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ArrayTFTpixeldesignIntroductionTFToperationandphysicsTFTarraydrivingtheoryandwaveformIssueforPixeldesignExample&SummaryIntroduction
LCDbasictheoryandstructureEquivalentpixelcircuit
我們一般在市面上看到的TFTLCD,若拆開看其橫截面結(jié)構(gòu),如下圖:Introduction-TFTLCDpanel剖面圖
TFT_LCD面板主要可以拆解成3個(gè)部份,來說明:1.LCD面板:
2.TFT面板
3.背光板模組
至於其他一些DriverIC或是鐵框等,用以固定此3部份的結(jié)構(gòu)則不另敘述。
Introduction-LCDCrossSection
我們?nèi)舨豢幢彻獍迥=M,而仔細(xì)觀察LCD面板和TFT面板組裝後的橫截面CFTFTIntroduction-ColorFilterR,G,B為一個(gè)pixel單一顏色為一個(gè)sub-pixeldpi=Pixel/inchIntroduction–ColordefinitionTotal#ofcolors#ofcolor=2(R)x2(G)x2(B)=2nnn3nN=#ofdatabitofLDIchip3bit=8-gray/RGB=512colors
4bit=16-gray/RGB=4,096colors
6bit=64-gray/RGB=262,144colors
8bit=256-gray/RGB=16,777,216colorsIntroduction-TFTPixel
控制流到ITOPixel區(qū)域的電荷量就可以決定了電場大小了
液晶會(huì)受到上下兩塊板子之間的電場大小所控制而變動(dòng)不同的垂直角度,電場愈大液晶改變的角度也愈大
TFTArray
ArrayMatrixGateline
SignallineTFTdevice
PixelGateICSourceICActive(Switch)(Scanline)(Dataline)Introduction-液晶顯像原理(TNmodenormallywhite)------PolarizerLiquidCrystalTFT面板LCD面板LightITO電極下偏光片上偏光片1.當(dāng)液晶站立起來時(shí)(和面板方向呈現(xiàn)90度)時(shí),光線是不受液晶導(dǎo)引的。2.液晶站立的角度越垂直,越多的光不會(huì)被液晶導(dǎo)引,不同角度的液晶,其站立角度會(huì)導(dǎo)引不同數(shù)量的光線。以上面的例子來看,液晶站立角度越大,則可以穿透的光線越弱。(上、下偏光片排列的方向會(huì)決定穿透光的強(qiáng)弱,因此建議:只要了解液晶站立的角度會(huì)導(dǎo)光的強(qiáng)弱即可)不受導(dǎo)引的光線會(huì)被上偏光片所吸收掉。
(Fieldoff)(Fieldon)為何我們需要控制數(shù)百萬個(gè)pixel區(qū)內(nèi)液晶的角度呢?因?yàn)槲覀円靡壕У男庑詠砜刂乒饩€通過TFTLCD面板的強(qiáng)弱。
Introduction–equivalentcircuitofLCDV(data-n)V(Gate)V(P)V(Com)I(ds)C(LC)C(st)V(data-n+1)C(pd-L)C(pd-R)C(gs)*TFToperation
-Gate:activationofchannel
-S/D:currentpath
-Electrode:pixelcharging*Storagecapacitor
-Retainthechargeuntilasecond
signalisrecieved
-CsongateoronCom
-Cssizeandshape*LCcircuit
-asacapacitor
-asaninsulator:highresistivity
-minimizetheamountofimpurities
-responsetimeIntroduction-TFTturn-onM1SiNa-SiM2PVITO↑applypositivevoltage++++++++-------------sourcedraingatesourcedrainIntroduction-TFTturn-offM1SiNa-SiM2PVITO↑applynegativevoltage-----------+++++++++sourcedraingatesourcedrain
TFToperationandphysics
TFToperation
-Linearregion
-Saturationregion
-Kinkregion-SiTFTparameterdefinition
-On/Offstate
-Thresholdvoltage
-Mobility
-Sub-thresholdSwing
-ChannelW/Leffect
-Transfercurve(Id-Vg)
-Outputcurve(Id-Vd)
-DCvoltagestressing
-photo-currenteffect
TFToperationLinearregion
Saturationregion
Whatisthechannelwidthandchannellength?
TFToperation–LinearregionVG>VTHVD(SMALL)SN+N+CHANNELLIDDepletionRegion*InversionlayerformationIDVDTFToperation–SaturationregionVG>VTHVD=
VDsatSN+N+DepletionRegionIDPitch-OffPointIDIDsatVD*Pitch-offregionTFToperation–KinkregionVG>VTHVD>
VDsatSN+N+DepletionRegionIDPitch-OffPointIDVD*Kink-offorChannelmodulationVd>>(Vgs-Vth)-SiTFTparameter–definition
ON-State:IonatVd=5V/Vg=20V
-pixelcharging
Turn-ON:Vth
atIds=10^-9
-Trapstatedensity
&Si/SiNinterfacequality
-Vthshift~1V
Subthreshold:1/Slope
-Dependontrapdensity
Off-State:Ioff
atVd=5V/Vg=-15V
-leakagecurrent(holding)
On/Offratio:>10^6
Mobility:
-Gm=
Cox(W/L)Vds
-~0.3–1.9cm2/V.sec
-interfacescattering-SiTFTparameter–Transfercurve(ID-VG)OffCurrentRegionFittingSub-ThresholdRegionFittingOnCurrentRegionFitting-SiTFTparameter–Outputcurve(ID-VD)-SiTFTparameter–channel(W/L)effectW/L
W/L
-SiTFTparameter–DCstressPositivebiasstressNegativebiasstressChargeTrapping*InduceTrap-statesinInsulatorlayer-SiTFTparameter–photocurrent*A-Siissensitivetovisiblelightelectron-photoneffect:PhotocurrentTFTDrivingtheoryandWaveform
Drivingtheory
-V-TcurveofLCD
-TimingchartofLCD
-DrivingmethodWaveform
-Drivingwaveform
-Feed-thoughvoltage
-3-leveldriving
-CsequivalentcircuitDrivingtheory-
AddressingofTFTLCDDatalinesGate
linesFramerateandframetime
Displayresolution
Chargingtime
Storagecapacitor
HoldingvoltageSelect/unselectstateDrivingtheory-
V-TcurveofTFTLCD(TNmode)1000.010Transmittance(%)Voltage(BetweenVcom&Pixel)90VoltageBackLightLCPolarizerPolarizer90o
Drivingtheory-V-Tcurveofdirectdrivingscheme*DatalinevoltageatX-axis.*Thesignalisconvertedtoanalogfordifferentgrayleveloperation.*ToavoidchargingLC,thenegative/positiveinversionschemeisapplied.
Drivingtheory-timingchartofTFT-LCDFramerate:60Hz(frametime:1/60sec)
Gatepulse1/60/Nsec
ex:gate=1024lines;gatepulse=1/60/1024~16.3us
Drivingtheory-DrivingmethodFrameInversionLineInversionColumnInversionDotInversionDrivingtheory-FrameInversionGateinputDatainputVdata1Vdata2Vdata3VcomVdata1VcomVdata2VcomVdata3Gate1Gate2Gate3timeFramenFramen+11000.010Transmittance(%)90V,=Voltage(BetweenVcom&Pixel)VwVB
Gate1Gate2Gate3t1t2t3t4t5t6VB
VwGateinputDatainputVdata1Vdata2Vdata3Gate1Gate2Gate3timeFramenFramen+11000.010Transmittance(%)90V,=Voltage(BetweenVcom&Pixel)VwVB
Gate1Gate2Gate3t1t2t3t4t5t6VwVcomVdata1VcomVdata2VcomVdata3VB
+Thepolarityisdifferenttoneighbors+++_
Drivingtheory-DotInversionDrivingtheory-DrivingwaveformVcomVfVp=V+(正半周)Vp=V-(負(fù)半周)Vg:GateVf:feed-throughvoltageVd:DataTg(Ton)
Vh:duetoleakagecurrentVp:PixelDrivingtheory-whatisfeed-throughvoltage?On-state:Off-state:Chargeconservation:Inrealcase:Howtoproveit?VglVpixel(n)VcomVpixel(p)VghOffOnCgsClcCstCpd(next)Cpd(own)
Drivingtheory-WhengateturnonOffOnVglVpixel(n)VcomVpixel(p)VghClcCstCpd(next)Cpd(own)CgsClcCstCpd(own)CgsClcCstCpd(own)CgsFeedthroughVoltage
Drivingtheory-WhengateturnoffDrivingtheory-Feed-throughvoltageissue
Flicker:
ThevoltageappliedtoLCisdifferentbetweenpositiveandnegativeframes
-Itwilllead30Hzflicker(humanvisualretention~30ms)-DependenceofVft
-IndirectlyaffectImageStickingMuraissue:Causedifferentgray-levelinlocalareaofpanel
-Mosthappen:V-bandmura,H-bandmura,…etc.
-DependenceofVft
Howtoreduceit?LowerVft,betterperformance
-3-leveldrivingcompensation(onlyforCsongate)
-ReduceTFTarea(Trade-off:Iondown)
-IncreaseCsarea(Trade-off:A.Rdown)Drivingtheory-3-leveldriving經(jīng)Cgs
的Feed-through電壓
=(Vgh–Vge)×Cgs/(Cgs+Clc+Cs)
經(jīng)Cs的Feedthrough電壓
=(Vge-Vg1)×Cs/(Cgd+Clc+Cs)
VghVglVge
Vge=(Vgh-Vgl)×Cgs/(Cs–Cgs)
Drivingtheory-CsequivalentcircuitsDrivingtheory-Csoncomv.sCsonGate
Csongate
*Csongateline
A.Rup
gateRCloadingbig
Cssmall
*VftcompensationA.Rup(Csdoesn’tneedlarge)
*ComplicatedriverICdesignCostup
*H-comdesignA.Rup
Csoncommon
*IndependencecomlineA.Rdown
gateRCloadingsmall
Cslarge(MIMstructure)
*VftreduceA.Rdown(LargeCsinneed)
Issueforpixeldesign
Apertureratio:BMdesignIonissue:chargingratioIoffissue:holdingvoltageRCdelay:gate-line/data-lineFeed-throughvoltage:Cgs/Ctotal,CgscompensationFlicker:Cgs/CtotalCoupling:Cpd
coulingCsdesign:type,areaProcesswindow:ASM,ArrayOLshift,Ionuniformity
Issueforpixeldesign-AperturesizePixelsizedetermination
-Panelsize
-ResolutionApertureratio
-BMareaA.R:
Pixeltotalarea–areaof(gate+data–crossover+TFT+Vcom)–
BMcoverareaIssueforpixeldesign–PixelelementsCstCgsCgdCpdCpd’Cgd’ScanlineScanlineDatalineDatalineClcTFTVpixelVcomCgcfVcomlineIssueforpixeldesign–PixelchargingChargingratio=V(6)/V(2)x100%
Generally>99%
NeedtoconsiderRCdelay&processwindow*BaseonproperI-Vcurve:
UseLCDdoctororSmart/AIMSpicetosimulateIssueforpixeldesign–Pixelholding*TomaintainthepixelvoltagewhiletheTFTisoff
-TFTleakagecurrent(Ioff)
-LCimpurity
-GIleakage(Igs)Chargingtimeconstant:
Experiencedsetting:
Holdingtimeconstant:
Voltageholdingratio:
Issueforpixeldesign–RCdelay
VftuniformityChargingshortageCross-talk(nextsignal)Badpanelquality:Improvemethods:ReduceR&CofGatelineGateshapingIssueforpixeldesign–Cpdcoupling
Cross-talk:
-data-linesignalscoupletopixelvoltage
-Horizontalelectricfield(affectLCdirection)Muraissue:Causedifferentgray-levelinlocalareaofpanelHowtoreduceit?LowerCpd,betterperformance
-Data-linetoITOpixeldistance(Trade-off:A.Rdown)
-BMcoverITO(Trade-off:A.Rdown)
-IncreaseCsarea(Trade-off:A.Rdown)CpdCpd’
Issueforpixeldesign–Cross-talk(On-state)VglVpixel(n)VcomVpixel(p)VghOffOnCgsClcCstCpd(next)Cpd(own)CstClcCgsCpdCpd’FrameInversion:Cpd&Cpd’coupletosamedatapotentialIssueforpixeldesign–Cross-talk(Off-state)OffOnCpd(next)VglVpixel(n)VcomVpixel(p)VghClcCstCpd(own)ClcCstCpd(own)CgsClcCstCpd(own)CgsFeedthroughVoltageClcCstCpd(own)CgsClcCstCpd(own)CgsCstClcCgsCpdCpd’FrameInversion:Can’tbalanceCpd
differencebythepolaritychange!PositionAPositiveFramePositiveFrameNegativeFramePositionBPositiveFramePositiveFrameNegativeFrameUnderFrameInversionIssueforpixeldesign–Cross-talk(example)BAChargingChargingChargingCpdcouplingCpdcouplingCpdcouplingCstClcCgsCpdCpd’Issueforpixeldesign–Cross-talk(example)BAA1A2B1B2PositiveFramePositiveFrameNegativeFrameUnderFrameInversionA1A2B1B2Vp
RMSA1>B1~B2>A2CstClcCgsCpdCpd’
Summary
Example
-Spicesimulation
-Feed-throughvoltagesimulation
Pixeldesignflow
-Algorithrm
-Designspec&requiredparameters
-Designparameters&output
ConcernItemExample–AIMsimulation:Devicemodelextraction1.TEGdataanalysisAboveThresholdBelowThresholdHole-InducedLeakageCurrentExtractParameterExample–AIMsimulation:DevicemodelextractionModeledMeasuredIdVdCurveVg=5V,10V,15V,20V,30VIdVgCurveVd=1V,4V,7V,10V2.CurvefittingBuildmodelcardExample–Pixelequivalentcircuit&RCcalculationCgate=((Cst*Clc)/(Cst+Clc)+Cgs+Cgs_coup
+Cdgcross+Cgate_com)*1280*3Rgate=(ρ*L1/W1)*1280*3Cdata=(Cgd+Cdgcross+Cdata_com+Cpixel_data_coup)*1024Rdata=(ρ*L2/W2)*1024Cpixel=Cgs+Cgs_coup+Clc+Cst+Cpixel_data_coupGateLinetheNthGateLinethe(N-1)thDataLinetheN-1thDataLinetheNthC
gsC
gdC
st(ongate)C
lcCpixel_datacoup(next)Cpixel_datacoup(own)C
gs_coupCdgcrossCdata_com(lc)Cgate_com
12345679810Pi-circuittosimplify3.RCcalculateExample–Spicesimulate4.RunSpiceWhatcanwegainfromthisWaveformChart?
GateDelay
ChargingCapabilityFeedthroughVoltageExample–Feed-throughvoltagesimulationInput-MeasurementdataCgs各項(xiàng)參數(shù)Cgs-onCgs-offCalculateCalculateOutput-V變化
正半週Vft負(fù)半週Vft
VcomExample–Cgsareadefinition:On-stateCgsCgsExample–Cgsareadefinition:Off-stateExample–inputparameters&formulaCapacitance:Vg&Vsig:Example–Output&processwindowDesignflow–AlgorithmSalesTarget
-Spec.(resolution…)
-Quantity
-SchedulePixelDesign
TFTdesign(W/L,gatewidth…)
Designpara.(Cgs,chargingratio…)
Layouttype(H-type,Csongate…)
Peripherallayout(fanout,rescueline…)Arraydesign
-processpara.(THK,CDbias…)
-processwindow
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