2018年高考英語命題規(guī)律解讀(含英語沖刺題和解析)

2018屆高考英語沖刺題

2018年高考命題規(guī)律解讀

閱讀理解

(1)考什么？近幾年閱讀理解命題的大體格局一致，基本上可以歸納為主旨大意題、詞

義猜測題、推理判斷題、細節(jié)理解題和觀點態(tài)度意圖題。從整體來看，細節(jié)理解題占多數(shù)，

推理判斷題其次，然后是觀點態(tài)度意圖、主旨大意題和詞義猜測題。

(2)怎么考？①體裁和題材內(nèi)容：近幾年全國卷高考試題閱讀理解的文體多為記敘文、

說明文、應(yīng)用文和議論文四種。選材貼近實際生活、時代感強、強調(diào)實際應(yīng)用，滲透文化意

識、情感態(tài)度等人文素養(yǎng)的考查，使學生能夠展示個性發(fā)展和思維的多樣性與開放性、感悟

人生價值、弘揚正能量、培養(yǎng)核心素養(yǎng)體系。內(nèi)容涉及政治、經(jīng)濟、人物、動物、故事、新

聞、教育、廣告、哲理、生態(tài)、環(huán)保、科普、史地、節(jié)日、社會、衛(wèi)生等多個領(lǐng)域。相比較

來看，社會文化、人物故事、科普知識和時文報道類的語篇所占比例較大。②語言特點：所

選材料基本都是英文原版材料，能夠體現(xiàn)當代英語的特點，用詞簡練，生動，語句富于變化,

長短句搭配得當，常用詞的深層或引申意義也處理得比較恰當，既不限于教材原義，又不涉

及過于生僻的用法。句子結(jié)構(gòu)幾乎囊括了英語句法修辭中的所有語句結(jié)構(gòu)形式，如簡單句、

復(fù)合句、虛擬語氣、倒裝句、省略句、強調(diào)句、插入語等。行文的跳躍程度較大，陳述次序

變化起伏，隱含信息較多等。此外，長難句和優(yōu)美的經(jīng)典句子、諺語等的增加也是這幾年高

考英語閱讀理解的一大亮點，在今后的高考閱讀試題中仍將繼續(xù)保持這種態(tài)勢。

(3)命題趨勢：選材不拘泥特定的規(guī)律模式，而是向多元性發(fā)展，主要以引導(dǎo)考生在理

解文章內(nèi)容和作者觀點態(tài)度的基礎(chǔ)上弘揚傳統(tǒng)文化、關(guān)注中國和世界發(fā)展大勢，深入思考人

與自然的關(guān)系，體悟和諧發(fā)展之道，培養(yǎng)創(chuàng)新精神和人文情懷?？键c仍將以細節(jié)理解題和推

理判斷題為主，詞義推測仍然以每年一題的形式出現(xiàn)，而主旨大意題、標題歸納題、觀點態(tài)

度題以及代詞指代題則是靈活出現(xiàn)。

Passage1.

Istartstogetcreative

Mostpeoplenowadaysownadevice（設(shè)備）thatfeaturesartificialintelligence（AI）,withthelikesof

Sirialwaystheretogreetuswithafriendlyvoice.

ButMicrosoft9sXiaolceisdifferent.Launched（投入）in2014fortheChinesemarket,"she"hasa

creativeedgeoverhercompetitors.

WhilemostAIassistantssimplyreadoutinformationtheygetonline,suchasmovielistingsor

weatherforecasts（預(yù)報）,Xiaolcehasa"realness“thattheotherslack.Indeed,ifyouaskednicely,

shecouldreadyouapoemfromhernewweeklycolumninWestChinaCityDaily.

ThenewspaperhasbeenprintingXiaolce'sself^pennedpoetryeachweeksinceAug19,takenfrom

herownbookofpoems,TheSunlightthatLosttheGlassWindow.w

ToturnXiaolceintoamasterofpoetry,Microsoftscientists"fled"hertheworksofover500

influentialmodempoets,includingthoseofHuShi,LiJinfa,LinHuiyin,XuZhimo,andWenYiduo,

reportedChinaDaily.

Thisledtoherfiguringoutawritingstyleofherownandcreatingover70,000originalpoems,with

137usedtoproducethebook.xMostofthepoemsareindistinguishable（難區(qū)分的）fromthose

writtenbyhumans,andXiaolce'sbookevengotgoodfeedback（反饋）fromexperts.

“Xiaolce'sworkcarriesastrangetaste.Themoreyouchewonit,themoreinterestingitbecomes/9

ZhangZonggang,aliteratureprofessorattheNanjingUniversityofScienceandTechnology,told

theSouthChinaMorningPost.Butitseemsnoteveryoneisafan.

”[Thepoems]disgustedmewiththeirslippery（油滑的）toneandrhythm.Thesentenceswere

aimlessandsuperficial（膚淺的），lackingtheinnerlogicfbremotionalexpression,MYunnan-based

poetYuJiantoldChinaYouthDaily.

Thisisn'tthefirstAItoattemptpoetry.Lastyear,Google'sParseyMcParsefacemadesomepoems

ofitsown,althoughtheywerebranded"miserable（令人不快的）"and"mournful（使人憂郁的）“by

reviewers.

WhileitseemslikeAIisbecomingmore"intelligent”andless“artificial”allthetime,whenitcomes

tocreativity,perhapsthisisonejobthatsoftwareshouldleavetoushumans.

Choosetheanswer:

1.WhatadvantagedoesXiaolcehaveovermostotherAIassistants?

A.Shecangreetuserswithherfriendlyvoice.B.Sheisabletoreadpoetryforusers.

C.Shecanacquireinformationonlineveryquickly.D.Shehastheabilitytocreateoriginalpoems.

2.WhatisthecorrectdescriptionofXiaolce?

A.Herworksarewelcomedbymanyinfluentialmodernpoets.

B.Herpoemsarecomparabletothosewrittenbyhumans.

C.Sheisworkingonamonthlycolumninanewspaper.

D.Herworksdon'thaveaspecificwritingstyle.

3.WhatistheproblemaboutXiaolce'spoems,accordingtothetext?

A.It'squitehardtounderstandwhatherworksmean.

B.Herpoemsaresorrowfulandlackcreativity.

C.Thetoneandrhythmofherpoemsarequestionable.

D.Theemotionalexpressionsinherpoemsdeservemoreattention.

Passage2.

Onesteptoofar

Scientistshavebeentryingtofigureouthowtoalterthegenesofhumansformanyyearsnow,andit

lookslikethey'vefinallycracked（破解）thecode.Butwhilethismayseemlikeagreatstepforward

inscience,somealsobelievethatit'sonestepbackwhenitcomestoethics.w

InAugust,agroupofscientistsfromtheUSandSouthKoreaworkedtogethertosuccessfullyedita

humanembryoandremoveageneticmutation（基因突變）thatwouldhaveledtoheartdisease,

reportedTheGuardian.

ThiswasachievedwiththehelpofCRISPR,agene-editingtoolthatallowsscientiststo“cutand

paste（粘貝占）"humanDNA.

Althoughthiswasthefirstexampleofanembryo'sgenesbeingchangedsuccessfully,thebenefitsof

geneeditinghavealreadybeentestedinlivingpatients.

In2015,afive-month-oldgirlfromtheUKwassavedafterdoctorsusededitedcellstofightoffher

cancer.Asoftoday,she'saliveandwell.

AndintheUSlastyear,scientistsmanagedtoremoveHIVcellsfromseveralpatientsbyeditingthe

genesinsidetheirbodies.

Somepeoplehopethatinthefuture,diseasesorbirthdefects（缺陷）couldsimplybe“editedout”.

However,othersbelievethiscouldleadtoso-calleddesignerbabies,givingparentstheoptionto

chooseeverythingfromeyecolortointelligence.

“Youcouldfindwealthyparentsbuyingthelatest'upgrades（升級）'fbrtheirchildren,leadingto

evengreaterinequalitythanwealreadylivewith,“MarcyDamovsky,directoroftheSanFrancisco

CenterforGenetics,toldBBCNews.

Inspiteoftheseethicalconcerns,expertssayit'snotpossibletocreatethe“perfect“humanbeing.

Despitetheprogressscientistshavemade,wedon'tunderstandhumangenesenoughtogivean

unbornchildgreatbrainpoweroramazingsingingabilities.

“Rightnow,weknownothingaboutgeneticenhancement（提升）」HankGreely,adirectorof

sciencesatStanfordUniversity,US,toldTheNewYorkTimes."We'renevergoingtobeabletosay,

honestly,"Thisembryolookslikeitwouldscorehighonthetwo-partSAT.'"

Soitlookslikeifwewantgoodexamresults,ortoimpresspeoplewithourpianoskills,we'llhave

tostickwiththeoldfashionedmethodofplainhardwork-atleastfornow.

Choosethebestanswer:

1.Theunderlinedword“alter“inParagraph1probablymeans.

A.recordB.changeC.removeD.increase

2.Whydosomepeopleconsiderhumangeneeditingastepbackwards?

A.Theydon'tthinkitisaneffectivewaytofightdiseases.

B.Theyareconcernedthatitcouldleadtogeneticmutations.

C.Theythinkitcouldleadtodesignerbabiesandincreasedinequality.

D.Theyworrythatitcouldmakeparentsabandonchildrenwithbirthdefects.

3.Whatwasthefirstsuccessfulexampleofhumanembryogeneediting?

A.Ageneticmutationrelatedtoheartdiseasewasremovedbyscientists.

B.Anewbornbabywithcancerwassavedbyeditedcells.

C.HIVcellswereremovedfrompatients9bodies.

D.Somebirthdefectsweresimplyeditedout.

4.Whatcanweconcludefromthetext?

A.Geneeditingisregardedastheperfectwaytotreatbirthdefects.

B.Thereisstillalongwaytogotofullyunderstandhumangenes.

C.Geneeditingcouldhelpenhancehumanintelligenceinthenearfuture.

D.Scientistsarepessimisticaboutthefutureofgeneediting.

Passage3.

StudyingMandarin

USteenagerThomasCheathamhadplannedtostudyLatinduringhistimeatHebronHighSchoolin

Texas.ButwhenhelearnedthattheschooldistrictwasgoingtoofferaMandarin（普通話）class,he

quicklychangedhismind.

“Ithought[Mandarin]wouldbemorebeneficialthanLatin,“saidCheatham,whoisnowinhis

secondyearofstudyingthelanguage.

HespeaksMandarintoorderfoodatChineserestaurantsandcanreadsocialmediapostsfromhis

Chinese-speakingfriends.

Whileit'sadifficultlanguagetomaster,thehighschooljunior,whoplanstostudycomputer

engineering,thinksitwillbeimportantforhiscareer.

"Chineseisagoodlanguagetoknow,especiallywithChinabecomingagrowingpower,hesaid.

Manyexpertsagreethatproficiencyinalanguagespokenbyabillionpeopleworldwidewillgive

Americanstudentsanedgeintheglobaleconomy.

“PeoplearelookingatChinaasournexteconomiccompetitor,andinterestinMandarinisgrowing,

saidMartyAbbott,executivedirectoroftheAmericanCouncilontheTeachingofForeign

Languages.“We'reseeingitinallpartsofthecountry.”

Abbottestimatesthatasmanyas100,000studentsarenowstudyingMandarinthroughouttheUS,in

publicandprivateschools.

ShesaidtheUSgovernmenthasdesignated（指定）Mandarinasa“critical（重要的）needs99language

andprovidesprofessionaldevelopmentprogramsforteachers.

“Ourgovernmentwantstoincreaseourlanguagecompetency（能力）fornationalsecurityand

economiccompetitiveness,Abbottsaid.

Atthesametime,theChinesegovernmentisspreadingknowledgeoftheChineselanguageand

culturethroughConfuciusInstitutesestablishedinmanyUSstates.

Forexample,theConfuciusInstituteattheUniversityofTexasinDallashasbeenthehomeofa

ConfuciusInstitutefor10years.Itsponsors（主辦）ConfuciusClassroomsat21localpublicand

privateschools,wheretensofthousandsofstudentsarelearningMandarin.

Choosethebestanswer:

1.ThomasCheathamdecidedtostudyMandarininsteadofLatinbecausehethought.

A.MandarinwaseasiertolearnthanLatin

B.MandarinmighthelphimlearnmoreaboutChinesefood

C.Mandarincouldenablehimtomakemorefriendsonline

D.Mandarincouldbeadvantageousinhisfuturecareer

2.Theunderlinedword"proficiency"inParagraph6probablymeans.

A.stronginterest

B.greatskill

C.lackofpractice

D.alevelofdifficulty

3.WhichofthefollowingstatementsmightMartyAbbottagreewith?

A.MandarinshouldbetaughtinclassroomsthroughouttheUS.

B.TheUSgovernment'spolicyhashelpedpopularizeMandarinintheUS.

C.ManyAmericanslearnMandarinbecausetheyworryabouttheirnationalsecurity.

D.ThosecompetentatChinesewillbethemostcompetitiveintheUSinthefuture.

4.Whatisthemainideaofthearticle?

A.TherisingpopularityofMandarinamongAmericanstudents.

B.TheinfluenceofChina'sgrowingpoweronAmericaneducation.

C.ThebenefitsoflearningMandarinforAmericanstudents.

D.HowConfuciusInstitutesintheUShelppromoteMandarin.

Passage4.

BestplaceforDisney

Havingayear-roundcomfortableclimateandbeingclosetoseveralEuropeancountries,many

thoughtthatPariswastheperfectlocationforEurope'sfirstDisneyland.Butculturallyspeaking,

Pariswasprobablytheleastlogicalchoice.ThisisbecauseFranceisknownforitsreputationof

smiiking（得意地笑）atanythingAmerican-anattitudecalled"anti-Americanism”.

Despitethis,DisneyopenedaparkinParisanyway.

Openingin1992,thisyearmarksits25thanniversary.Sohowhasitmanagedtosurviveforsolong

inacountrythatsomethoughtmaynotwelcomeit?

AccordingtoNPR,"Americaposes（造成）adangertoeverythingtheFrenchholddear."For

example,Franceisfamousforitsfancycuisine（菜肴）andpeoplethereusuallyspendalongtime

overmeals.ButtheUS'fastfood-hotdogsandhamburgers,tonametwo-introducedacompletely

differentdiningstyle.Andinthefilmindustry,whileFrenchculturevalueslow-plotandhigh-art

films,Hollywood'sfast-food-stylefilmproductionsmayseemoflowtasteintheeyesoftheFrench.

“InthelandofLouisXIV'srealCastleofVersailles...whydoweneedthefakeoneofSleeping

Beauty?^^isthereactionofmanyFrenchpeopletowardtheUSthemepark,accordingtoThe

BaltimoreSunnewspaper.

ThereusedtobedoubtoverwhethertheDisneymagicwouldworkinFrance.Butthisdoubthas

beenprovedunnecessarynowthattheparkhasbeingstandingfor25years.AndaccordingtoThe

Telegraph,DisneylandPariswasvisitedbynearly15millionpeoplelastyear,halfofwhomwere

French.

“Franceischanging.Slowly,itswayoflifeisbeginningtoresemble（與...相彳以）thatofthe

countryitlovestohate,“commentedTheEconomist.

Today,eventhoughFrenchpeoplearestillseenas“aloof（冷淡的）"andproudoftheirownculture

morethananything,theyarealreadyapartofthetrendofglobalizationandthereisnogettingoutof

it.

“Atthecore,Americagivesusthesameeffectasicecream,“FrenchjournalistJacquelineRemy

oncewroteinL9Expressmagazine.uItmakesussick,butwekeepaskingforit.”

Choosethebestanswer:

1.Whatisthearticlemainlyabout?

A.HowFrenchpeopleholdan“anti-American“attitude.

B.HowPariswastheperfectlocationforEurope9sfirstDisneyland.

C.ThecharacteristicsofFrenchpeopleandtheiruniqueculture.

D.AlookatFrance'schangingattitudetowardUSculture.

2.TheexamplesinParagraph4areusedtoshowthat.

A.Frenchpeoplehaveabettertasteinfilms

B.Franceisfamousforitscuisineandmovies

C.AmericancultureisimportanttotheFrench

D.AmericanculturemaythreatenFrenchculture

3.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaboutDisneylandParisaccordingtothearticle?

A.ItwasdesignedtolookliketheCastleofVersailles.

B.MostFrenchpeoplerefusetovisitit.

C.ItisapopulardestinationforFrenchtourists.

D.ItmixesAmericanandFrenchculture.

4.Whatcanbeconcludedfromthelastthreeparagraphs?

A.Frenchpeoplearenolongerproudoftheirownculture.

B.MostFrenchpeopleconsiderglobalizationabadinfluence.

C.AmericancultureishavinganinfluenceonFrenchpeople'slives.

D.FrenchpeoplearecompletelyopentoAmericanculture.

Passage5.

Simplelifemakesushappy

Whatmakesushappy?

Therehaslongbeenanotion（觀念）thatmoneybuyshappiness.However,although"wereally,

reallytriedthatforacoupleofgenerations,itdidn'twork,“saidFrancineJay,authorofTheJoyof

Less,AMinimalistLivingGuide:HowtoDeclutter,Organize,andSimplifyYourLife.

Thankstoatravel-inspiredrevelation（啟發(fā)）,Jayhasbeenhappilylivingasimplerlifefor12years.

“Ialwayspackedaslightlyaspossible,andfounditexhilarating（令人高興的）togetbywithjusta

smallcarry-onbagJshetoldCNN.thoughtifitfeelsthisgreattotravellightly,howamazing

woulditbetolivethisway?Iwantedtohavethatsamefeelingoffreedominmyeverydaylife."

Jaydecidedtogetridofallherexcess（額夕卜的）possessionsandlivewithjusttheessentials（必需

品）.'jwantedtospendmytimeandenergyonexperiences,ratherthanthings.”

Jayisafollowerofamovementcalled“minimalism（極簡主義）Growingnumbersofpeoplehave

beenattractedtothislifestyleallovertheworld.Theysharethesamefeelingofdisappointmentwith

modemlifeandadesiretolivemoresimply.Minimalistsaretypicallyprogressive（革新的）and

concernedabouttheenvironment,LeahWatkins,aleadresearcheratOtagoUniversityinNew

Zealand,toldStuffmagazineinMarch.

Butmanysimplyexperiencedunhappinesscausedbyowningtoomanypossessions.Depression（沮

喪）withthematerialismofourworldisn'tnew.EnglishromanticpoetWilliamWordsworth

summeduphowdispiriting（令人%肖沉的）thiswasbackin1802,atthebeginningoftheindustrial

age,whenhewrote:"Gettingandspending,welaywasteourpowers".Hispreferencewastogo

backtonature.Closertoourowntimes,thehippies（嬉皮士）ofthe1960salsosoughtto“dropout”

ofmodemlife.

Andformanyminimalists,theirkeyistounload.Withoutobjects,they"believepeopleareforced

moreandmoreintothepresentmomentandthat'swherelifehappens/9wroteStuff

Butdoessimplicityeverfeellikeasacrifice（犧牲）？

“It'seliminatingtheexcess-unuseditems,unnecessarypurchases-fromyourlife.Well,Imay

havefewerpossessions,butIhavemorespace...Minimalismismakingroomforwhatmatters

mostJsaidJay.

And“therealquestions”,accordingtoDuaneElgin,USsocialscientist,are“whatdoyoucare

about?^^and"Whatdoyouvalue?"

HetoldCNN:"It'simportantforpeopletorealize[minimalism]isn'tsimplytheamountofstuffwe

consume.Ifsaboutourfamilies,ourwork,ourconnectionwiththelargerworld,ourspiritual

dimension.It9sabouthowwetouchthewholeworld.Ifsawayoflife.

Choosethebestanswer:

1.Whatwastheauthor'smainpurposeinwritingthetext?

A.Toarguewhethermoneybuyshappiness.

B.TorecommendoneofFrancineJay'sbooks.

C.Toexplorethetrendofminimalism.

D.Togivetipsonhowtoleadahappylife.

2.WhatinspiredFrancineJaytoliveasimplelife?

A.Abookshecameacross.

B.Afollowerofminimalismshemetonatrip.

C.Thepleasuresheenjoyedfromtravelinglightly.

D.Herdesiretokeepupwithmodernlife.

3.Theunderlinedword“eliminating“inthesecond-to-lastparagraphprobablymeans.

A.removingB.distinguishingC.acceptingD.improving

4.WhichofthefollowingwouldDuaneElginprobablyagreewith?

A.Minimalismisahealthylifestylethatisinconflictwithmodernlife.

B.Minimalismmeanspeoplehavetosacrificesomepleasuretolivesimply.

C.Minimalismlimitspeople'sfreedomtoenjoytheirlivestothefullest.

D.Minimalismenablespeopletoreflectonwhattrulycountsintheirlives.

七選五：

(1)考什么？①分析短文篇章結(jié)構(gòu)：分析篇章結(jié)構(gòu)、把握全篇文脈是解題的關(guān)鍵。語篇

通常由段落構(gòu)成，所以分析篇章結(jié)構(gòu)包括兩個層次：一是分析段落之間的層次，也就是語篇

層次；二是分析每個段落內(nèi)部的層次，即句際層次。尤其是選項與前(后)句之間的邏輯關(guān)

系，是確定答案的主要依據(jù)。②辨別語境線索：語境線索主要指反應(yīng)上下文關(guān)系的銜接手段，

如篇章結(jié)構(gòu)、詞語重現(xiàn)、邏輯、連接等。語境線索包括：原詞再現(xiàn)，邏輯關(guān)系，連接關(guān)系等

keywordso

（2）怎么考？①文體特點：文章一般采用議論文或說明文（在所有高中階段要求掌握

的英語文體中，議論文、說明文和夾敘夾議的記敘文是七選五最為突出的三類），自該題型

在課標卷中出現(xiàn)以來均采用說明文，但2017年全國ni卷采用的是夾敘夾議文體。這說明高

考七選五題型的體裁和選材朝多樣化發(fā)展。選材突出實用性、知識性、服務(wù)性。話題常見，

語言樸實，語句多樣化。文章注重層次性和概括性以及過渡性，使得設(shè)題可控、有效度。文

長在200詞上下，挖空密度均勻，所設(shè)題位置根據(jù)文章的需要設(shè)置，無絕對的段首、段中、

段尾個數(shù)上的約定。②選項特點：該題備選項可分為主旨概括句（文章整體內(nèi)容或段落大

意）、過渡性句子（文章結(jié)構(gòu)）和注釋性句子（上下文邏輯意義）三類。其多余的兩個干擾

項也往往從這三個方面進行設(shè)置，例如主旨概括句或過于寬泛或以偏概全或偏離主題過渡性

句子不能反映文章的行文結(jié)構(gòu)，注釋性句子與上文脫節(jié)等。

（3）命題趨勢：體裁上會繼續(xù)擴展，記敘文、議論文都有，打破以往單一說明文的模

式，設(shè)題會更加靈活，不僅僅是以句子為選項，也將出現(xiàn)半句、短語等。

Passage1.

Lotsofpeoplefindithardtogetupinthemorningandputtheblameonthealarmclock.In

fact,thekeytoeasymorningwake-upliesinrestingyourbodyclock1Hereishowtomakeone.

?2Inordertomakeachange,youneedtodecidewhyit'simportant.Doyouwanttoget

upintimetohavebreakfastwithyourfamily,getinsomeexercise,orjustbebetterpreparedfor

yourday?Onceyouareclearaboutyourreason,tellyourfamilyorroommatesaboutthechangeyou

wanttomake.

?Rethinkmornings.Nowthatyouknowwhyyouwanttowakeup,considerre-arranging

yourmorningactivities.Ifyouwanttimetohavebreakfastwithyourfamily,savesometimethe

nightbeforebysettingoutclothes,shoes,andbags.3That'saquarter-hourmoreyoucouldbe

sleepingifyouboughtacoffeemakerwithatimer.

?Keepyoursleep/wakescheduleonweekends.Ifyou'retiredoutbyFridaynight,sleeping

inonSaturdaycouldsoundwonderful.Butcompensatingontheweekendsactuallyfeedsintoyour

sleepinessthefollowingweek,arecentstudyfound._4

?Keeparecordandevaluateitweekly.Keeptrackofyoureffortsandwritedownhowyou

feel.Afteryou'vetriedanewmethodforaweek,takealookatyourrecord.5Ifnot,take

anotherlookatothermethodsyoucouldtry.

A.Getasleepspecialist.

B.Findtherightmotivation.

C?Abetterplanfbrsleepcanhelp.

D.Andconsidersettingasecondalarm.

E.Ifthestepsyoutakeareworking,keepitup.

F.Sticktoyoursetbedtimeandwake-uptime,nomattertheday.

G.Reconsiderthe15minutesyouspendinlineatthecafetogetcoffee.

Passage2.

Everyanimalsleeps,butthereasonforthishasremainedfbggy.Whenlabratsarenot

allowedtosleep,theydiewithinamonth._1

Oneideaisthatsleephelpsusstrengthennewmemories.2Weknowthat,whileawake,

freshmemoriesarerecordedbyreinforcing（力口強）connectionsbetweenbraincells,butthememory

processesthattakeplacewhilewesleephavebeenunclear.

Supportisgrowingforatheorythatsleepevolvedsothatconnectionsbetweenneurons（神經(jīng)元）

inthebraincanbeweakenedovernight,makingroomforfreshmemoriestoformthenext

day.3

Nowwehavethemostdirectevidenceyetthatheisright.4Thesynapsesinthemicetaken

attheendofaperiodofsleepwere18percentsmallerthanthosetakenbeforesleep,showingthat

theconnectionsbetweenneuronsweakenwhilesleeping.

IfTononi'stheoryisright,itwouldexplainwhy,whenwemissanighfs,wefinditharder

thenextdaytoconcentrateandlearnnewinformation—ourbrainsmayhavesmallerroomfornew

experiences.

Theirresearchalsosuggestshowwemaybuildlastingmemoriesovertimeeventhoughthe

synapsesbecomethinner.Theteamdiscoveredthatsomesynapsesseemtobeprotectedand

stayedthesamesize.5"Youkeepwhatmatters,“Tononisays.

A.Weshouldalsotrytosleepwellthenightbefore.

B.It9sasifthebrainispreservingitsmostimportantmemories.

C.Similarly,whenpeoplegofbrafewdayswithoutsleeping,theygetsick.

D.Theprocessestakeplacetostopourbrainsbecomingloadedwithmemories.

E.That'swhystudentsdobetterintestsiftheygetachancetosleepafterlearning.

F.”Sleepisthepricewepayforlearning,“saysGiulioTononi,whodevelopedtheidea.

G.Tononi'steammeasuredthesizeoftheseconnections,orsynapses,inthebrainsof12mice.

Passage3.

HowtoDoMan-on-the-StreetInterviews

Theman-on-the-streetinterviewisaninterviewinwhichareporterhitsthestreetswitha

cameramantointerviewpeopleonthesport.]Butwiththesetips,yourfirstman-on-the-street

interviewexperiencecanbeeasy.

?Whenyourbossorprofessorsendsyououttodoman-on-the-streetinterviewsforastory,

thinkaboutthetopicanddevelopalistofabouttengeneralquestionsrelatingtoit.Forexample,

ifyourtopicisaboutenvironmentalproblemsinAmerica,youmightask,“Whydoyouthink

environmentalprotectionisimportantinAmerica?^^_2_

?Hitthestreetswithconfidence.3Say,“Excuseme,IworkforXYZNews,andIwas

wonderingifyoucouldshareyouropinionaboutthistopic."Thisisaquickwaytogetpeopleto

warmuptoyou.

?Moveontothenextpersonifsomeonetellsyousheisnotinterestedintalkingon

camera.Don'tgetdiscouraged.

?4Eachinterviewthatyougetonthestreetshouldn'tbelongerthantenminutes.Assoon

asyougettheansweryouneed,moveontothenextperson.Makesurethatasyougofrom

interviewtointerview,youaregettingavarietyofanswers.Ifeveryoneisgivingyouthesame

answer,youwon'tbeabletouseit.Asafenumberofinterviewstoconductisaboutsixto

ten._5

?Ifyournewsstationorschoolrequiresintervieweestosignreleaseformstoappearontheair,

don'tleaveworkwithoutthem.

A.Limityourtime.

B-Asyouapproachpeople,bepolite.

C.Ifyoudon'townacamera,youcanbuyone.

D.Fornewreporters,thiscanseemlikeachallengingtask.

E?Togetgoodandusefulresults,askthemthesamequestion.

F.Thatnumberofinterviewsshouldgiveyoualltheanswersyouneed.

G.Withaquestionlikethis,youwillgetmorethana"Yes"or"No"reply.

Passage4.

Everyoneknowsthatfishisgoodforhealth.]Butitseemsthatmanypeopledon'tcook

fishathome.Americanseatonlyaboutfifteenpoundsoffishperpersonperyear,butweeattwice

asmuchfishinrestaurantsasathome.Buying,storing,andcookingfishisn'tdifficult.2

Thistextisabouthowtobuyandcookfishinaneasyway.

3Freshfishshouldsmellsweet:youshouldfeelthatyou'restandingattheocean's

edge.Anyfishyorstrongsmellmeansthefishisn'tfresh.4Whenyouhaveboughtafishand

arrivehome,you'dbetterstorethefishintherefrigeratorifyoudon'tcookitimmediately,butfresh

fishshouldbestoredinyourfridgeforonlyadayortwo.Frozenfishisn'tastastyasthefreshone.

Therearemanycommonmethodsusedtocookfish.5First,cleanitandseasonitwith

yourchoiceofspices(調(diào)料).Putthewholefishonaplateandsteamitinasteampotfor8to10

minutesifitweighsaboutonepound.(Alargeronewilltakemoretime.)Then,it'sreadyto

serve.

A.Donotbuyit.

B.Theeasiestistosteamit.

C.Thisishowyoucandoit.

D.Itjustrequiresalittleknowledge.

E.Thefishwillgobadwithinhours.

F.Whenbuyingfish,youshouldfirstsmellit.

G.Thefatsinfisharethoughttohelppreventheartdisease.

Passage5.

TheScienceofRisk-Seeking

SometimesWedecidethatalittleunnecessarydangerisworthitbecausewhenweweighthe

riskandthereward,theriskseemsworthtasking.]Someofusenjoyactivitiesthatwould

surpriseandscaretherestofus.Why?Expertssayitmayhavetodowithhowourbrainswork.

Thereasonwhyanyofustakeanyrisksatallmighthavetodowithearlyhumans.Risk-

takerswerebetterathunting,fighting,orexploring.2AsthequalityofRisk-takingwas

passedfromonegenerationtothenext,humansendedupwithasenseofadventureandatolerance

forrisk.

Sowhyaren'twealljumpingoutofairplanesthen?Well,even200,000yearsago,toomuch

risk-takingcouldgetonekilled.Afewdaringsurvived,though,alongwithafewstay-in-the-cave

types.Asaresult,humansdevelopedarangeofcharactertypesthatstillexiststoday.Somaybe

youlovecarracing,ormaybeyouhateit._3

Nomatterwhereyouareontherisk-seekingrange,scientistssaythatyourwillingnesstotake

risksincreasesduringyourteenageyears.4Tohelpyoudothat,yourbrainincreasesyour

hungerfornewexperiences.Newexperiencesoftenmeantakingsomerisks,soyourbrainraises

yourtoleranceforriskaswell.

5Fortherisk-seekers,apartofthebrainrelatedtopleasurebecomesactive,whilefortherest

ofus,apartofthebrainrelatedtofearbecomesactive.

Asexpertscontinuetostudythescienceofrisk-seeking,we'Hcontinuetohitthemountains,the

wavesortheshallowendofthepool.

A.Italldependsonyourcharacter.

B?Thosearetherisksyoushouldjumptotake.

C.Beingbetteratthosethingsmeantagreaterchanceofsurvival.

D.Thus,thesewell-equippedpeoplesurvivedbecausetheywerethefittest.

E.Thisiswhenyoustarttomoveawayfromyourfamilyandintothebiggerworld.

F.However,wearenotallusingthesame