. D.Theyareusuallycolorful.4.WhatdoweknowfromParagraph7?A.Lightmealswills